Pines City College

College of Nursing

(Owned and operated by THORNTONS INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, INC.)

Magsaysay Avenue, Baguio City 2600 Philippines
www.edu.ph

Drug Study

In partial Fulfillment of the Requirement in the subject RLE 109

Submitted by:

Piganto, Jenivel L.

BSN2-5&6

Submitted to:

Ma’am: Adela K. Gomez

Date Submitted:

May 24,2023
Name of Drugs Classification Action
1. Sodium Bicarbonate Antacid Is used to relieve heartburn,
sour stomach, or acid
indigestion by neutralizing
excess stomach
acid. Neutralizes the stomach
acid. It is used to provide
relief in dyspepsia (acid
indigestion), heartburn (food
or acid from your stomach
backs up into your mouth,
leaving a sour or bitter taste)
and flatulence (stomach
wind).

2. Digoxin Cardiac glycoside Used in the treatment of mild

to moderate heart failure and
for ventricular response rate
control in chronic atrial
fibrillation Digoxin exerts
hemodynamic,
electrophysiologic, and
neurohormonal effects on the
cardiovascular system.7 It
reversibly inhibits the Na-K
ATPase enzyme, leading to
various beneficial effects. The
Na-K ATPase enzyme
functions to maintain the
intracellular environment by
regulating the entry and exit
of sodium, potassium, and
calcium (indirectly). Na-K
ATPase is also known as
the sodium pump The
inhibition of the sodium pump
by digoxin increases
intracellular sodium and
increases the calcium level in
the myocardial cells, causing
an increased contractile force
of the heart.This improves the
left ventricular ejection
fraction (EF), an important
measure of cardiac
function.7,22
Digoxin also stimulates the
parasympathetic nervous
system via the vagus
nerve20 leading to sinoatrial
(SA) and atrioventricular (AV)
 node effects, decreasing the
heart rate.25,7 Part of the
pathophysiology of heart
failure includes
neurohormonal activation,
leading to an increase in
norepinephrine. Digoxin helps
to decrease norepinephrine
levels through activation of
the parasympathetic nervous
system

3. Norepinephrine  Peripheral vasoconstrictor Norepinephrine, also called

(alpha-adrenergic action) and
an inotropic stimulator of the
heart and dilator of coronary
arteries (beta-adrenergic
action)
noradrenaline, substance that
is released predominantly
from the ends of sympathetic
nerve fibres and that acts to
increase the force of skeletal
muscle contraction and the
rate and force of contraction
of the heart

4. Dopamine  Inotropic Agents. Belongs to  Used in the treatment of

the class of adrenergic and hypotension. Anon.
dopaminergic cardiac Dopamine.
stimulants excluding
glycosides. Antipsychotic
Drug

5. Epinephrine  A class of medications It works by relaxing the

called alpha- and beta- muscles in the airways and
adrenergic agonists tightening the blood vessels.
(sympathomimetic agents) induces increased vascular
Cardiac Stimulant smooth muscle contraction,
Bronchodilator pupillary dilator muscle
contraction, and intestinal
sphincter muscle contraction. 

6. Dobutamine Beta 1 agonist Used to treat cardiac

Inotropic Agent decompensation in patients
with organic heart disease or
from cardiac surgery. A beta-
1 agonist catecholamine that
has cardiac stimulant action
without evoking
vasoconstriction or
 tachycardia.

7. Magnesium Sulfate Antidysrhythmics, Magnesium sulfate reduces

striated muscle contractions
and blocks peripheral
neuromuscular transmission
by reducing acetylcholine
release at the myoneural
junction.

8. Nicardipine  Calcium channel blockers It lowers blood pressure by

relaxing the blood vessels so
the heart does not have to
pump as hard. It controls
chest pain by increasing the
supply of blood and oxygen
to the heart.
Like other calcium channel
blockers, nicardipine acts
by blocking the influx of
calcium ions into vascular
smooth muscle and cardiac
cells during depolarization.
This inhibition of calcium flux
results in a vasodilation and
decrease in cardiac work and
oxygen consumption.

9. Lidocaine Antiarrhythmic agent on the Use is indicated in the

Vaughan-Williams management of acute
classification ventricular
tachydysrhythmias. It also
has roles as an adjuvant
analgesic in managing acute
and chronic pain.

10. Atropine sulfate   Anticholinergics. Carries FDA indications for

anti-sialagogue/anti-vagal
effect,
organophosphate/muscarinic
poisoning, and bradycardia.
Atropine acts as a
competitive, reversible
antagonist of muscarinic
receptors: an anticholinergic
drug.
11. Tramadol   Opiate (narcotic) analgesics  Is used for the short-term
relief of moderate to severe
pain. It should only be used
when other forms of non-
opioid pain relief have not
been successful in managing
pain or are not tolerated.  It
works by changing the way
the brain and nervous system
respond to pain.

12. Potassium chloride  electrolyte supplement class Potassium chloride is a

of medications. K-LOR medication used in the
belongs to a class of drugs management and treatment
called Electrolyte of hypokalemia. It is in
Supplements, Parenteral; the electrolyte supplement
Electrolytes. class of medications.  is a
medicine used to prevent or
treat low potassium levels in
the body. Potassium is a
mineral that your body needs
for proper functioning of the
heart, muscles, kidneys,
nerves, and digestive system.

13. Amiodarone Considered a class III anti- It works by relaxing

arrhythmic drug overactive heart muscles. Is a
class III antiarrhythmic
indicated for the treatment of
recurrent hemodynamically
unstable ventricular
tachycardia and recurrent
ventricular fibrillation.

14. Ferosemide Ferosemide Loop diuretic, Inhibits sodium and water

Antihypertensive, diuretic reabsorption in the loop of
Henle and increases urine
formation. As the body’s
plasma volume decreases,
aldosterone production

Increases, which promotes

sodium reabsorption and the
loss of potassium and
 Hydrogen ions. Furosemide
also increases the excretion
of calcium, magnesium,

Bicarbonate, ammonium, and

phosphate. By reducing
intracellular and extracellular
fluid volume, the drug
reduces blood pressure and
decreases

Cardiac output. Over time,

cardiac output returns to
normal. To reduce edema
caused by cirrhosis, heart
failure, and renal disease

15. D5050 Carbohydrate, hypertonic Dextrose is used to describe

solution the six-carbon sugar d-
glucose, the principal form of
carbohydrate used by the
body. D50 is used in
emergency care to treat
hypoglycemia.

16. Phytonadione Fat- soluble Vitamin Action: Vitamin K is a

cofactor of gamma-
carboxylase. Gamma
carboxylase attaches
carboxylic acid functional
groups to glutamate, allowing
precursors of factors II, VII,
IX, and X to bind calcium
ions. Binding of calcium ions
converts these clotting factors
to their active form, which are
then secreted from
hepatocytes into the blood,
restoring normal clotting
function.Vitamin K may also
carboxylate matrix proteins in
chondrocytes, inhibiting
calcification of joints, and
 may increase type II collagen.
The role of vitamin K in
osteoarthritis, bone
density,11 and vascular
calcification is currently under
investigation.

17. Dexamethasone Corticosteroids It works by suppressing the

migration of neutrophils and
decreasing lymphocyte
colony proliferation. The
capillary membrane becomes
less permeable, as well. It
decreases your immune
system's response to various
diseases to reduce symptoms
such as swelling and allergic-
type reactions. Short term
effects of corticosteroids are
decreased vasodilation and
permeability of capillaries, as
well as decreased leukocyte
migration to sites of
inflammation.3
Corticosteroids binding to the
glucocorticoid receptor
mediates changes in gene
expression that lead to
multiple downstream effects
over hours to days

Lower doses of
corticosteroids provide an
anti-inflammatory effect, while
higher doses are
immunosuppressive.3 High
doses of glucocorticoids for
an extended period bind to
the mineralocorticoid
receptor, raising sodium
levels and decreasing
potassium levels.

18. Ketorolac NSAIDS It works by stopping the

 body's production of a
substance that causes pain,
fever, and inflammation.

Mechanism of action

Ketorolac inhibits key

pathways in prostaglandin
synthesis which is crucial to
it's mechanism of action.4
Although ketorolac is non-
selective and inhibits both
COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes,
it's clinical efficacy is derived
from it's COX-2 inhibition.
The COX-2 enzyme is
inducible and is responsible
for converting arachidonic
acid to prostaglandins that
mediate inflammation and
pain. By blocking this
pathway, ketorolac achieves
analgesia and reduces
inflammation.3 Ketorolac is
administered as a racemic
mixture; however, the "S"
enantiomer is largely
responsible for it's
pharmacological activity.

19. Omeprazole Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) It works by decreasing the

amount of acid produced by
the stomach. This medicine is
available both over-the-
counter (OTC)

Mechanism of action

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

secretion into the gastric
lumen is a process regulated
mainly by the H(+)/K(+)-
ATPase of the proton pump
10, expressed in high
quantities by the parietal cells
of the stomach. ATPase is an
enzyme on the parietal cell
membrane that facilitates
hydrogen and potassium
 exchange through the cell,
which normally results in the
extrusion of potassium and
formation of HCl (gastric acid)
Omeprazole is a member of a
class of antisecretory
compounds, the substituted
benzimidazoles, that stop
gastric acid secretion by
selective inhibition of the
H+/K+ ATPase enzyme
system. Proton-pump
inhibitors such as omeprazole
bind covalently to cysteine
residues via disulfide bridges
on the alpha subunit of the
H+/K+ ATPase pump,
inhibiting gastric acid
secretion for up to 36 hours
11. This antisecretory effect
is dose-related and leads to
the inhibition of both basal
and stimulated acid secretion,
regardless of the stimulus

20. Salbutamol Adrenergic inhalants, Salbutamol has a preferential

selective beta-2- effect on beta2-adrenergic
adrenoreceptor agonist receptors compared with
isoproterenol.Label,4,5
Although beta2
adrenoceptors are the
predominant adrenergic
receptors in bronchial smooth
muscle and beta1
adrenoceptors are the
predominant receptors in the
heart, there are also beta2-
adrenoceptors in the human
heart comprising 10% to 50%
of the total beta-
adrenoceptors.Label,4,5 The
precise function of these
receptors has not been
established, but their
presence raises the
possibility that even selective
beta2-agonists may have
cardiac effects.
21. Hydrocostirone Corticosteroid hormone Hydrocortisone has anti-
inflammatory,
immunosuppressive, and
anti-allergic properties. It
works by inhibiting the
production of inflammatory
mediators, reducing the
migration of immune cells to
the site of inflammation, and
suppressing the immune
response. Hydrocortisone is
used to manage various
inflammatory and immune-
related conditions, including
allergic reactions, asthma,
rheumatoid arthritis, and skin
disorders.

22. Diphenhydramine First generation antihistamine Diphenhydramine works by

blocking the effects of
histamine, a substance
released during allergic
reactions. By inhibiting
histamine, it helps alleviate
symptoms such as itching,
sneezing, runny nose, watery
eyes, and hives associated
with allergies.
Diphenhydramine also
possesses sedative
properties, which can be
useful for managing insomnia
or promoting sleep.

23. Ondansetron Antiemetic Blocks the action of serotonin

5-HT3 receptor sites.
Serotonin 5-HT3 antagonists
receptor sites are present on
vagal nerve terminals and
certain areas of the brain.
Serotonin 5-HT3 antagonists
bind to the 5-HT3 recptor
sites to suppress vomiting
and nausea. The binding of
these antagonists to 5-HT3
inhibits serotonin from
eliciting its effects. It blocks
 the actions of chemicals in
the body that can trigger
nausea and vomiting.

24. Metoclopramide Antiemetic Metoclopramide causes

antiemetic effects by
inhibiting dopamine D2 and
serotonin 5-HT3 receptors in
the chemoreceptor trigger
zone (CTZ) located in the
area postrema of the
brain.2,17 Administration of
this drug leads to prokinetic
effects via inhibitory actions
on presynaptic and
postsynaptic D2 receptors,
agonism of serotonin 5-HT4
receptors, and antagonism of
muscarinic receptor inhibition.
This action enhances the
release of acetylcholine,
causing increased lower
esophageal sphincter (LES)
and gastric tone, accelerating
gastric emptying and transit
through the gut.
Metoclopramide antagonizes
the dopamine D2 receptors.
Dopamine exerts relaxant
effect on the gastrointestinal
tract through binding to
muscular D2 receptors.

25. Tranexamic acid ANTIFIBRINOLYTICS Competitively inhibits

activation of plasminogen C
(via binding to the kringle
domain), thereby reducing
conversion of plasminogen to
plasmin (fibrinolysin) an
enzyme that degrades fibrin
clots fibrinogen and other
plasma protein including the
procoagulant factors V and
VII. 100% bioavailable with
IV administration D:
Penetrates readily joint fluids
and synovial membranes
M&E: 95% excreted
 unchanged in urine.

26. Rantidine Gastrointestinal agent; Potent anti-ulcer drug that

Antisecretory (h2-receptor
Antagonist)
competitively and reversibly
inhibits histamine action at
H2-receptor sites on parietal
cells, thus blocking gastric
acid secretion. Indirectly
reduces pepsin secretion but
appears to have minimal
effect on fasting and
postprandial serum gastrin
concentrations or secretion of
gastric Intrinsic factor or
mucus.

27. Aspirin Nonnarcotic Analgesic, Blocks pain impulses in CNS,

Nonsteroidal anti- inhibition of prostaglandin
Inflammatory,Antipyretic, synthesis; antipyretic action
Antiplatelet results from vasodilation of
peripheral vessels;decreases
Aggregation.

28. Clomidine Antihypertensive Clonidine is primarily an

alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist
which causes central
hypotensive and anti-
arrhythmogenic effects.2 The
alpha-2 adrenoceptor is
coupled to the G-proteins Go
and Gi.2 Gi inhibits adenylyl
cyclase and activates
opening of a potassium
channel that causes
hyperpolarization.2 Clonidine
binding to the alpha-2
adrenoceptor causes
structural changes in the
alpha subunit of the G-
protein, reducing its affinity
for GDP.2 Magnesium
catalyzes the replacement of
GDP with GTP.2 The alpha
subunit dissociates from the
other subunits and associates
with an effector.2

The stimulation of alpha-2

adrenoceptors in the locus
coeruleus may be
responsible for the hypnotic
effects of clonidine as this
region of the brain helps
regulate wakefulness.2
Clonidine can also decrease
transmission of pain signals
at the spine.2 Finally
clonidine can affect
regulators of blood pressure
in the ventromedial and
rostral-ventrolateral areas of
the medulla.