CHAPTER I

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Shampoos are the most common treatment option recommended by

dermatologists for problems with the hair and scalp, prescribing to the patients that

reduce the possibility of frizz and inter-fiber friction amplification by selecting the proper

shampoo (Dias, et al., 2014). Shampoos are usually used to remove oily residues from

previously used hair care products including oils, lotions, and sprays as well as dirt,

sweat, desquamated corneocytes (scales), and other environmental pollutants from the

scalp. Moreover, it is thought to have a secondary use that beautifies and conditions hair

while also calming irritated scalp skin in situations like seborrheic dermatitis. Modern

chemical and technological advancements have made it possible to replace soap bases

with complex formulations that include cleansing agents, conditioning agents, as well as

functional additives, preservatives, aesthetic additives, and occasionally even medically

beneficial additives.

Although by properly combining different substances in the shampoo formulation,

one may achieve the balancing act between good cleansing and hair beauty. This

chemical has the potential to lead to hair loss, irritation, and dryness. These are the

ingredients that must be avoided in formulating shampoo because of their negative effects

on hair (Somya, 2022); and (Brennam, 2021); Sulfates, polyethylene glycol (PEG),

dimeticone, alcohol, and retinyl palmitate can irritate the scalp and make hair more brittle
by causing allergic reactions. Selenium sulfide and formaldehyde are both known

carcinogens, or substances that cause cancer. Phthalates are endocrine disruptors.

Triclosan is a drug that disrupts hormones and a synthetic fragrance that can result in hair

loss. The majority of hair products have potentially harmful ingredients that surprisingly

strengthen your hair. They help us have hair that is smooth, bouncy, clean, and shiny,

which often makes us embrace them. But nonetheless, these short-term benefits have

long-term risks, such as hormone imbalance and cancer (Somya, 2022).

There are several multiple kinds of shampoos available on the market today,

including herbal, synthetic, medicated, and non-medicated varieties. Nevertheless,

demand for herbal shampoo is higher than that of other varieties because it contains

natural ingredients that are risk-free and have no negative side effects (Badi and Khan,

2014). Herbal shampoo formulations are seen as a substitute for synthetic shampoo,

although employing exclusively natural components to make cosmetics can be difficult

(Shinde et al., 2013). As stated in a related study of Pooja et al. (2011) it has been found

that there are several herbs that can be used as raw or refined extracts, powdered,

unpurified, or derivative forms, when used in hair care products, can offer certain benefits

to the follicles, the scalp, or both (Goettel, 2023). Moreover, it can aid in the preservation

of hair's natural hydration and subtly promote the growth of new hair. Both the texture

and appearance of hair that has been damaged by chemicals included in commercial

shampoos can be improved. As herbal shampoo contains natural ingredients rather than

potentially harmful ones that can destroy hair, many individuals are now choosing it over

commercial shampoo.
 The Philippines is an archipelago consisting of 7,106 islands that has three major

groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. It is located southeast of Asia in the western

Pacific Ocean. The Philippines is known as the world's third-largest polluter after China

and Indonesia, despite its popularity among tourists. According to the Department of

Environment and Natural Resources (2021), the nation produces an excessive amount of

trash that far exceeds its ability to manage solid waste. Solid wastes generated in the

nation often have higher levels of organic compounds than other types. The National

Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) reports that biodegradable garbage

makes up 52% of all discarded waste, followed by recyclables (28%), and residuals

(18%).

In accordance with this finding, the researchers are going to develop an herbal

shampoo using the ingredients plentiful in the Cabadbaran City, Agusan del Norte

municipal area: Kapayas (Carica papaya) peelings and leaves, Biasong (Citrus

micrantha Wester), and Gumamela (Hibisscus rosa-sinensis) flower extract. Rather than

than simply dumping them that sums up the nation's biodegradable wastes. The

researchers are hoping that the experimentation with a variety of plant-based products

will result in something that is not just a potential shampoo but also safe for daily use and

affordable for the general public.

 Materials:
 Kapayas (Carica papaya)
peelings and leaves
 Biasong (Citrus micrantha
Wester)
 Gumamela (Hibisscus rosa-
sinensis) flower extract

Goal: Result:
Kapayas Production of
(Carica polyherbal
Process: shampoo that is
papaya)
Biasong  Formulation affordable, eco-
(Citrus  Data Collection friendly, and
micrantha effective for
 Data Analysis
Wester), and usage by
 Differentiation customers in
Gumamela
(Hibisscus the community.
rosa-sinensis)
as a potential
shampoo.
What is measured:
 pH
 Solid content percentage
 Dirt dispersion
 Foaming ability
 Stability

Figure 1.1 Research paradigm of the study

 The components that will guide the researchers in creating a polyherbal shampoo

are shown in schematic form in Figure 1.1. Kapayas, biasong, and gumamela flowers will

all be gathered in the city of Cabadbaran for this study. Kapayas and biasong will be

gathered at Cabadbaran City Market, while gumamela flowers will be collected in an area

where they are easily accessible. The remaining materials, on the other hand, will be

bought online if they are not readily available locally. As soon as all the elements are

gathered, the researchers will go on to the next step, which is creating the shampoo

mixture. The shampoo's formulation will be evaluated based on its pH, solid content

percentage, dirt dispersion, foaming abilities, and stability. evaluating the data's findings

and contrasting the developed shampoo with commercial shampoo. This constitutes the

overall result that the aforementioned plants used in formulating a polyherbal shampoo

are seen as a potential shampoo that is affordable, eco-friendly, and effective.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Herbal shampoo formulations are increasingly seen as a substitute for synthetic

shampoo that contains harmful substances that can cause multiple hair problems. The

nation's biodegradable wastes should be utilized rather than discarded and contributed to.

As herbal shampoo contains organic components rather than possibly hazardous ones, the

researchers will conduct an experiment to develop a polyherbal shampoo using the three

plant-based materials: Kapayas (Carica papaya) peelings and leaves extract, Biasong

(Citrus micrantha Wester) extract, and Gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) flower

extract, as herbal shampoo contains natural ingredients rather than potentially harmful

ones. Specifically, it aims to answer the following research questions:

 1. What are the ingredients used in this study?

2. What is the process for doing this experimentation?

3. Is there a significant difference between the mixed plant-based Kapayas (Carica

papaya) peelings and leaves extract, Biasong (Citrus micrantha Wester) extract,

and Gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) flower extract as a potential shampoo and

a commercial Palmolive shampoo?

1.3 Hypothesis of the Study

Ho1. The ingredients used in the study are not for formulating shampoo.

Ho2. The process of doing the experimentation is not meant for formulating the

shampoo.

Ho3. There is no significant difference between mixed plant-based Kapayas (Carica

papaya) peelings and leaves extract, Biasong (Citrus micrantha Wester) extract, and

Gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) flower extract as a potential shampoo and a

commercial Palmolive shampoo?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

1. To identify what ingredients are used in the study for formulating shampoo.

2. To know the process of doing this experimentation on doing the shampoo

formulation.

3. To determine the significant difference between mixed plant-based Kapayas

(Carica papaya) peeligs and leaves extract, Biasong (Citrus micrantha Wester)

extract, and Gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) flower extract as a potential

shampoo and a commercial Palmolive shampoo.

1.5 Significance of the Problem

 As this study aims to formulate a polyherbal shampoo, this will greatly and positively

benefit the following:

Consumers. This study will benefit the consumers as the potential shampoo is cost

friendly to the community.

Patients. This study will benefit the patients with scalp and hair problems as the

ingredients applied in formulating the shampoo are not hazardous ones as mentioned

above that can not only affects the hair but also the well-being health of the person.

Trichologists. This study will provide trichologist a new selection of hair or shampoo

treatment to be prescribe to the patients with scalp and hair problems.

Researchers. This study will give them insights on conducting similar researches.

1.6 Scope and Delimitations

The goal of this research is to know the potential of mixed-plant-based Kapayas

(Carica papaya) fruit and leaves extract, Biasong (Citrus micrantha Wester) extract, and

Gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) flower as an alternative shampoo. Due to their

inability to obtain proper equipment and ingredients, the researchers will use alternative

products and equipment to procure this study.

1.7 Definition of Terms

In order for the readers to have a maximum understanding of the research, the

following terms are operationally defined:

 Polyherbal Shampoo. Herbal shampoo that contains natural ingredients rather than

potentially harmful ones.

Synthetic Shampoo Chemicals. These chemicals are applied in formulating shampoo

that can cause adverse effects to human health as follows:

Alcohol – is used in shampoos as a thickening agent. When used in hair care

products, alcohol can make your hair extremely dry and brittle.

Dimethicone – a form of silicone added to hair care products is dimethicone. For

your hair shaft, it functions as a barrier, but with time, it leaves behind residue on your

scalp. It prevents moisture from getting into the hair and might irritate the scalp by

blocking the pores.

Formaldehyde - despite being a well-known carcinogen, formaldehyde is present

in a large number of shampoos and conditioners. This harmful preservative has the

potential to seep into the air over time from the package as well as through your scalp.

This addition has been linked to cancer, is hazardous, and may worsen or trigger asthma.

Fragrances – synthetic perfumes have been linked to cancer, problems with

reproduction, and asthma episodes. A few scents might harm the scalp and cause hair

loss.

Paraben – The preservative paraben can lengthen the shelf life of shampoo. They

prevent the development of bacteria in your shampoos. Since parabens (butyl, propyl, and

ethyl parabens) imitate the action of estrogen, a female hormone involved in

reproduction, they raise the risk of breast cancer.

 Phthalates - can cause the hormones that control your hair cycle to be become

disrupted, which can lead to hair loss. They pose a serious environmental risk as well.

Polyethylene Glycols (PEG) - the synthetic component Polyethylene Glycols

(PEG), a petroleum derivative used as a thickening agent in hair care products, can

be particularly harsh on the scalp and hair, causing dryness.

Retinyl palmitate - The ester of retinol and palmitic acid is retinyl palmitate.

Itching, redness, peeling, and scaling of the skin are side effects of this chemical.

Resorcinol - skin irritation has been connected to resorcinol, a frequent

chemical in hair colors and bleaching solutions.

Selenium sulfide - this could cause the scalp to become too dry, which raises the

risk of hair breaking, one type of hair loss.

Sulfates – a type of surfactant (surface acting agent), are used to remove excess

sebum and dirt from the scalp. They may even lead in frizzy hair and an allergic reaction

on the scalp.

Triclosan - is a chemical that disrupts the hormonal balance. This indicates that it

can disrupt the regular functioning of your hormones and impair your endocrine system.

Toluene - Toluene exposure can have both short-term consequences like

headaches, lightheadedness, and chapped skin, as well as longer-term impacts like

reproductive harm and respiratory issues.

Trichologist. A trichologist is a specialist who specializes zin the study of diseases or

problems affecting the hair and scalp, as well as treatments for these problems. The
Greek word “trikhos”, which means hair, is where the term “trichology” derives its

origin.