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Research-Group-2 -Transportation-Challenges-Faced-by-the-
Cbeis-commuter-students-in-CSAP
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (Visayas State University)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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COLLEGE STUDENTS OF COLEGIO DE SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA:

“Transportation Challenges Faced by the CBEIS Commuter Students in
Colegio de San Antonio de Padua”
_____________________________________
A Research Proposal Presented to
The faculty of the Accounting Information System
College of Business Education Information System
Colegio De San Antonio De Padua, Guinsay, Danao City, Philippines
_____________________________________
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements for the
ACCOUNTING RESEARCH METHOD CLASS
_____________________________________
By
CHUNTHEL MARIE COSTAN
GENEVA A. FLORES
JANYLL LOUISE L. GORDUIZ
JESSA MARIE OCHIA
KEVIN B. ORTIZANO
JEICEL N. SARAD

To

Reyna Mae B. Gomez, CPA

SEPTEMBER 2022

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ABSTRACT

Transportation has been playing a big part of the lives of most people nowadays.
This has greatly helped individuals to go to their desired location easily in just a specific
amount of time no matter how far the distance could be. Now that the physical classes
resumed after the pandemic, transportation became the daily partner of students in going
to their respective schools. Through transportation, students are able to save their energy
from walking, and some also are able to arrive quickly even though their universities are
kilometres away from their homes. Since transportation is crucial to students, this arouses
the curiosity of the researchers to conduct a study regarding the transportation challenges
faced by the College of Business Education Information System (CBEIS) commuter
students in Colegio de San Antonio de Padua.

Specifically, this study will seek to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Gender

1.2 Business Program and Year level

1.3 Place of residency

1.4 Mode of transportation in going to school

1.5 Travel days to School for Physical Class

2. What are the transportation challenges of CBEIS commuter students in terms of:

2.1 Transportation Cost

2.2 Accessibility

2.3 Safety

2.4 School Attendance

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3. Is there a significant relationship between transportation cost, accessibility, safety,

school attendance and the transportation to the students of CSAP?

This research will use Quantitative Research Design, a particularly descriptive

method. This will be conducted at Colegio de San Antonio de Padua (CSAP) campus
which is located in Danao City, Cebu, Philippines. The respondents of this study are 177
CBEIS students who are enrolled in the school year 2022-2023. Random sampling will
be employed in getting respondents where every element in a population has an equal
chance of being chosen for the sample. In order to attain the needed data, the researchers
will validate the questionnaire they used with the help of their research adviser. Each
respondent will be given a questionnaire and will be gathered, tallied and tabulated
afterwards.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Pages

ABSTRACT

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

INTRODUCTION

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

DEFINITION OF TERMS

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

RESPONDENTS AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

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Public transportation, sometimes referred to as public transportation, public

transit, mass transit, or simply transit, is a form of passenger transportation that is
accessible to the general public and is typically run on predetermined schedules and
routes (English Oxford Living Dictionaries, 2018). According to Wikipedia, public
transportation refers to a shared passenger transportation service that is accessible to the
general public, as opposed to modes like taxis, carpooling, or hired buses that are not
used by strangers without a private arrangement. The majority of public transportation
follows a set schedule, with the most frequent services operating at a set headway. In
many regions of the world, share taxis provide on-demand services, and certain services
will not begin until the car is completely full.
Public transportation is a crucial part of commuters' lives in cities and towns all
over the world since it enables people to get from one location to another. A large number
of students around the world rely on the transportation system to go to and from school.
Currently, the majority of people commute via public transit. Public transportation is a
kind of group travel that is open to the general public, often operated on established
routes, managed according to a timetable, and charged a displayed cost for each journey.
City buses, trolley buses, trams (or light rail), passenger trains, rapid transit
(metro/subway/underground, etc.), and ferries are a few examples of public
transportation.
Modern society depends on public transit. Even those who do not depend on it to
conduct their everyday activities should not take it for granted because it is not only
applicable to a specific demographic (Pineda, 2019). Pineda (2019) asserts that the
difficulty Filipinos have navigating urban areas and using mass transit has an impact on
their physical, emotional, and mental health. Students waste valuable time that could be
spent studying, working on assignments, or spending time with family and friends when
they are stalled in traffic for hours, line up for a bus, jeepney, or train, or wait in the
pouring rain at a bus or train stop.
To get where they're going, college students use a variety of routes. A travel mode
is often thought of as the form of transportation employed to move from one area to
another. The term "travel mode" in this study refers to the mode of transportation that
college students use to get from their homes to the campus. Compared to high school

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pupils, university students exhibit distinctive traits (Matthews & Hamby, 1995).
According to Limanond, Butsingkorn, and Chermkhunthod (2011, they have erratic
schedules, spend more time socializing, driving, and traveling. According to the results of
one study, students' attendance in class may be impacted by the availability of safe and
affordable transportation (Gase et al., 2014). Their grades suffer as a result of feeling
worn out, sometimes to the point of exhaustion (Belle 1998).
In line with their commute, 46% of students designed their schedules, according
to StudentMoveTO's 2019 student survey. As a result of their lengthy journeys, up to 60%
of students said they participated less in campus events, activities, and socials. The
performance of pupils in school is thought to be significantly impacted by lengthy bus
travels, according to many scientists (Belle 1998; Spence 2000). Mugoro (2014) stated
that students are need to rely on their own for transportation in many other countries,
including Tanzania. As a result, many of them either rely on public transit and run the risk
of arriving late to school or solicit rides from random people on the street, putting their
safety in danger. This illustration shows that there are numerous facets of the
transportation issue that are pertinent to the field of education.
This research aims to study and discuss the transportation challenges face by the
CBEIS commuter students of Colegio de San Antonio de Padua. The main goal will be
achieved through identifying the transportation challenges of the students and how it
affect in terms of transportation cost, accessibility, safety, and school attendance.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine, investigate and evaluate the transportation challenges faced
by the CBEIS commuter students in Colegio de San Antonio de Padua of the academic

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year 2022-2023. Thus, the researchers of this study sought to answer the following
questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Gender

1.2 Business Program and Year level

1.3 Place of residency

1.4 Mode of transportation in going to school

1.5 Travel days to School for Physical Class

2. What are the transportation challenges of CBEIS commuter students in terms of:

2.1 Transportation Cost

2.2 Accessibility

2.3 Safety

2.4 School Attendance

3. Is there a significant relationship between transportation cost, accessibility, safety,

school attendance and the transportation of the students of CSAP?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The focus of this educational research is directed towards determining the

transportation challenges faced by the CBEIS commuter students in CSAP. Therefore, the

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study may help students with the best course of action in order to lessen the consequences
of transportation on their daily travel accessibility, safety, and academic concerns.

In this connection, the researchers believed that this study is of great value to the
following:

Commuter Students - This study will help students gain knowledge of the ideal
solutions for adjusting to leading problems caused by their everyday commute to school.

Parents or Guardians – The findings of this study will provide parents with suggestions
for what they can do to support their children's needs on a financial, emotional, and
mental level.

Teachers – The result of this study will give teachers ideas on the struggles of the
students. Thus, this will be a pathway so that they would give consideration if students
will not be able to come to school because of transportation matters.

Government - This study will be helpful to the government in assessing how the
transportation challenges greatly affect commuter students. Therefore, they will be able to
formulate ways on what they could contribute to helping students reduce the challenges
they faced while commuting.

Researchers – The outcome of this research will be very useful to the researchers
because the information gained will also provide them with perspectives on the factors to
be considered in assessing the challenges of transportation faced by CBEIS commuter
students in CSAP.

Future researchers - This study will serve as a helpful resource for researchers who
want to do any related research, particularly studies that focus on the transportation
challenges encountered by commuter students.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

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This quantitative study only focuses on the challenges of transportation faced by

the CBEIS commuter students in Colegio de San Antonio de Padua. One hundred
seventy-seven (177) students will be the respondents of this study. The study would be
done through the utilization of a questionnaire to the students as a survey and reference.
Through their responses, the researchers will be able to determine the transportation
challenges experienced by CBEIS commuter students in terms of their accessibility,
safety, attendance, and school attendance. The scope of this study is restricted to the area
surrounding Colegio de San Antonio de Padua, which served as its location. This research
will be done in accordance to the skill and capability of the researchers.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

In this portion, the words below are defined as how the researchers used the words in this
study.

Transportation – a vehicle or system of vehicles such as buses, motorcycles, taxis and

etc. that help to move people from one location to another.

Challenges - are the problems encountered by individuals because of a certain variable.

Commuter students – are defined as students who do not live on a university-owned

property and have to commute to campus each day for classes.

CBEIS – “CBEIS” is an acronym for College of Business Education in Information

Systems. CBEIS is one of the departments in Colegio de San Antonio de Padua- De La
Salle Supervised School which has 4 programs: (1) Bachelor of Science in Accounting
Information Systems, (2) Bachelor of Science in Information Systems, (3) Bachelor of
Science in Office Administration, and (4) Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management.

CHAPTER II

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Transportation is an integral part of modern life. According to Kumari et al.

(2010) and Rehrl et al. (2007), having a good transportation network is one of every
modernized city’s initial priorities, as today’s modern society needs mobility in every
aspect of life. Everyday people have to go to work, children need to go to school, and
products need to reach the other end of the supply chain (Kumari and Geethanjali, 2010).

Transportation and Commuter Students

Issues of student transportation have long played a significant, and sometimes

controversial, role in facilitating US education policy. In the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, student transportation enabled the consolidation of rural school districts,
moving students from one-room school houses to larger, more professionalized schools
(Killeen and Sipple 2000).

Many students all across the world rely on the transportation system to go to and
from the school. A sizable section of the student body relies on school buses rather than
public transit in many nations, including the United States and Canada. For instance,
around 25 million kids in the US daily commute to and from school using this method of
transportation (American School Bus Council 2020).

Transportation and Commuter Student’s Transportation Cost

When using public transportation, a client must pay a fare. The primary objective
of fares is to divide the service's provision costs among those who use it. Cash fees are
the simplest type of fare. Fares are crucial to the operation of public transportation since
they are an important source of income for operators. Business will typically suffer if
prices increase. Whether revenue increases or decreases as a result of fare increases
depends on the functional relationship between prices and customer demand. (Smith,
2009.)

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The recent increase in bus prices means that students will need to reconsider their
alternatives. Buses are the only option for students who are typically on a tight budget to
commute from their house to the university or from one tuition to another. Given that
many students at schools and colleges must make do with the meagre amounts of pocket
money provided to them, the stakes are higher for them. The portion of their pocket
money that is already spent on transportation will likely grow as a result of higher bus
fares.

For students who are typically on a tight budget, buses are their only option for
transportation between their place of residence and the university and from one tuition to
another. Understanding how this fare increase will affect all facets of our youngsters' life,
including their decision to commute and how they manage their finances, is vital. They
are forced to pick between walking in a city that is already impassable due to the fare
increase. Students who live far from their universities have no other options, even though
it could be a manageable option for some (Hasib, 2021).

According to Pineda (2019), some children from Quezon City's Katipunan

neighborhood are compelled to spend all of their allowance, including their lunch money,
just to arrive to school on time. To make it to class on time, many have resorted to using
Grab or other TNVS (transportation network vehicle services) programs and leaving
earlier.

Transportation and Commuter Student’s Accessibility

(Bucky 2015) stated that one of the biggest challenges to implementing a fully
accessible system is ensuring that all bus stops are accessible. Even though the buses
themselves may have ramps and other accessibility features, not all bus stops are created
equal. Every sidewalk is different, depending on the part of town (downtown commercial
area vs. residential area) and type of area (urban vs. suburban).

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The study conducted by Peter, Christopher and Kazumari (2011) showed that
some of bus conductors have limited number of students to be boarding to and from
school at rush hours such situation leaves large group of students without any alternative.

Tabaro (2013) explains that students in Kigali city are competing with adult to
board the buses during rush hours. As students attempt to get into the bus, they are
pushed and pulled back hence to remain behind. There is no proper delivery for students
to get to schools and back home; the results students are forced to walk long distance to
and from schools to compensate both transportation cost and poor accessibility of public
transport. The survey conducted by Igihe (2011) identified that every day students are
exposed to the danger of remaining at the bus stop at unexpected times. Students are
waking timely but it become cumbersome for them to board buses and they end up of
coming late to school and arrive home at night which escalate discomfort of parents for
safety of their children.

Isugi and Nyirabihogo (2011) stated that students have been hunted by sugar
daddies and sugar mammies who use their own transport as traps to catch students since
it is difficult to access transport. Mahad, Khir and Rahma (2011) also studied
transportation problems for students in Malaysia and found that among the main
transportation problems are the distance between the academic block and the students’
residences. School transportation plays a constant and important role in the lives of
students.

According to Mammo's (2010) study, the majority of respondents cited

unpredictable travel schedules as one of their biggest issues. It implies that the first
passenger to board the vehicle will have to wait patiently until it is fully occupied before
it can move. As a result, travelers would take longer to reach their destinations.

Transportation and Commuter Student’s Safety

School buses generally have a strong safety record—school buses account for 25
percent of trips for school-age children during normal school travel hours and just 2

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percent of deaths and 4 percent of injuries that occur from crashes during the same hours
(Committee on School Transportation Safety 2002).

The relative risk of each mode of transportation is highly dependent on the

context of the community surrounding the school. For example, the physical
characteristics of an urban area, such as the real or perceived safety of the neighborhood
or traffic, can affect a student’s travel mode to school (McMillian 2005). Nationally, the
percentage of students who report being afraid of attack or harm at school or on the way
to and from school decreased from 12 percent in 1995 to 3 percent in 2013 (Robers et al.
2015).

According to Joshi (2019), most victims of sexual harassment in public transit are
women. These incidents are rarely reported, and even when they are, little to no action is
taken. There have been more instances than should be occurring where someone has
violated someone else's right to privacy and the ability to travel without worry.

According to the National Center for Transit Research, there are over 2,500 transit
bus collisions per year, which result in over 8,000 injuries to passengers, pedestrians, and
drivers. Bus overcrowding is one element that influences the accident rate, according to
the Federal Transit Administration. Any of the following issues could arise when a bus is
overcrowded:
a.) Increased injury rates: The more passengers crammed onto a bus, the higher
the risk of accident injuries, passenger bumping into passenger, and passenger being
pushed out of the vehicle when the doors open.
b.) Balance problems: Buses, like most large vehicles, must maintain balance to
avoid tip-over accidents. However, when a bus is overloaded and people close together in
groups to find a place to stand or sit, the equilibrium of the bus may be jeopardized. This
imbalance not only makes it difficult to maintain control when changing lanes, but it can
also have disastrous consequences when making curves.

Academic for Educational Development (AED) in 2009, commissioned the study

based on the transport problems for girls in which public transport seems to increase
hardship for girl student to achieve education. Academic for Educational Development

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was trying to find out some gender issues such as girls being harassed verbally, sexually
and discriminated in transport as they make their journey to and from school. The
Academic for Educational Development found that girls do really meet different
challenges such as oppression, discrimination, harassment and gender-based violence
from transport sector. It concluded that the access to secondary education for girls is
weakened by barriers in transportation subdivision.
A study carried out in Pakistan by Khurshid et al. (2012), commuters experience
bad customer service as a result of the poor driving abilities of omnibus drivers, which
are viewed as a lack of certainty. The driving style of the driver is one of the causes of
unfortunate collisions. They frequently surpass other cars in the race for patronage. Their
research also revealed that risky driving by drivers who are eager to pick up more and
more passengers results in commuters feeling in danger while traveling.

Transportation and Commuter Student’s School Attendance

Transport for students is crucial, but the government pays it little attention, which
has had a big impact on how much they need to go around during rush hour. Therefore,
according to Didier & Pascal (2003), can facilitate school dropout for kids from low-
income families. Poor student attendance is a significant predictor of school failure,
according to numerous research (Janes, 2009). Sampson (2021) stated that another
critical reason kids might be missing way too much school: no consistent way to get
there. When children cannot secure a ride to and from school, getting there is impossible
— unless they live within walking distance. Limited access to transportation is a common
issue in poor and geographically isolated areas, and it often impacts vulnerable students
such as those experiencing homelessness and foster youth.

One study concluded that a lack of suitable and reasonable transportation means
for students in schools could affect their attendance (Gase et al., 2014). According to
(Mugoro 2014), study revealed that students cannot participate effectively in different
school activities which include within and outside the classroom as they come late or
depart immediately after school hours in order to attempt to reach home early. This study

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considered hardship for students to board public buses as well as lateness but failed to
identify transport cost which is the obstacle for student school attendance.

On the high school level, studies identified the lack of proper transportation as the
main reason for absenteeism (Baker, Sigmon, & Nugent, 2001; Gase et al., 2014). When
high-school students were provided with free passes to ride public transportation,
absenteeism was reduced and academic performance was improved. Joseph and Olatunde
(2010) explained that while some people enjoy minimum traveling distance to acquire
education, some people in other places suffer by having to cover maximum distance to
school. Thus, the study of school transportation must indicate the quality and cost
implications of location and transport decisions to avoid the 26 disadvantages of long
journeys and transportation cost for students to acquire education.

Student transportation can have either positive or negative impacts on students’

academic performance and access to high-quality schools. The logistics of travel to and
from school influence a student’s ability to get to school on time, her number of absences,
and her availability to participate in before- or after-school activities (Blackmon and Cain
2015; Canfield et al. 2016; Grossman, Walker, and Raley 2001; Teasley 2004). Factors
such as inclement weather, traffic, irregular public transit schedules, out-of-pocket costs,
or a change in a student’s home location all interact with transportation choices to affect
where students go to school and the amount of time they spend there.

School location contributes much on school attendance since it minimizes

transport problems. Sunday and Olatunde (2011); Oghuvbu (2010) examined school
location planning and their attendant consequences on achievement of students in
Nigeria. Sunday and Olatunde concluded that the community should assist the
government by providing taxis and buses to facilitate movement of teachers and students
to their schools. Boer (2005) studied on school location and transport problems. He
observed that there are different changes in education such as administrative, financial
and institutional changes, as well as changes in consumer behavior, have an impact on
population concentrations, school location policies and school transportation. Time spent
on tasks and time set aside for learning greatly influence educational achievement gains.

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Students who spend more time on their tasks typically show greater accomplishment
gains than those who spend less time on their tasks (McKinney, 2000).

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Input Process Output

 Demographic Profile 1. Data collection of

 Transportation student’s profiles. Assess the
challenges of students transportation challenges
in terms of: 2. Administering faced by College of Business
questionnaires. Education Information
2.1 Transportation
Cost System (CBEIS) commuter
3. Organization of students in Colegio de San
2.2 Accessibility student’s responses. Antonio de Padua.
2.3 Safety
4. Statistical analysis of
2.4 School Attendance data.

FEEDBACK

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This part of the study defined all the process collections. The purpose of this
chapter is to show the research methods to be used in the study. It includes Research
Design, Research Environment, Research Respondents and Sampling Procedure,
Research Instrument, Data Collection Procedure and Data Analysis Procedure.

Research Design
This research will use Quantitative Research Design, a particularly descriptive
method. Quantitative research design is a formal, objective, systematic process in which
numerical data are used to obtain information about the variables. It is used to describe
and examine relationships between and among variables. This type of research design is
appropriate since the study aims to identify the transportation challenges faced by the
CBEIS commuter students of Colegio de San Antonio de Padua.

Research Environment
The study will be conducted at Colegio de San Antonio de Padua (CSAP) campus
which is located in Danao City, Cebu, Philippines. The school was chosen because
researchers wanted to learn more about the transportation challenges faced by the student
commuters of CSAP particularly in the College of Business Education and Information
System (CBEIS).

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Research Respondents and Sampling Procedure

The respondents of this study are 177 CBEIS students of Colegio de San Antonio
de Padua. Random sampling will be employed in getting respondents where every
element in a population has an equal chance of being chosen for the sample.
Respondents will be made aware that participation is voluntary and all responses
will remain confidential and anonymous.

Research Instrument
The research instrument that will be used to gather the necessary information
from the college students of Colegio de San Antonio de Padua in this study is in the form
of a survey questionnaire. It consists of two parts: Part I is for the general information of
the students and Part II are the questions that dealt with the transportation challenges
faced by the CBEIS commuter students in terms of transportation cost, accessibility,
safety and school attendance.

Data Collection Procedure

A letter requesting to conduct research study in school will be sent to the Dean of
the Business Education and Information System Department. After the approval, the
researcher will seek permission to conduct a survey without disrupting the class and also
to give enough time to facilitate the giving of instructions in answering the questionnaire.
At the day of data collection, the respondents will be requested to sign a letter of
consent which was specified in the instrument for their voluntary participation in the
study. Only those who signed the consent letter will be considered as part of this study.
Respondents will be assured that their responses will be kept confidential and that their
names will never appear in any part of this study. Hence, the explanation about the study
and instruction for the tests will be incorporated in the questionnaires. After retrieving all
the questionnaires, a data screening will be performed to minimize the possible outliers
during the analysis.

Data Analysis Procedure

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Following the completion of the survey, the papers were checked, tallied,
evaluated, and analyzed. The data were treated in the following:

1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution – used to determine the percentage for

data on profile.
2. Mean – used to get the average or central value.

3. Likert Scale - used to measure how much the respondents agree with the
statement. This consists of the below points:
5- Strongly Agree
4- Agree 2- Disagree
3- Neutral 1- Strongly Disagree

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REFERENCES

BUCKY ON JANUARY 5, 2015. Challenges and triumphs of accessible transportation.

https://www.rickhansen.com/news-stories/blog/challenges-and-triumphs-
accessible-transportation

Blackmon, Bret J., and Daphne S. Cain. 2015. “Case Manager Perspectives on the
Effectiveness of an Elementary School Truancy Intervention.” School Social
Work Journal 40 (1).

Canfield, James P., Joesph Nolan, Dana Harley, Ashley Hardy, and Willie Elliott. 2016.
“Using a Person-Centered Approach to Examine the Impact of Homelessness on
School Absences.” Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 33 (3): 199–205.

Committee on School Transportation Safety. 2002. The Relative Risks of School Travel:
A National Perspective and Guidance for Local Community Risk Assessment.
Special report 269. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences,
Transportation Research Board.

David Heart, 2022 Common Accident Risks of Overcrowded Buses.

https://www.thehartlawfirm.com/library/dangers-of-overcrowded-buses-are-you
at-risk-.cfm

English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original
on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018. Buses, trains, and other forms of
transport that are available to the public, charge set fares, and run-on fixed
routes”.

Gase et al., 2014). *(Impact of College Provided Transportation on the Absenteeism and
Academic Performance of Engineering Students Khaled Shaaban 1*, Ranya Reda
2 1 Associate Professor, Department of Engineering, Utah Valley University,
Orem, Utah, USA 2 Section Head of Learning Support, College of Engineering,

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Qatar University, Doha, QATAR Received 16 October 2020 Accepted 4

February 2021)

Grossman, Jean Baldwin, Karen Walker, and Rebecca Raley. 2001. “Challenges and
Opportunities in After-School Programs: Lessons for Policymakers and Funders.”
Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures.

Hasib Ur Rashid Ifti, November 10, 2021. How rising bus fares puts students in a fix.

https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/news/how-rising-bus-fares-puts-students-fix
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Igihe.com. (2011). School Buses Could Solve Transport Problems. Retrieved June 13,
2013 from en.igihe.com/.../school-buses-could-solve-transport-p.
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