Performance enhancement of SC-FDMA systems

using a companding technique

Fathi E. Abd El-Samie & Faisal S. Al-kamali &
Moawad I. Dessouky & Bassiuny M. Sallam &
Farid Shawki
Received: 9 March 2009 / Accepted: 3 December 2009 / Published online: 16 January 2010
# Institut TELECOM and Springer-Verlag 2010
Abstract In this paper, a companding technique is
proposed to effectively reduce the peak-to-average power
ratio (PAPR) in single-carrier frequency division multiple
access (SC-FDMA) systems. By companding the samples
with large amplitudes, while enhancing those with small
amplitudes, a significant reduction in the PAPR can be
achieved. The performance of the proposed SC-FDMA
with companding system is studied and compared with
that of the standard SC-FDMA system. Simulation
results show that the SC-FDMA with companding system
has a lower PAPR when compared with the conventional
SC-FDMA system, while the complexity of the system
slightly increases. Results also reveal that the compand-
ing coefficient must be chosen carefully in order to limit
the PAPR without introducing degradations into the bit
error rate performance.
Keywords SC-FDMA
.
Companding
.
Pulse shaping
.
PAPR
1 Introduction
Wireless communication technologies are moving rapidly
toward small and low cost devices. However, the mobility
and the value of these devices are often limited by battery
life, since device miniaturization is progressing at a faster
rate than battery technology optimization. Thus, the issue of
battery life represents a key concern in the next generation
of wireless communication systems. For wireless commu-
nication systems offering high data rates, orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has received a
lot of attention in the last few years, but it has several
inherent disadvantages such as the large PAPR and the
sensitivity to carrier frequency offsets [14]. The large
PAPR requires a linear high-power amplifier at the
transmitter, which, however, is not efficiently used. If the
linear range of the high-power amplifier is not sufficiently
wide, the large PAPR leads to in-band distortion and out-of-
band radiation. In order to solve the problems faced in the
uplink of OFDM, much attention has been directed recently
to other broadband wireless communication systems,
namely the single carrier with frequency domain equaliza-
tion (SC-FDE) system [13] and the SC frequency division
multiple access (SC-FDMA) system [46]. Moreover, the
third generation long-term evaluation standard uses
orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)
in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink [7].
There are two types of subcarriers mapping modes in
SC-FDMA systems [8]: the localized FDMA (LFDMA)
mode and the interleaved FDMA (IFDMA) mode. In the
LFDMA mode, the scheduler assigns consecutive subcar-
riers to convey information from a particular user, while, in
the IFDMA mode, users are assigned distributed subcarriers
over the entire frequency band. Each subcarriers mapping
mode has its own strengths and weaknesses. The IFDMA
F. E. Abd El-Samie (*)
:
F. S. Al-kamali
:
M. I. Dessouky
:
B. M. Sallam
:
F. Shawki
Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications,
Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University,
Menouf 32952, Egypt
e-mail: fathi_sayed@yahoo.com
F. S. Al-kamali
e-mail: faisalalkamali@yahoo.com
M. I. Dessouky
e-mail: dr_moawad@yahoo.com
B. M. Sallam
e-mail: b_m_salam@yahoo.com
F. Shawki
e-mail: farid_shawki@yahoo.com
Ann. Telecommun. (2010) 65:293300
DOI 10.1007/s12243-009-0154-6
mode provides a low PAPR at the cost of a high sensitivity
to frequency offsets and phase noise [8]. On the other hand,
the LFDMA mode is more robust to multiple access
interference, but it incurs a higher PAPR than the IFDMA
mode [8]. Thus, in this paper, we will be concerned with
the LFDMA mode, only.
There are several developed techniques to reduce the PAPR
in OFDM systems. These techniques may be applicable in
SC-FDMA systems [914]. The clipping technique [9, 13] is
the simplest one that can be used in OFDM systems, but it
causes additional clipping noise, which degrades the system
performance. An improved version of the clipping technique
is the clipping and filtering version, which can remove the
out-of-band radiation but it may cause some peak regrowth
letting the signal samples to exceed the clipping level at
some points [9]. The second technique is the companding
technique, which was originally designed for speech pro-
cessing [1014]. It is the most attractive PAPR reduction
technique for multicarrier transmission due to its good
performance and low complexity [13]. The authors in [13,
14] have introduced a hybrid scheme comprising compand-
ing and clipping. They have shown that merging both
techniques can provide a better PAPR performance as well as
a better the bit error rate (BER) performance for OFDM
systems. In [13], the -law companding method was used
whereas, in [14], the uniform companding method was used.
The compression function of the uniform companding
method transforms the distribution of the transmitted OFDM
signals, which is assumed to be Gaussian, into a uniform
distribution [12, 14]. However, the compression function of
the -law enlarges small amplitude signals [10, 12].
Recently, researchers have tried to develop the tech-
niques implemented in OFDM systems to further reduce the
PAPR in the SC-FDMA systems. In [15], the clipping
method has been suggested to reduce the PAPR in SC-
FDMA systems. In [16], we have introduced a new
transceiver scheme for SC-FDMA systems implementing
the wavelet transform and a PAPR reduction method. The
results in [15, 16] indicted that the PAPR in SC-FDMA
systems can be further reduced by applying the PAPR
reduction methods implemented in OFDM systems. In the
literature, reducing the PAPR in SC-FDMA systems with a
companding technique is not studied. Thus, the objective of
this paper is to reduce the PAPR in SC-FDMA systems by
applying a companding technique without degrading the
system performance. To achieve this target, we try to optimize
the performance of the SC-FDMA with companding system
using the BER as a cost function to be minimized. Since
the distribution of SC-FDMA signal samples is not
Gaussian [8], the -law companding method is used in this
paper to reduce the PAPR in the SC-FDMA system. The
best value of the companding coefficient is determined
through simulations. The performance of the SC-FDMA
with companding system is studied and compared with the
system without companding.
The difference between the work presented in this paper
and the work in [10, 13] is that, in this paper, the companding
method is used to reduce the PAPR in the SC-FDMA
system; not in the OFDM system as in [10, 13]. In addition,
the performance of the proposed SC-FDMA with compand-
ing system is tested over a frequency selective channel; not
over a simple additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
channel as in [10, 13]. The rest of the paper is organized
as follows. The conventional SC-FDMA system section
describes the conventional SC-FDMA system. The
proposed SC-FDMA with companding system section
presents the proposed SC-FDMA with companding system.
The effectiveness of the proposed SC-FDMAwith compand-
ing system is studied through computer simulations in
Simulation results section. Conclusions section gives
the concluding remarks of the paper.
Notations: The symbols (.)
H
, (.)
T
, and (.)
1
designate
complex conjugate transposition, transposition of a matrix,
and the inverse of a matrix, respectively. Vectors and
matrices are represented in boldface.
2 The conventional SC-FDMA system
Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the conventional
SC-FDMA system. At the transmitter, each block of the
time domain data symbols is transformed to frequency
domain by the application of the discrete Fourier transform
(DFT), and then mapped to a subset of the total available
subcarriers, which enables OFDMA modulation. As in
OFDMA, the transmissions from multiple users remain
orthogonal due to the fact that each user is allowed to use a
distinct set of the available subcarriers. However, the
advantage of this approach as compared to OFDMA is that
the overall transmitted signal is a single-carrier signal,
which has a lower PAPR as compared to its multicarrier
counterpart.
The signal after the DFT can be expressed as follows:
X
k

N1
n0
x
n
e

j2p
N
nk
; k 0; 1; . . . ::; N 1 1
where x
n
is the modulated symbol, and X
k
is the frequency
domain sample after the DFT process. N is the DFT length.
After that, the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) is
performed as follows:
x
m

1
M

M1
l0
X
l
e
j2p
M
ml
; m 0 . . . . . . :; M 1 2
294 Ann. Telecommun. (2010) 65:293300
where X
l
is the data sample after the subcarriers mapping.
M is the IDFT length (M>N, M=Q.N). Q is the maximum
number of terminals that can transmit, simultaneously.
After the IDFT operation, a cyclic prefix CP is added at
the end of the resulting signal, and the signal is filtered via
a pulse-shaping filter before transmission. Pulse shaping is
the process of changing the waveform of the transmitted
pulses to make them suit better to the communication
channel by limiting the effective bandwidth of the trans-
mission. By filtering the transmitted pulses in this way, the
intersymbol interference caused by the channel can be kept
in control.
In this paper, a root-raised cosine pulse-shaping filter is
used. This filter is widely used in wireless communications.
It is an implementation of a low-pass Nyquist filter, which
has the property of vestigial symmetry. The impulse
response of such filter is given by [17]:
h
p
t
sin p
t
T
1 a
_ _
4a
t
T
cos p
t
T
1 a
_ _
p
t
T
1 4a
t
T
_ _
2
_ _ 3
where is the roll-off factor, which lies between 0 and
1, and T is the symbol duration. Finally, the resulting
signal is transmitted through the power amplifier. The
PAPR without pulse shaping can be expressed as follows
[4]:
PAPR
max x
m
j j
2

1
M

M1
m0
x
m
j j
2
4
A transmitted signal with a high PAPR requires a large
back-off to ensure that the power amplifier operates
within its linear region. This reduces the power efficiency of
the amplifier and results in a lower mean output power
for a given peak power-rated device. Hence, a transmit-
ted signal with a low PAPR is highly desirable for
battery powered terminals, where the power efficiency is
paramount.
At the receiver, the CP is removed from the received
signal, and the signal is transformed into the frequency
domain via an M-point DFT. Then, FDE and subcarriers
demapping are performed. The resulting signal is trans-
formed into time domain via an N-point IDFT. Finally, the
demodulation and decoding processes are performed.
3 The proposed SC-FDMA with companding system
In this section, the proposed SC-FDMA with companding
system is introduced. The transmitter and the receiver parts
of the proposed system will be discussed in the following
subsections. Both AWGN and frequency selective channels
are considered.
3.1 Transmitter
The transmitter part of the proposed SC-FDMA with
companding system is depicted in Fig. 2. At the transmitter,
a baseband modulator transforms the encoded binary input
to a multilevel sequence of complex numbers in one of
several possible modulation formats. The resulting modu-
lated symbols are grouped into blocks; each containing N
symbols and an N-point DFT is performed. After that, the
subcarriers mapping process and an M-point IDFT process
are then performed. The signals after the DFT and the IDFT
can be expressed as in Eqs. 1 and 2. The resulting signal is
passed through the compander.
In this paper, companding is performed according to the
well-known -law. The companding process can be
expressed as follows [10, 12]:
x
m
V
max
ln 1 m
x
m
j j
V
max
_ _
ln 1 m
sgn x
m
5

Encoder

Modulation
N-
point
DFT
Subcarriers
Mapping
M-
point
IDFT
A
d
d

C
P


Source

Demodulation
N-point
IDFT
Subcarriers
Demapping
and FDE
M-
point
DFT
Remove
CP

Decoder
SC-FDMA Modulator
SC-FDMA Demodulator
n
x
k
X
l
X
m
x
Channel
Desired data
Fig. 1 Transmitter and receiver
structures of the conventional
SC-FDMA system
Ann. Telecommun. (2010) 65:293300 295
where
V
max
max x
m
j j m 0; 1; . . . ::; M 1 6
and is the companding coefficient. After the companding
process, the CP is added to the transmitted sequence by
copying the last G samples of the data block x and adding
them at the beginning of the block. The CP length must
equal or exceed the maximum expected channel length. The
linear convolution process in the channel becomes equivalent
to a circular convolution due to the presence of the CP.
3.2 Receiver
In this section, the receiver part of the SC-FDMA with
companding system is discussed for different channels.
Figures 2b and 3 illustrate the receiver structures of the
proposed SC-FDMA with companding system for an
AWGN and a frequency selective channel, respectively.
3.2.1 Receiver for an AWGN channel
For the AWGN channel case, the CP is not used, and hence,
the receiver structure of the proposed scheme can be shown
as in Fig. 2b. The expanded received signal can be written
as follows [10, 12]:

x
m

V
max
m
exp
r
m
j j ln 1 m
V
max
1
_ _ _ _
sgn r
m
7
where r
m
is the mth received sample. In matrix notations,
the received signal can be expressed as follows:
r x n 8
where r is an M1 vector containing the received samples.
x is an M1 vector representing a block of companded
transmitted samples. n is an M1 vector representing the
additive noise. After that, the received signal is transformed
into the frequency domain via an M-point DFT process, and
a subcarriers demapping process is performed. Then, an
N-point IDFT is performed. Finally, the receiver performs
demodulation and decoding processes in time domain.
3.2.2 Receiver for a frequency selective channel
For the frequency selective channel case, the addition of the
CP is very important. The receiver structure of the proposed
(a) Transmitter
D
e
c
o
d
e
r

Demodulation
N-point
IDFT
Subcarriers
Demapping
M-point
DFT

Expanding
(b) Receiver
S
o
u
r
c
e

E
n
c
o
d
e
r

M
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

N-
point
DFT
Subcarriers
Mapping
M-
point
IDFT
Add
CP

Companding
n
x
k
X
l
X
m
x
m
x
~
Channel
Desired User's
Data
Fig. 2 The proposed SC-FDMA with companding system for an AWGN channel

Decoder

Expanding
M-point
IDFT

FDE
M-
point
DFT
Remove
CP
M-point
DFT
Subcarriers
Demapping
N-
point
IDFT

Demodulation
Fig. 3 Receiver structure of the
proposed SC-FDMA with
companding system over a
frequency selective channel
296 Ann. Telecommun. (2010) 65:293300
system for the frequency selective channel is shown in
Fig. 3. The length of the CP must be greater than the
maximum excess delay of the channel to reduce the
interblock interference. The baseband channel response
can, then, be expressed as follows:
h t

L1
l0
h
l
d t t
l
9
where h
l
and
l
represent the complex fading and the
propagation delay of the l-th path, and L is the number of
multipaths of the channel impulse response h. In this paper,
we assume block fading, where the path gains stay constant
over each block duration.
For the frequency selective channel case, the steps
performed at the receiver of the proposed scheme can be
summarized in matrix form as follows:
1. The CP is removed fromthe received signal. The resulting
signal after removing the CP can be written as follows:
r Hx n 10
where H is an MM circulant matrix describing the
multipath channel.
H can be written as follows [2]:
H
h 0 0 0 h L 1 h 1
h 0
h L 1
h L 1 0
0
0
0 0 h L 1 h 0
_

_
_

_
11
The circulant matrix H can be efficiently diagonalized by
the fast Fourier transform (F) and the inverse fast Fourier
transform (F
1
). It can be written as follows [13]:
H F
1
LF 12
where is an MM diagonal matrix, whose main diagonal
is the Fourier transform of the circulant sequence of H.
2. The M-point DFT is applied. This step can be written as
follows:
R L

X N 13
where R,

X, and N are the Fourier transforms of r, x, and n,
respectively.
3. FDE is performed. The FDE matrix W can be derived
according to the zero forcing criterion as follows [2]:
W L
H
L
_ _
1
L
H
14
or the minimum mean square (MMSE) criterion as follows
[3]:
W L
H
L 1=SNR
_ _
1
L
H
15
where SNR is the signal-to-noise ratio. A major
advantage of the equalization in frequency domain is
the low computational complexity. The price to be paid
is a reduction in the data rate caused by the insertion of
the CP [1]. The output of the FDE can be expressed as
follows:

X WR 16
where

X is an M1 vector describing the frequency

domain estimate of the transmitted signal.
4. An M-point IDFT is performed to provide the time
domain signal,

x.
5. The signal is expanded. The expanded signal can be
written as:

x
m

V
max
m
exp

x
m

ln 1 m
V
max
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
sgn

x
m
_ _
17
6. Finally, an M-point DFT, demapping, an N-point IDFT,
demodulation, and decoding processes are performed.
The main advantage of the proposed system lies in its
lower PAPR, when compared with that of the SC-FDMA
without companding system. The complexity of the
proposed system is slightly higher than that of the
conventional SC-FDMA system.
4 Simulation results
In this section, simulation experiments are carried out to
study the effectiveness of the proposed SC-FDMA with
companding system over the Stanford University Interim-3
(SUI-3) channel. The SUI-3 channel model is one of six
channel models adopted by the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.16a for evaluating
broadband wireless systems in the 211-GHz bands [18].
It has three Rayleigh fading taps at delays of 0, 0.5,
and 1 s, with relative powers of 0, 5, and 10 dB,
respectively. The fading is assumed to be quasi-static
(constant during a DFT block). The root-raised cosine
pulse-shaping filter with roll-off factor =0.22 is used at
the transmitter. In this paper, oversampling with a rate of 4
is used, when calculating PAPR. The localized subcarriers
mapping mode is used. A rate 1/2 convolutional code with
constraint length 7 and octal generator polynomial
(133,171) is also used. The BER is evaluated by the Monte
Ann. Telecommun. (2010) 65:293300 297
Carlo simulation method. For comparison purposes, the
conventional SC-FDMA system is simulated. Simulation
parameters are listed in Table 1.
Firstly, we present the simulation of the complementary
cumulative distribution function (CCDF) curves for the
proposed SC-FDMAwith companding system. The CCDF is
a useful statistical indication about the signal power distribu-
tion. It is defined as the probability that the signal is at or higher
than a given amplitude. Figures 4 and 5 show the CCDFs of
the PAPR for the proposed SC-FDMA with companding
system for different modulation formats with M=512,
N=128, a rate 1/2 convolutional code and localized sub-
carriers mapping. The pulse-shaping filter is not used in these
experiments. Clearly, the PAPR performance of the proposed
system, with various values of the companding coefficient, is
better than that of the system without companding. The larger
the values of , the smaller are the values of the PAPR. As a
result, a reduction in the PAPR can be achieved by increasing
the value of the companding coefficient for the SC-FDMA
with companding system. Figure 5 also shows that the PAPR
of the 16QAM modulation scheme is larger than that of the
QPSK modulation scheme.
The best value of the companding coefficient that
achieves the minimum BER is determined through simu-
lations. Figure 6 illustrates the BER versus the companding
coefficient for the SC-FDMA with companding system at
different SNR values. M=512, N=128, QPSK, localized
subcarriers mapping, and a rate 1/2 convolutional code are
used. We observe that the companding coefficient =4 is
the best choice regardless of the value of the SNR. Figures 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
PAPR (dB)
C
C
D
F
16QAM LFDMA
SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA with Companding
=2
=4
=8
=16
=32
=64
Fig. 5 CCDF of PAPR for the SC-FDMA with companding system
when 16QAM is used
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Companding Coefficient
B
E
R
MMSE Equalization, QPSK LFDMA
SNR=3 dB
SNR=6 dB
SNR=9 dB
SNR=12 dB
SNR=15 dB
Fig. 6 BER vs. the companding coefficient for the SC-FDMA with
companding system
Table 1 Simulation parameters
Parameter Description
System bandwidth 5 MHz
Modulation type QPSK, and 16QAM
Pulse shaping Root-raised cosine filter (=0.22)
Cyclic prefix length 20 samples
Transmitter IDFT length (M) 256, 512, and 1,024 symbols
Subcarriers spacing 9.765625 kHz for M=512
SC-FDMA input block length (N) 128 symbols
Subcarriers mapping mode Localized
SC-FDMA input DFT length (N) 128 symbols
Companding scheme -law
Channel model SUI-3
Channel estimation Perfect
Equalization MMSE
Channel code Convolutional code with rate 1/2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
PAPR (dB)
C
C
D
F
QPSK LFDMA
SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA with Companding
=2
=4
=8
=16
=32
=64
Fig. 4 CCDF of the PAPR for the SC-FDMA with companding
system when QPSK is used
298 Ann. Telecommun. (2010) 65:293300
and 6 give a trade-off between the PAPR performance and
BER performance of the proposed SC-FDMA with com-
panding system. At high SNR values, the BER performance
deteriorates with the increase in the companding coefficient
over 4. This is attributed to the dominance of the
interference at high SNRs. As a result, increasing the
amplitude compression will introduce both out-of-band and
in-band interference, which leads to degradations in the
BER performance. This implies that a companding coeffi-
cient should be chosen carefully in order to limit the PAPR
without degrading the system performance. We will use
=4 for the rest of the experiments.
Figure 7 introduces a comparison between the proposed
SC-FDMA with companding system, when =4, and that
without companding. M=512, N=128, QPSK, localized
subcarriers mapping, and a rate 1/2 convolutional code are
used. From Figs. 4 and 7, we can conclude that the
application of the companding method in the SC-FDMA
system results in a significant improvement in the perfor-
mance, while the complexity is maintained low. Figure 4
shows that the PAPR performance improvement of the SC-
FDMA with companding system at =4 is about 3.25 dB,
when compared with that of the system without companding.
Finally, the impact of the number of subcarriers on the
performance of the SC-FDMA with companding system is
studied and shown in Figs. 8 and 9 for different modulation
formats. =4, localized subcarriers mapping, a rate 1/2
convolutional code, and a pulse-shaping filter with =0.22
are used to obtain these results. It is clear that the PAPR of
the companded SC-FDMA signals depends on the number
of subcarriers. For the SC-FDMAwith companding system,
the higher the number of subcarriers, the smaller are the
PAPR values. As a result, improvements in the PAPR
performance can be achieved by increasing the number of
subcarriers. The PAPR in the SC-FDMA with companding
system, for a number of subcarriers M=512, is nearly the
same as that for M=1,024. Thus, the number of subcarriers
M=512 is more suitable for the SC-FDM with companding
system. This indicates that the number of subcarriers must be
chosen carefully in order to provide a good PAPR perfor-
1 2 4 6 8 10 12
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
PAPR (dB)
C
C
D
F
16QAM LFDMA, =4
Without Companding, M=256
With Companding, M=256
Without Companding, M=512
With Companding, M=512
Without Companding, M=1024
With Companding, M=1024
Without
Companding
With
Companding
Fig. 9 CCDF of PAPR for the SC-FDMA with companding system
for different numbers of subcarriers when 16QAM is used
Table 2 PAPR at CCDF=10
4
, QPSK, and =4
Number of subcarriers SC-FDMA SC-FDMA with companding
PAPR (dB) PAPR (dB) PAPR gain (dB)
M=256 9 6 3
M=512 8 4.75 3.25
M=1,024 8 4.75 3.25
0 5 10 15
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR (dB)
B
E
R
MMSE Equalization, =4, QPSK LFDMA
SC-FDMA with Companding
SC-FDMA
Fig. 7 BER vs. SNR for the SC-FDMA with companding system
1 2 4 6 8 10 12
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
PAPR (dB)
C
C
D
F
QPSK LFDMA, =4
Without Companding, M=256
With Companding, M=256
Without Companding, M=512
With Companding, M=512
Without Companding, M=1024
With Companding, M=1024
Without
Companding
With
Companding
Fig. 8 CCDF of PAPR for the SC-FDMA with companding system
for different numbers of subcarriers when QPSK is used
Ann. Telecommun. (2010) 65:293300 299
mance for the SC-FDMAwith companding system. Figures 4,
5, 8, and 9 show that the SC-FDMAwith companding system
is insensitive to the pulse-shaping filter for all modulation
formats.
To illustrate the effect of the number of subcarriers on
the PAPR in the SC-FDMA with companding system, the
measured PAPR gain at CCDF=10
4
, N=128, QPSK, and
=4 are tabulated in Table 2.
It is clear that the SC-FDMA with companding system
provides a significant PAPR reduction, especially for a
large number of subcarriers. Table 2 shows that M=512 is
more suitable for the SC-FDMA with companding system
to provide a good PAPR performance.
5 Conclusions
In this paper, an efficient SC-FDMAwith companding system
is presented and studied. The effectiveness of the proposed
system is investigated through simulations. It is found that the
proposed system must be designed carefully in order to
achieve a reduction in the PAPR without degrading the BER
performance. On the other hand, a trade-off should be made
between the PAPR performance and the BER performance
since increasing the value of the companding coefficient leads
to a reduction in the PAPR and a degradation in the BER
performance. Simulation experiments have shown that a value
of 4 is a suitable choice for the companding coefficient.
Simulation results also indicate that the PAPR of the SC-
FDMA with companding system depends on the number of
subcarriers. Thus, a reduction of the PAPR can be achieved by
increasing the number of subcarriers.
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