THE LAW OF NON-INTERNATIONAL

ARMED CONFLICT
 The Law of
Non-International
Artned Conflict
SANDESH SIVAKUMARAN

OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Contents-Summary

Table of Cases xix

Table ofInstruments xxvi
List ofAbbreviations xxxiv
List ofAcronyms ofArmed Groups xxxvi

Introduction 1

PART I: REGULATING NON-INTERNATIONAL

ARMED CONFLICTS
1. Ad-hoc Regulation 9
2. Systematic Regulation through International Humanitarian Law 30
3. Regulation through a Body of International Law 54
4. The Sources of the Law of Non-International Armed Conflict 101

PART II: THE SUBSTANTIVE LAW OF

NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT
5. IdentifYing a Non-International Armed Conflict: Armed
Conflicts and Internal Tensions and Disturbances 155
6. IdentifYing a Non-International Armed Conflict: International
and Non-International Armed Conflicts 212
7. Scope of Application 236
8. Protection of Civilians and Persons Hors de Combat 255
9. Conduct of Hostilities 336
10. Implementation and Non-Judicial Enforcement 430
11. Judicial Enforcement 475

PART III: MOVING FORWARD

12. Developments Needed in the Law 513
Conclusion 568

Select Bibliography 571

Index 619
 Contents-Detailed

Table of Cases xix

Table ofInstruments xxvi
List ofAbbreviations xxxiv
List ofAcronyms ofArmed Groups xxxvi

Introduction 1
Nature of the law 2
Armed groups 3
Practice 4
Goals 5
A note to the reader 5

PART I: REGULATING NON-INTERNATIONAL

ARMED CONFLICTS
1. Ad-hoc Regulation 9
1. Introduction 9
2. Recognition of belligerency 9
2.1 The concept of recognition 9
2.2 Consequences of recognition 14
2.3 Instances of recognition 17
3. Instructions and agreements 20
3.1 Instructions 21
3.2 Agreements 25
3.3 Advantages and drawbacks 28
4. Conclusion 29

2. Systematic Regulation through International Humanitarian Law 30

1. Introduction 30
2. The International Committee of the Red Cross and International
Conferences of the Red Cross 30
3. The Diplomatic Conference of 1949 40
4. The period 1949-74 42
5. The Diplomatic Conference of 1974-7 49
6. Post-1977 initiatives 52
7. Conclusion 53

3. Regulation through a Body of International Law 54

1. Introduction 54
2. Drawing on the law of international armed conflict 55
2.1 Customaty international humanitarian law 55
2.2 Conventional international humanitarian law 61
2.3 Methodological difficulties with regulation by drawing on
the law of international armed conflict 65
2.3.1 Scope and content 66
2.3.2 Levels of protection 68
2.3.3 International and non-international armed conflicts 69
 xii
Contents-Detailed
Contents-Detailed xiii
3. International criminal law
3.1 The war crimes-international humanitarian Jaw nexus 77 PART II: THE SUBSTANTIVE LAW OF
3.2 Methodological concerns with the use of war crimes Jaw 77 NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT
3.2.1 The norms · 78
3.2.2 The enforcement function 79 5. Identifying a Non-International Armed Conflict: Armed Conflicts
4. International human rights law 82 and Internal Tensions and Disturbances 155
4 · 1 AppJ~ca~ility of international human rights Jaw 83 1. Introduction 155
4.2 Appltcanon of international human rights Jaw 83 156
2. The non-definition approach
4.2.1 Normative content 87 2.1 The Diplomatic Conference of 1949 156
4.2.2 Interpretation 87 2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of the Jack of definition 162
4.2.3 Direct regulation 88
93 3. The definition approach 164
5. Conclusion 3.1 Intensity of violence 167
99 170
3.2 Organization of the armed group
4. The Sources of the Law of Non-International Armed Conflict 3.2.1 Indicia of organization 170
101
1. Introduction 3.2.2 Organization in practice 172
2. The traditional sources 101 3.2.3 Responsible command 174
2.1 Treaties 101 3.2.4 Rationale for organization 176
2.2 Custom 101 3.3 Governmental authorities 180
2.2.1 Methodology 102 3.4 Non-requisites 180
2.2.2 Customary rules 102 4. Prerequisites for particular rules to apply 182
3. The less traditional 'sources' 105 4.1 Protocol II, Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 182
3.1 Nature of the commitments 107 4.1.1 State armed forces 184
3.1.1 Propaganda? 108 4.1.2 Organized armed groups and responsible command 184
3.1.2 Normative status 108 4.1.3 Territorial control 185
3.1.3 An interpretational tool 109 4.1.4 Sustained and concerted military operations 188
3.1.4 Commitments and compliance llO 4.1.5 Implementation of the Protocol 188
3.2 The commitments ll2 4.1.6 Concluding thoughts 190
3.2.1 Unilateral declarations 113 4.2 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 192
Declarations of states ll3 4.3 Recognition of belligerency 195
Parallel declarations ll3 5. Characterization of the violence 196
Declarations of national liberation movements
ll4 5.1 The decision-maker 196
Declarations of non-state armed groups
ll8 5.2 Recognition of an armed conflict 200
Purported accession ll8 5.3 Characterization of the armed group 204
Declarations to the ICRC
118 5.4 Legal status and legitimacy 205
Genera] declarations ll9 6. Conclusion 210
Declarations on particular rules
120
122 6. IdentifYing a Non-International Armed Conflict: International and
Declarations on human rights Jaw
3.2.2 Agreements 123 Non-International Armed Conflicts 212
124
Agreements on international humanitarian law 1. Introduction 212
125
Agreements on international humanitarian law and 2. Wars of national liberation 212
human rights Jaw 2.1 Historical regulation 212
Agreements on human rights Jaw
129
131 2.2 Defining wars of national liberation 216
Other agreements
132 3. Outside state intervention 222
3.2. 3 Inst.ruct.ions, codes of conduct, and internal regulations 3.1 Intervention through troops 222
3.2. 4 Legislation 133
3.2.5 Other important materials 139 3.2 State control over an armed group 225
141 4. Transnational armed conflicts 228
Responses to reports of fact-finding missions
141 5. Conclusion 234
Press releases and other ad hoc statements
141
Exp~essi~ns of motivations for taldng up arms 142 7. Scope of Application
3.3 Non-exhaustive ltst of commitments 236
4. Conclusion 143 1. Introduction 236
152 2. Personal scope of application 236
xiv
Contents-Detailed
Contents-Detailed XV

2.1 Non-state armed groups and conventional international

humanitarian law The obligations 317
2.2 Equality of obligation, reciprocity, and asymmetry 236 The relevant age 320
2.3 Intra-party protection 242 Human rights law 323
3. Geographical scope of application 246 3.11 Peacekeeping missions 324
4. Temporal scope of application 250 3.11.1 International humanitarian law prote~tions . 324
252 3.11.2 The Convention on the Safety ofUmted Nauons and
8. Protection of Civilians and Persons Hors de Combat Associated Personnel 327
1. Introduction 255 3.11.3 Application of international humanitarian
255 law to UN forces 328
2. Humane treatment . Humanitarian assistance missions 328
2.1 The principle 255 3 12
255 4. Humanitarian assistance 329
2.2 Non-discrimination
258 5. Conclusion 334
2.3 Specific prohibitions deriving from the principle of
humane treatment
259 9 . Conduct of Hostilities 336
2.3.1 Violence to life and person
Murder 259 1. Introduction 336
Torture 260 2. Targeting 337
Cruel and inhuman treatment 261 2.1 Underlying principles 337
2.3.2 Outrages upon personal dignity 262 2.2 Attacks against the civilian population 338
2.3.3 Sexual violence 263 2.2.1 Attacks on civilians 338
2.3.4 Slave1y and the slave trade 264 2.2.2 Attacks on civilian objects 342
2.3.5 Taldng of hostages 268 Protections afforded to civilian objects 342
2.3.6 Collective punishments 268 2.2.3 Defining civilian objects 344
3. Persons benefitting from particular protections 271 2.3 Indiscriminate attacks 347
3.1Wounded, sick, and shipwrecked 273 2.4 Disproportionate attacks 349
3.2Medical and religious personnel 273 2.5 Precautions 351
3.3Dead persons 277 2.5.1 Precautions in planning and canying out attacks 351
3.4Missing persons 280 2.5.2 Precautions against the effects of attacks 356
3.5
Displaced persons 284 2.6 Beneficiaries of protection 357
3.5.1 Prohibition on forced displacement 285 2.6.1 Context 357
Exceptions to the prohibition on forcible transfer
285 2.6.2 Categories of persons 359
Modalities of displacement 287 Members of state armed forces and military wing of
3.5.2 Treatment of internally displaced persons 288 armed group 359
3.5 .3 Return of internally displaced persons 289 Civilians taking a direct part in hostilities 362
3.6 Interned and detained persons 291 2.6.3 The notion of direct participation in hostilities 363
3.6.1 Obligations to be respected as a minimum 292 Interpretive Guidance 363
3.6.2 Obligations dependent on capacity 293 Types of acts 364
3.6.3 Specificities of non-international armed conflict 295 2.6.4 Loss of protection 365
3.6.4 Release of prisoners 296 State armed forces and military wing of armed group 365
3.6.5 Legal basis for security detention/internment 300 Civilians taking a direct part in hostilities 367
3.7 Persons subject to the criminal process 301 Views of armed groups 368
3. 7.1 A regularly constituted court 305 A more humanitarian approach? 370
3.7.2 Due process guarantees 305 2.6.5 Conclusion 372
IdentifYing the obligations 306 2. 7 Investigations relating to losses of life 372
Content of the obligations 306 2.8 Objects benefiting from particular protections 373
3.7.3 Capital punishment 308 2.8.1 Medical units and transports 373
3.8 Journalists 310 2.8.2 Cultural property 375
3.9 Women 311 Definition of cultural property 376
3.10 Children 313 Application to non-international armed conflict 376
3.10.1 General 315 The protections 377
3.10.2 Child soldiers 315 Hague Convention on Cultural Property 377
316 Additional Protocol II 379
 xvi
Contents-Detailed
Contents-Detailed xvii
Second Protocol to the Hague Convention on
Cultural Property 2.2 Instruction 434
Customary international law 379 2 3 Legal advice l . 437
2.8.3 Dams, dykes, and nuclear electrical generating stations 381 2:4 Manuals, codes of conduct, and internal regu attons 438
2.8.4 Protected zones 381 2.4.1 State measures 438
3. Means of combat 383 2.4.2 Non-state armed grou~ measures 438
3.1 Introduction 386 2.5 Unilateral declarations and bilateral agreements 442
3.2 The general rules 386 2.6 Sanctions . . 445
3.2.1 Unnecessary suffering or superfluous injury 387 3 Responses to the other side:. belligerent repnsals
448
3.2.2 Discrimination 387 · 3 1 Prohibited belligerent repnsals . 449
3.3 Specifically prohibited weapons 390 3:2 Restrictions on the use ofbelliger~nt repnsals 453
3.3.1 Poison and poisoned weapons 392 3 .3 Continued use of belligerent repnsals 455
3.3.2 Biological and bacteriological weapons 392 4. Third parties 457
3.3.3 Gas and chemical weapons 393 4.1 Protecting Powers 457
3.3.4 Incendiary weapons 394 4.2 Fact-finding . . . d' 459
3.3.5 Laser weapons designed to cause permanent blindness 397 4.2.1 The International HumamtarJan Fact-Fm mg
3.3.6 Explosive bullets 399 Commission 459
3.3.7 Expanding bullets 400 4. 2 .2 Other fact-finding initiatives 462
3.3.8 Booby-traps and anti-personnel mines 401 4.3 United Nations entities . 465
Booby-traps 404 4.3.1 The Security Counc!l 465
Anti-personnel mines 404 4.3.2 The General Assembly 466
The Amended Mines Protocol 404 4.3.3 Human rights mechanisms 467
The Ottawa Convention 405 4 .4 The International Committee of the Red Cross 467
3.3.9 Cluster munitions 407 4.4.1 The institution 467
3.3.10 Non-detectable fragments 409 4.4.2 Activities 468
3.3.11 Explosive remnants of war 410 4.4.3 Modalities . 471
4. Methods of combat 411 45 Human rights non-governmental organizations 472
4.1 Denial of quarter 412 5. Conclusion 473
4.2 Flags of truce and surrender 412
4.3 Improper use of emblems and uniforms 415 11. Judicial Enforcement 475
4.3.1 Neutral or protected emblems and uniforms 416 1. Introduction 475
4.3.2 Enemy emblems and uniforms 416 2. War crimes 475
4.4 Perfidy 417
418 3. International criminal courts and tribunals 478
4.5 Human shields 3.1 The International Criminal Tribunal for the former
4.5.1 Involuntary human shields 420
420 Yugoslavia 478
4.5.2 Voluntary human shields 3.2 The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 479
4.6 Starvation of civilians 422
423 3.3 The International Criminal Court 481
4.6.1 Starvation 3.3 .1 Juris diction 483
4.6.2 Objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian 423
3.3.2 Impact 484
population 3.4 The Special Court for Sierra Leone 487
4.7 Pillage 424
426 4. Domestic criminal courts 488
4.8 Wanton destruction
428 4.1 1860s to mid-1990s 489
5. Conclusion
428 4.1.1 Prosecutions 489
4.1.2 National legislation 490
10. Implementation and Non-Judicial Enforcement 4.2 Mid-1990s to present 494
1. Introduction
430
4.2.1 Conventional law 494
2. Internal mechanisms 430 4.2.2 Domestic legislation 494
2.1 Dissemination 431 4.2.3 Trials in national courts . 496
2.1.1 Importance of dissemination 431 4.2.4 Trials in courts of states not involved in the conflict 498
2.1.2 States, non-state armed groups, and civilians 431 5. Human rights courts 500
2.1.3 Modalities of dissemination 432 5.1 Enforcement of international humanitarian law 501
433 5.2 Enforcement of human rights law 503
 xviii Contents-Detailed
6. Non-enforcement: amnesties
7. Conclusion
505
509
Table of Cases
PART III: MOVING FORWARD
12. Developments Needed in the Law EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
513
1. Introduction
2. Substantive norms
513 and others v Russia, Application No 27065/05, Judgment, 2 December 2010 .................. 94
513 v the United Kingdom, Application No 27021/08, Judgment, 7 July 2011 ....................... 90
2.1 Combatant immunity and prisoners of war and others v the United Kingdom, Application No 55721/07, Judgment,
2.1.1 Combatant immunity
513 7 July 2011 .......................................................................................................................... 372
2.1.2 Prisoners of war
514 v Turkey, Application No 23818/94, Judgment, 28 July 1998 .............................................. 504
2.2 The natural environment 521 v Russia, Application No 57950/00, Judgment, 24 February
526 2005 ........................................................................................................ 92, 93, 372, 373, 504
2.3 Territory under the control of the non-state armed group
3. Enforcement and implementation of the law 529 Yusopova and Bazayeva v Russia, Application Nos 57947/00, 57948/00 and
532 57949/00, Judgment, 24 February 2005 ................................................................................ 93
3.1 Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary v Turkey [1998] ECHR 10 ............................................................................................ 92, 373
General for Children and Armed Conflict and the Security and others v Russia, Application No 17170/04 and others, Judgment,
Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict 533 May2011 ......................................................................................................................... 372
3.2 Geneva Call Hungary, Application No 9174/02, Judgment, 19 September 2008 ........................ 93, 413
3.2.1 The Deed of Commitment
538 v Turkey (1993) 23 EHRR 513 .............................................................................. 219, 560
3.2.2 Monitoring
539 and others v United Kingcklm, Application No 18984/91, Judgment,
3.2.3 Beyond anti-personnel mines
539 27 September 1995 ................................................................................................................ 85
3.3 Engaging compliance 541 Anraat v the Netherlands, Application No 65389/09, Decision as to Admissibility,
3.3.1 Influencing others
542 6 July 2010 .......................................................................................................................... 394
3.3.2 Legitimacy concerns
542 and others v Turkey, Application No 16064/90 and others, Judgment,
3.4 Courts of non-state armed groups 546 18 September 2009 .................................. :....................................................................... 92, 94

3.4.1 Examples
549
3.4.2 Potential importance
550 INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
3.4.3 Legitimacy and recognition
555
3.4.4 Towards greater engagement
557 Velasquez v Guatemala, Merits, Ser C No 70, 25 November 2000 .......................... 502, 503
4. Methodology: armed groups and the creation of the law 562 Massacres v Colombia, Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs,
562 )udlgment, 1 July 2006 ......................................................................................................... 502
5. A concrete proposal v Colombia, Preliminary Objections, Ser C No 67, 4 February 2000 ....................... 502
564 Massacre v Colombia, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment, 15 September
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 502
568 Chang v Guatemala, Merits, Ser C No 101, 25 November 2003 ............................... 92
Sisters vEl Salvador, Preliminary Objections, Judgment, 23 November 2004 .......... 502
Bibliography
Index 571
619 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

ofthe Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

and Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro), judgment [2007]
43 ........................................................................................................... 110, 225,227
on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Uganda),
[2005] ICJ Rep 168 ................................................................................................ 84
(United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v Albania),
[1949] ICJ Rep 4 .................................................................................................... 55
(BtJrkina Faso v Mali), judgment [1986] ICJ Rep 554 ......................................... 110
v United States ofAmerica), judgment [2001] ICJ Rep 466 ............................ 242
~~e~rue~tcesfO States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia
Africa) potwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970),
Opinion [1971] ICJ Rep 16 ............................................................................ 530, 560
ofthe Construction ofa Wall in the Occtpied Palestinian Tm·ito1y,
Opinion [2004] ICJ Rep 136 ...................................................................... 84, 91, 109
 XX
Table of Cases Table of Cases xxi
Legality of the Threat or Use ofMtclear Weapons, Advis01y Opinion [1996] ICJ
Rep 226 .......................................................................... 84, 91, 337, 348, 388, 390, 391, 527 eloliC, MuciC, Delic and Landto, IT-96-21-A, Judgment, ......................... 57, 175, 176
Prosecutor v D 2001 (Delalic Appeal Judgment) ............................... .
Militmy and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United
20 Feb~~evic IT-05-87/1-T, Judgment, 23 February 2011 170 171, 287, 554

~;,;,NT":f)""f.;';~oi7ii~i j~d;;;;;;;;;: r;;;;:;;;b;;·i99S . .

States ofAmerica), judgment [1986] ICJ Rep 14 ............................................. 55, 57, 103, 105,
110,223,225-6,227,228,236,255 jQ , 262 263 265
M1clear Tests (Australia v France), judgment [1974] IC] Rep 253 ......................................... 110, 114 Prosecutor v F~:~n ~I)a, d ment) ........ ....... .. ... .. .... .... .. ...... .. ... .. .... ... ..... .... .. ..... ... ... ... ... , ' 262
Western Sahara, Adviso1y Opinion [1975] IC] Rep 12 ................................................................... 218 . (Furundztja Tr;~JuT~95-17/1-A, Judgment, 21 July 2000 ................................................. .
11
.,,,ec:urur v Funmdztja, I d0 · · 5 December 2003
v Galic, IT-98-29-T, Judgment an pmwn, .57 58, 339, 348,351, 361,366
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
(GatitTc.ri~JuiTd~m9s~;~~A:·;·~ci~~·~~~:·3a·N~~~~i;~·~·2aa6······ , 61 341, 348, 438
Prosecutor vAbu Garda, ICC-02/05-02109, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, V dtiC, .................... '
8 February 2010 (Abu Garda Decision on the Confirmation (Galit! Appeal Judgment) ·············:k···t ..IT~o6~9o~r"j~.d~~~~~:··15 April2o11 ..................... 253
Gotovina, Cennak and Mm a ' '
of Charges) .................................................................................................. 324, 325, 329, 344
Prosecutor vAl-Bashir, ICC-02105-01109, Decision on the Prosecution's Application z:~::::~ ~ Halilovic, IT-01-48-T, Judgment,
16
Nov~.~.~.~~..~~.~.~.................................57, 361, 367
(Ha/ilovit!TrialJudgment) ............................ 4....4~T Jud ment 3 April2008

1
Prosecutor v Haradi~aj, Baktj a:; BrahtmaJ,.~-:..~~.. ~~...... .'..... ~5, Hi7, 168, 170, 171, 177, 178, 309
for a Warrant of Arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad A1 Bashir, 4 March 2009

T~Jal! uBd~~e ~~~·B,~h;~~}:

(Al-Bashir Decision on Arrest Warrant) ............................................... 177, 180, 181, 188, 195
Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo, ICC-01105-01108, Decision pursuant to Article 61 (7)(a) (Haradinaj IT-04-84-A, Judgment, 19 July 2010 485
n~,Pt<~~tor v Haradma;, aulj a ..... ····· ·· ···· ·· ···· ····· ·· ··· ··
(Haradinaj Appeal J~dg~en~ ···dK~b~·;~ IT~oi.~47~:PT:·f)~;i~l~~·;~ Joint
and (b) of the Rome Statute on the Charges of the Prosecutor against Jean-Pierre
...
Prosecutor v Hadzihas~no.vt~ A af~ ~~vember l002 ..................................................................... 180
Bemba Gamba, 15 June 2009 (Bemba Gombo Rule 61 Decision) ....................... 175, 176, 177,

Prosecutor v Katanga and Chui, ICC-01104-01107, Decision on the Confirmation

195,447,554,557,559 Challenge to JunsdJc~lOAn,,_ ., d Kubura IT-01-47-AR72, Decision on
v Hadzihasanovtt!, utgtc an ' . · Command
of Charges, 30 September 2008 (Katanga Decision on the Confirmation
Interlocutory Appeal Challenging Jurisdiction m Relauon to ................................... 175, 557
Responsibility, 16 Ju~y ··b····:···· ·T~oi.~47~T ..D~~i~.i~~··~~·Motions for
1
ofCharges) .................................................................................. 171, 175, 181, 188,249,339 2003
Prosecutor v Kony, Otti, Odhiambo, Ongwen, ICC-02/04-01/05, Decision on the R dZ'hasanovtc and K.t um, ' ·d
Admissibility of the Case under Article 19(1) of the Statute, 10 March 2009 ...................... .486 Prosecutor v a I R l 98bis of the Rules of Procedure and Evl ence, 58
Prosecutor v Lubanga, ICC-01/04-01106, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, Acquittal pursuant to u es . .......................................... .
27 September 2004 ················b·········I·T···· ·· ··· ·· ···A···R··· ·· ··· ···D~;i~l;~·on Joint Defence
29 January 2007 (Lubanga Decision on the Confirmation ofCharges) ................ 165, 166, 168, ,.h l d Ku ura, - - -
P.rosecutor v HadzJ asanovt an
0 1 47 73 3 · '
h b D .. n on Rule 98bis Motions for Acqmtt '
· al
170, 177, 195, 226, 317, 318, 319 A al of Trial C am er eosJo 8 60 61
Prosecutor v Lubanga, ICC-01/04-01/06, Judgment, 14 March 2012 (Lubanga Interlocutory ppe ., A peal on 98bis Decision) ................ 5 ' ' '
11 March 2005 (Hadzihasanovtc Inter1ocutory p 82, 342, 375, 426, 427, 428
TrialJudgment) ............................................................................................................ 175, 318
T 1 47 T J d ent 15 March 2006
Prosecutor v Hadzihasanovic and Kubura, I -0 - - ' u gm ' ................................ 58, 79, 349
(HadZihasanovic Trial Judgment) ............................................. .
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR
Prosecutor v HaliloviC, IT-01-48-T, Judgment, 16 November 2005 ................. 57, 361, 367
THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA
(Halilovic Trial Judgment)··········· D ·· ·:· ·: ···· ·· ··· ·5;~· ·p;~ji·:;.;;~;:;;; M~~i~~~· Challenging
Prosecutor v Ademi and Norac, IT-04-78-PT, Decision for Referral to the Authorities Prosecutor v KaradziC, IT-95-5/18-PT, ectswn on ...................... 269
of the Republic of Croatia pursuant to Rule 11 bis, 14 September 2005 .............................. .497 Jurisdiction, 28 April2009 .............. 2~:r····~d·;:~~~:2·(;·F~b~~·~~ 2.aa·i·········· ..
Prosecutor v Aleksovski, IT-95-14/1-T, Judgment, 25 June 1999 (Aleksovski Trial Prosecutor v Kordic and Cerkez, IT-95- 141 'J g 24 227, 228, 262, 269, 420, 557
Judgment) ........................................................................................... 258, 263, 264, 293, 477 (Kordit!Trial Judgment) ······················································ 2 2004 b
Prosecutor v Blagojevic andjokiC, IT-02-60-T, Judgment, 17 January 2005 (Blagojevit!Trial - [>rosecutor v Kordic and Cerkez, IT-95-14/2-A, Judgment, 17 Dec~~7 e~27, 228, 339' 376, 426, 478
Judgment) ............................................................................................................................ 367 (Kordic ~pp;al !,uidTg~;~~2i2~i',"i)~~l~l~~·~~·R~f~;;~·~f·C~~e p;rsuant to
0
Prosecutor v Bla!kiC, IT-95-14-T, Judgment, 3 March 2000 Prosecutor v n.ova,evtc, ..................... .
(Biafkit!Trial Judgment) ...................................................... 224, 226, 227, 228, 262, 269, 420 ···· .. · Rule llbis, 17 November 2006 .................... M.....h.lOOl······················ .. ·····. 497
Prosecutor v Blafkit!, IT-95-14-A, Judgment, 29 July 2004 ........................................................... 269 Prosecutor v Kmojelac, IT-97-25-T, Judgment, 15 arc 89 261, 262, 263, 268
Prosecutor v Bo!koski and Tarculovski, IT-04-82-PT, Decision on Johan Tareulovski's (Krnoiektc Trial Judgment) ···································································· ' ............ 286
" . 5 A J d ent 17 September 2003 ....... ···························
Motion Challenging Jurisdiction, 1 June 2005 ..................................................................... 197 Prosecutor v Krno!elac, IT-97-2 - , u g::; 2 Au ust 2001 .......................................................... 260
Prosecutor v Bo!koski and Tarculovski, IT-04-82-T, Judgment, 10 July 2008 (Bo!koski Trial Prosecutor v Krsttc, IT-98-33-T, Judgm~, ' g T and IT~%-23/1-T, Judgment,
Judgment) ........................................... 162, 168, 170, 171, 174, 177, 179, 185, 188, 189,442 Prosecutor v Kunara<~ Kovac and Vukovtc, IT- 96 -23 - 88 89, 95, 262, 263,
Prosecutor v Bofkoski and Tarculovski, IT-04-82-A, Judgment, 19 May 2010 (Bo!koski 22 February 2001 (K.marac Trial Judgment)............................................ Z64, 265, 266, 268
Appeal Judgment) ................................................................................................ 168, 170, 171
Prosecutor v Brdanin and TaliC, IT-99-36-AR73.9, Decision on Interlocutory Appeal, Prosecutor v Kunarac, Kovac and Vtt kovt't' IT-96 -23 and IT-96-23/1-A, 262 Judgment,
263, 264, 265, 266, 268
11 December 2002 .............................................................................................................. 313 12 June 2002 (K.marac Appeal Judgment) ·····_····~····:;·····d···S,~ 261 IT 95-16-T
k r.r 'k ·" r.r 'kt't 'osinovic raptc an an I , - '
t•t
Prosecutor v Brdanin, IT-99-36-T, Judgment, 1 September 2004 (Brdanin Trial Prosectttor v K.tprei it!, Aupres t<; Aupres '::· ': ' ment) .................... 55, 77, 104, 244, 337,
Judgment) .................................................................................................................... 261, 262 Judgment, 14 January 2000 (K.tprefkic Tnal Judg ···· · 349, 452, 453, 455, 456, 475
Prosecutor v Delalit!, MuciC, Delle and Landzo, IT-96-21-T Judgment, 16 November 1998
•
(Dektlit!TrialJudgment) .................................... 81, 89, 168, 176, 177,249,20,261,262,477 Prosecutor v Kvocka, Radic, ZigiC, and Prcac, IT-9 8-3011 -T, Judgment, 260 262, 264
2 November 2001 (Kvocka Trial Judgment)························································· '
 xxiii
Table of Cases
xxii Table of Cases
ICTR-2000-61-Rl1bis, Decision on Prosecutor's Request
Prosecutor v Lima), IT-03-66-T, Judgment, 30 November 2005 (Lima) Trial n.A""''torv Gatete, blic of Rwanda, 17 November 2008 ................................................ 498
Judgment) ................................................................... 66, 167, 168, 170, 171,172, 174, 178, Referral to the Repu CTR 95 1 T 21 Ma 1999
. 179,182,262,293,309 . Pil?secJ~tor v J(flyishema and Ruzindana, I - - - , y ......................................... 252, 366
Prosecutor v MartiC, IT-95-11-R61, Decision, 8 March 1996 (Martie Rule (Kttyishema TrialJtrd~~~~2· · ·5~ii7~i:·D·~~i~i~~·~~·P;~·~~~~tor's Request
00
61 Decision) .................................................................................................. 58, 341, 450, 452 '"''··'llitiSectttorvMunyeshy ' I M hyaka's Indictment to France ............................................ 49 8
Prosecutor v MartiC, IT-95-11-T, Judgment, 12 June 2007 (Martie Trial fi al ofWences as unyes
for Re err ICTR 96 13-T Judgment and Sentence,
Judgment) ........................................................................... 391, 392, 449, 453, 454, 455, 532 vMusema, - - ' 174 180 186, 232
:.·.'~Pfo,recu•tor 2000 (Musema Trial Judgment)................................................. ' '
Prosecutor v Martie, IT-95-11-A, Judgment, 8 October 2008 (Afartic Appeal 27 January da ICTR-96-3 , Judgment and Sentence, 6 December 1999
Judgment) .................................................................................................................... 391, 452 v Rutagan ' ) .............................................. 363, 366
Prosecutor v Mi!osevic, IT-02-54-T, Decision on Motion for Judgment of Acquittal, da Trial Judgment ........................ " ............ "" ·
utagan ICTR- 97 _20 -T, Judgment and Sentence, 15 May 2003
16 June 2004 (Milosevic Decision on Motion for Acquittal) ........................ 168, 170, 171, 180 ;~7 ~ Pr~•seetetor v Semanza, . .. ............................. 363
Prosecutor v MrkfiC, Radicand Sljivmzcanin, IT-95-13/1-T, Judgment, (Semanza ~r~j~d;:;;~~ZOOl ~YS~·Rll 'bj~:· D~~i;(~~ ·~~. P~~~·~~~~~~; ~· ·R~quest
27 September 2007, ............................................................................................................. 299 ·l?fifseo~tor v Uwm th 'R bl' 0 fRwanda 28 June 2011 ......................................................... 49 8
Prosecutor v MrkfiC, Radle and Sljivancanin, IT-95-13/1-A, Judgment, 5 May 2009, for Referral to e epu tc '

Appeal .................................................................................................................................. 519

Prosecutor v Naletilic and Mattinovic, IT-98-34-T, Judgment, 31 March 2003 PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE
(Naletilic Trial Judgment) ............................................................................ 225, 227, 228, 262
Prosecutor v Oric, IT-03-68-T, Judgment, 30 June 2006 .............................................................. 174 ofthe Courts ofDanzig [1928] PCIJ Series B, No 15 .................................................. 242
Prosecutor v Rajie and AndriC, IT-95-12-R61, Review of the Indictment pursuant
to Rule 61 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, 13 September 1996 ....................... :..... 225
Prosecutor v SimiC, IT-95-9-PT, Decision on the Prosecution Motion under POST WORLD WAR II CASES
Rule 73 for a Ruling Concerning the Testimony of a Witness, 27 July 1999 ...................... .472 XI L w Reports of Trials of War Criminals 53 ............. 263
Prosecutor v SimiC, Tadic and ZariC, IT-95-9-T, Judgment, 17 October 2003 ,fL · t nant General Kurt M.aelzer, a L M b
o.l tell e W, C . . Ls before the International Military Tribuna :s, urem erg,
(SinzicTrial Judgment) ................................................................................................... 80, 286 of the Major ar nmmab ,.( ......................... 476, 477
14 November 1945-1 Octo er 19<t 6 .................................................... .
Prosecutor v Stakic, IT-97-24-T, Judgment, 31 July 2003 (Stakic Trial Judgment) ....................... 286
List and othm (The Hostages Trial), VIII Law Reports of 269
Prosecutor v Stakic, IT-97-24-A, Judgment, 22 March 2006 (StakiC Appeal ofWar Criminals ....................................................................................................... .
Judgment) ..................................................................................................... 80, 286, 288, 289
Prosecutor v Stankovic, IT-96-23/2-PT, Decision on Referral of Case under Rule 11 bis,
17 May 2005 ....................................................................................................................... 497 SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE
Prosecutor v Stmgar, IT-01-42-T, Judgment, 31 January 2005
(Strugar Trial Judgment) ........................................................... 58, 60, 66, 342, 367, 375, 428 Kamara and J(anu, SCSL-04-16-T, Judg~~ntl~g J;~;, ~01~ 319, 320, 341, 426
.11¥1i•w:utcnr v Brima,
(;AFRCTrialJudgment)............................................... ' '
Prosecutor v Strugar, IT-01-42-A, Judgment, 17 July 2008 ........................................................... 364
JiniJeo~torvFofona and Kondewa, SCSL-04-14-T, Judgment, 2 ~15us~ J~Oi8o, 272, 317, 318, 319,
Prosecutor v Tadic, IT-94-1-AR72, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory 'DFTrialJudgment)........................................................ ' ' 320, 362,413,426
Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 October 1995 (Tadic Decision on Interlocutory
Appeal on Jurisdiction) ............................ 55, 57, 60, 73, 77, 78, 82, 102, 104, 105, 107, 110, v Fofona and Kondewa, SCSL-04-14-A, Judgment, 28 ~.~:..~~~~ ................. 272, 319, 320
111, 155, 164, 165, 166, 167, 180, 193, 194, 195, 210, 223,
232,250,252,256,255,257,259,339,342,348,351,352, v~1Zz7o~ ~~<J:ae;~r~·.· ·s'Cs'L~2a·a·4~ i. ;·~Ai72(Fi ·scsi-2o04-160AR72(E).
355,375,378,383,387,394,395,419,420,443,445, ecision on Challenge to Jurisdiction: Lome Amnesty Accord, ................. 109, 239, 509

Prosecutor v Tadic, IT-94-1-T, Opinion and Judgment, 7 May 1997

452,459,477,478,479,490, 569· 13
M;:Un!~!:·scs'L~2004~14~AR.72(£i:·i)~;i~i~~·~~·i~~k·~'fj~~i~·diction/Abuse
(TadieTrial Judgment) ........................................................................ 165, 167, 168, 226, 364 fP ·Amnesty provided by the Lome Accord ...................................................... 50 8, 509
Prosecutor v Tadie, IT-94-1-A, Judgment, 15 July 1999 o roc;s;· SCSL 2004-14-AR72(E) Decision on Preliminary Motion Based
V1vorman, - ' 4 239 319 487
(Tadie Appeal Judgment) .................................................................... 222, 226, 227, 228, 249 on Lack ofJurisdiction (Child Recruitment), 31 May 200 ................................. ' '
Prosemtor v Vasiljevic, IT-98-32-T, Judgment, 29 November 2002 .............................................. 260 v Sesay, Kallon and Gbao, SCSL-04-15-T, Judgme~~ 21~ar~~62010;9, 186, 187, 246, 247,
Judgment) ........................ 256:'257:"2'64',"266: 267:269:272,299,309,317, 318,
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA 319,320,324,325,326,328,329,358,
368,427,428,439,442,529
Gacumbitsi v the Prosecutor (Gacumbitsi Appeal Judgment), I CTR-200 1-64-A, Judgment,
7 July 2006 .......................................................................................................................... 265 v Sesay, Kallon and Gbao, SCSL-04-15-A, Judgment, 26 October 2009 6 270, 326
rmA ppealJ udgment) .................................................... "" ............................... 2 9,
(R vr
Prosemtor vAkayestt, ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, 2 September 1998 (Akayesu Trial
Judgment) .................................................................. 109, 165, 170, 175, 177, 179, 180, 186,
187,188,199,250,257,265,362,481 • SPECIAL TRIBUNAL FOR LEBANON
Prosecutor v Bagaragaza, ICTR-2005-86-Rllbis, Decision on the Prosecution
Motion for Referral to the Kingdom of Norway, 19 May 2006 .......................................... .498 Decision on Appeal of Pre-Trial Judge's Order regarding Jurisdiction 104
Prosecutor v Bagosora, Kabiligi, Ntabakuze and Nsengiyuma, ICTR-98-41-T, lUldStanding, 10 November 2010 ...................................................................................... .
Judgment and Sentence, 18 December 2008 (Bagosora Trial Judgment) ...................... 326, 361
 xxiv
Table of Cases
Table of Cases XXV

NATIONAL COURTS
Belgium
t ' National Criminal Chamber, No 650-03,
Ministere Public and Others v Band C, Belgian Military Court, Judgment of
20 November 1997 .............................................................................................................. 498
~3c;;;;::e~~;;;,~~~.~~~~~.: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l89
Public ProseClltor v GW, Conseil de Guerre (Brussels), Judgment of 18 May 1966 ...................... .490
Canada
,R l · the Situation in Chechnya,
and Federal Govemment s eso utton on ................................ 20 1, 202
lutl•>me:nr of 31 July 1995 ........................................................... .
R v Brocklebank, judgment of2 Apri/1996 ................................................................................... 498
Chile

Osvaldo Ramo Meno, Appeal Court of Santiago, No. 13.597-94, 26 September 1994 ................. .496
Colombia

Decision C-225195, Constitutional Court, 18 May 1995 (Constitutional Confimnity

. . . 1 Lausanne 18 Apri/1997 .................................. .493, 499
ofProtocol II) ............................................................... 26, 106, 109, 201, 209, 336, 393, 394, Mil . TribunaI, D lvls!On ' ' 232 493 499
'I' ltaryT 'bunal D'lvlslon
. . 2 ' Lausanne ' 30 Apri/1999.............................. ' ' 493
402,404,419,507,514 Mlltary
M 'l' 1'1 ' 'b
Appeal Tn un aliA , Geneva ' 26 May 2000 .................................................. .493
Decision T-025, Constitutional Court, 22 January 2004 .............................................................. 288
Iltary il' T
Cassation M 1tary n u ' 'b nal 27 April 200 1 ........... · .. · ..... ·" ..... · ·" ·''' ·'''' · "' · ·" · ..... · .. · .... · ·
Decision C-291/07, Constitutional Court, 25 April 2007 ..................................................... 105, 378
Croatia
Kingdom 166
and others v Secretary of State fiOl. t/;Je H.ome Department [2008] UKAIT 22 .......................... ..
Prosecutor v Rajko Radulovic and others, K-15195, Judgment of26 May 1997 .............................. 497
Denmarl{
States ................................................. 17
Rejik SariC, Judgmnet of22 November 1994 ...................................................................... .499, 500 Light (1885) 25 Fed Rep 408 ...................................................................................... 560
u (1969) 171 us 388.................................................. 61 202 232 307, 309
France nunter rfild (2006) 126 S C t 2749 ................................ . .................. ' ' '

In re ]az,or, Cour de Cassation, 26 March 1996 ........................................................................... 500 A::~; ~eneral, et al v Humanitarian Law
SCt2705.................................................................
Prqject:.~~.~:.:~~~~:. ~~.~. . . . . . . .
533, 547, 548
.. ...................... 531
Munyeshyaka, Cour de Cassation, 6 January 1998 ........................................................................ 500
v Lockhart (1873) 84 US 570 ..................................................... ::::::::::::::::: ........................ 520
Iraq Cases (1862) 67 US 635 ....................................................... :::::: ................................. 530, 560
v White (1868) 74 US 700 ................................................................................................ 531
AlAnfol, Iraqi High Tribunal, Case no 1/CSecond/2006, 24 June 2007 ..................................... 497 Tluwimrton v Smith (1868) 8 Wall 1 .............................................. · ............................. 13, 16
Israel R · ds (1897) 166 US 1 ............................................................ 239 489 508
N 23 40'h Cong 2nd Sess (1867) .......................... ' '
~RvExOmDo.c o d ,rhad.I' Stip ~lation of Fact, 13 October 2010 ................. 518
rten
Public Committee Against Torture in Israel v Government ofIsrael, HCJ 769102, Un}tedofStates
HenryofWirz,
Am mea til Ahme },

11 December 2005 ................................................................ 61, 93, 336, 351, 360, 362, 363,
364, 365, 367, 370, 422
Japan

Ryuichi Shimada eta! v The State (1963) 32 ILR 626 ................................................................... 389
Kosovo

Prosecutor v Gashi, Mustafo, Mustafo and Melnneti, Decision of 16 July 2003 ...................... 302, 303
Netherlands

Prosecutor v KneseviC, Arnhem District Court, Military Chamber, Decision

No 05/07805-95, 21 February 1996 ............................................................................ 493, 499
Prosecutor v KneseviC, Hoge Raad der Nederlanded, Strafkamer, No 3717,
11 November 1997 .............................................................................................................. 493
Prosecutor v X andY, Hague District Court, 14 October 2005 ............................................ .493, 499
 Table ofInstruments xxvii

. . th U ofincendiary Weapons 1980

Prohibitions or Restncuons on e se 63 338, 342, 344, 353, 397
.Protocol III on p rocol) ....................... ................................... ' 63 399 400
Table ofInstruments
.~:::col ~e~:;sa~~~ar
diary Weapons ro ... 1995 (Blinding Laser Weapons Protocol)........ , '
IV on Blindi.ng 2003 ..................................................... ,..... 57, 411, 412
.·. . · I V on Explosive em d S I 'I'
.~. .Protoco ·· .
'b' .
he Proh1 mon °
f the Development Production an toe {pl mg
' h · D · 1972
Additional Protocol I, see Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and .::· .Convenuon o~ t . I 'cal) and Toxin Weapons and on t elr estrucnon 101 393
Relating to the Protection of Victims oflnternational Armed Conflicts 1977 . • of Bacteriological (Bw ogl . /BWC) ........ .................................................... ,
....'·.:' , . al Weapons Convennon .................. .. d
Additional Protocol II, see Protocol II Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and ········;'·······.(B!ologlc hib'. of the Development, Production, Stockpl1mg an
• · the Pro mon h · al W
9<>nvenn~;~~al e.~~~ ~.~:.~~~
Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts 1977
Mrican Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 1981 { . Weapons and on their Destruction 1993 (C. ........ ........... , ,4 4
•.. UseofC: !CWC).................................................................. 101 395 9
61,62,395,396
. • COnvennon ................................................. .
· • Article 1 .................... :~:·: .... ·~~~;;;;~~·~~·::;Other Hostile Use of
Article 27 ................................................................................................................................... 83
6-
Article 60 ................................................................................................................................. 503
Article 61 ................................................................................................................................. 503 COnvention on the ~rohl. monechni ues 1976 (ENMOD Convention) .................................. 5 2 7
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child 1990...................................................... 320 Environmental Modlficatwn T q 101 132, 150, 322, 467, 568
. h Ri hts of the Child 19 8 9 ...................................... ' 79 87 317
African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced COnventiOn on t e g .... .. .. .. ..... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... , '
. Article 38 .......................................................................... ..................................... 317
Persons in Mrica 2009 (Kampala Convention) ................................ 101, 208, 290, 291, 547, 568
Rl..
Article 41 .............................................. h ... h~~·~f-·ili~'chiici·~~·~h~·involvement
Amended Mines Protocoll996, see Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain 0 . nai Protocol to the Convennon on t e g
P~~dr
101 124, 323, 324, 467, 568
• rmed conflict 2000 ...................................................... ' 88 317 320

"~~~ :"::':
Conventional Weapons Wbich May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate

: ::: :;:
Effects 1980, Amended Protocol II

American Convention on Human Rights 1969 ............................................................................ 502 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·····:·:···:·

Article 3 ................................................................ .. ................ 87, 88, 208, 237, 320
Article 4 ................................................................................................................................... 50 1
Article 4 ...........................................................·:··....................... .......................... 87
Article 8 ................................................................................................................................... 306 . hts of p ers ons with Disab1lines 2006 .............................. ..
. n on the Rig 4
Article 31 ................................................................................................................................. 502
Biological Weapons Convention 1972, see Convention on the Prohibition of the Development,
~~::::::~non the Safety of UN and Associated Personnel199.................................325, 327, 498
Production {UN Safety Convention) .................................C
.........................P..ro.. hibitions or Restrictions on the Use
tion 1972 and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruc- C · 1980 see onventwn on H
of Certain Conventional Weapons !C ay
h
Conventional Weapons onventwnWb' M be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to ave
Blinding Laser Weapons Protocol1995, see Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of
Certain Conventional Weapons Wbich May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects 1980 . fi th Protection of Cultural Property in the
Indiscriminate Effects 1980, Protocol IV Cultural Property Convention, see Hague Conventwn or e

Charter of the United Nations 1945 (UN Charter) ..................................... 45, 217, 218, 324, 325, Event of Armed Conflict 1954 . the Prohibition ofMilitaty or Any Other Hostile Use
ENMOD Convention 1976, see Conv~ntlon on
326, 327, 328, 329 Of Environmental Modification Techmques 1976 al F d
Chemical Weapons Convention 1993, see Convention on the Prohibition of the Development,
European Convention for the Protection of Human Ri ghts and Fundament ree oms
Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction 1993
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment 1950 (ECHR) ................................ 94, 370
or Punishment 1984 ...................................................................................................................... 89
Article 1 ........................................................................................................................... 261, 262
Convention on Cluster Munitions 2008 ................................. 62, 83, 101,240,360,409,410,494
E;:L
Article 15 .................................................... ~~·~~~~;~;~~·~;~~·;~~~~;~·;~ .. .
'.l
Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the UN 1946.................................................... 327 Geneva Convention for the Amelwranon oft 33 85 140 149 202 248 273, 431, 444, 468, 539
Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Wbich May Armies in the Field 1864 .............. 24, 30, 31 , ' ' ' ' ' ' .................... 247
Art 'cle 6 ..............................................................w
........ " "6..8.......... 33
be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects 1980 1 .........................
Additional Articles relating to the Condmon o e . . f th Wounded in ar 18 .............................
.k .
(Conventional Weapons Convention/CCW) ............... 62, 63, 135, 399, 400, 406, 411, 429, 495
Geneva Convention for the Amelioration °f th e C 011d't' 110n of the Wounded and S1c 33 114, 115, 202
Amended Article 1 ............................................................ 62, 101, 208, 236, 399, 400, 411, 412 in Armies in the Field 1906 .................................................................................. ' 247
Amended Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps, . .
Article 1 ................................. ................................................................................................
d d d s· k 'n .
and Other Devices 1996 (Amended Mines Protocol) ...................................................... .404, 405
Am I' . f the Condition of the W oun e an !C 1
Article 1 ................................................................................................ 62, 208, 236, 405, 407 Geneva Convention for the e wranon ° , 38, 40, 59, 112, 116, 119, 149,
Article 2 ....................................................................................................................... 344, 404 Armies in the Field 1929................................................ 35 ' 36 ' 37 196 200, 247, 459, 523
Article 3 ............................. 338, 342, 347, 348, 349, 351, 354, 387, 390, 404, 449, 452, 494 .............................................................. ......................................................
33 47 49, 86, ' 111, 114, 116, 11 7'
Article 7 ............................................................................................................................... 404 Geneva Conventions 1949 (generally) ..................... "" "
0 12
"i'"i2'2" 3
12
126 132 133, 135, 144, 145,
Protocol I on Non-Detectable Fragments 1980 (Non-Detectable Fragments Protocol) ...... 63, 410 .......................................................... 118
147, 119, 12 ' 150,' 151,' 179,' 202,' 203,' 207, 213, 219 ' 241 '
148, 149,
146
Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other .................................................. , ' 242 270, 30.0, 328, 434, 438, 439, 441, 443, 444,
Devices 1980 (Mines Protocol) .......................... ~ ................................ 62, 63, 125, 127, 406, 429 ........................................................................... ' 488 490 491, 503, 523, 524, 562, 568
u........................................................................................... ' '
 xxviii Table ifInstruments Table ofInstruments xxix
Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and
Sick in Armed Forces in the Field 1949 (Geneva Convention I/GC I/First Geneva
Convention) .......................................................................................................... 74, 125, 126, 273
Common Article 1 ........................................................................................................... 240, 241
Common Article 2 .............................................................................................. 47, 63, 119, 212
Common Article 3 ..................: ................................. 1, 5, 30, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51, 53,
...................................................... 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 74, 157, 78, 87, 91,
.................................................. 101, 105, 109, 111, 116, 119, 121, 124, 126, 128, 142, 144,
......................................................... 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 155, 156-64, 164-9, 174, 177,
.................................................. 181, 182, 184, 185, 189, 191, 192, 198, 203, 204, 207, 209,
.................................................. 213, 229, 230, 231, 232, 236, 239, 244, 248, 249, 250, 252,
.................................................... 255, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 267, 28, 271, 273, 275, 276,
onvention Relative to the Treatment of 35 36 37, 38, 40, 112, 116, 119, 149,
.................................................. 277, 292, 305, 306, 307, 308, 313, 334, 336, 338, 392, 394, ofWar 1929 ......................................................... ' 196 200 263, 444, 457, 469, 523
.............................................. 406, 411, 428, 431, 444, 450-1, 458, 460, 469, 470, 473, 475, ...............................................................................
' '
.......................................... 476, 477, 479, 481, 482, 487, 491, 493, 498, 499, 501, 502, 503,
. (III) R lative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War 1949
............................................................................................................ 508, 519,521,524,568 ConventiOn e 125 127 142, 147, 213, 298,
Article 8 ................................................................................................................................... 457 Convention III/GC III)........................................................ ' 299 300 499, 524, 525
Article 9 ................................................................................................................................... 457 ..... :..l....1......... s.e"e"~~~~~~·~~~~~~~;~~·~;;.................................. ' '
Article 10 ................................................................................................................................. 457 ArtICe """'
Article 11 ................................................................................................................................. 457 Article 2 ....... see Geneva Convention (I)
Article 12 ......................................................................................................................... 247, 248 Art . 1 3 e Geneva Convention (I)
tc e ....... se ........ 214 249, 311,312,519, 521, 524
Article 13 ................................................................................................................................. 247
Article 17 ................................................................................................................... 74, 281, 282
Article 23 ................................................................................................................................. 385
Article 46 .................................................................................................................................449
Article 47 ........................................................................................................................ .431, 432
Article 49 ......................................................................................................................... 475, 477
Article 52 ................................................................................................................................. 459
Article 60 .................................................................................................................................213
Geneva Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded,
Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea 1949 (Geneva
Convention II/GC II) ....................................................................................... 74, 125, 126, 273
Common Article 1 ...... .see Geneva Convention (I)
Common Article 2 ...... .see Geneva Convention (I)
Common Article 3 .... ...see Geneva Convention (I)
Article 8 ................................................................................................................................... 457
Article 9 ................................................................................................................................... 457
Article 10 ................................................................................................................................. 457
p;~~~~~j'i'925, see Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use of
Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare 1925
Article 11 ................................................................................................................................. 457
Article 47 ................................................................................................................................. 449 Prlttcipl.es on Internal Displacement 1998 ............................. 101, 151,289, 502, 565,568
Article 48 ......................................................................................................................... 431, 432
Article 50 ........................................................................................................................ .475, 477
Article 53 ................................................................................................................................. 459
Article 59 ................................................................................................................................. 213
Geneva Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time ofWar 1949
(Geneva Convention IV/GC IV) ................................................. 125, 126, 127, 213, 302, 491,499
Common Article 1 .......see Geneva Convention (I)
Common Article 2 ...... .see Geneva Convention (I) 25(2) ........................................................ 291

~L: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :~ ~
Common Article 3 .......see Geneva Convention (I)
Article 4 ................................................................................................................................... 249
Article 9 ................................................................................................................................... 457
Article 10 ................................................................................................................................. 457
""'·""'m for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event
Article 11 ................................................................................................................................. 457
1954 (Cultural Property Convention/CPC) ........... 101, 328, 375, 377, 429, 568

::::: :
Article 12 ................................................................................................................................. 457

~~~·~~~:~;:~!
Article 14 ................................................... .,............................................................................. 385
Article 15 ................................................................................................................................. 385
Article 33 ................................................................................................................................. 449
19 ................................................... 42, 43, 54, 56, 63, 64, 208, 236, 376, 379, 3 '
 Table of Instruments
XXX Table ofInstruments
Article 21 ................................................................................................................................ .457
Article 25 ................................................................................................................................. 431
z~:~;: ~~ :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::.:::::::::::::::::.::::::::::::::::::::::::::~.~:.~~~
tiona! Protocol to the International Covenant on CJvJI and Polmcal . 311
Second Protocol to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Second Op Ab . . fthe Death Penalty 1989 .................................................................... .
1
Armed ConRict 1999 (Second Protocol) ............................................................. 101, 375, 494, 568 Rights on the o mon o E . Social and Cultural Rights 1966 ................................... 85, 86
. a! Covenant on conomJc,
Article 1 ........................................................................................................................... 237, 344 InternatJon 0 C ntion on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conven-
Article 3 ............................................................................................................................. 62, 377 Mines Protocol 198. ,hse:vr o~veD d to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects
Article 4 ................................................................................................................................... 380 tiona! Weapons WhJc ay e eeme
Article 6 .................................................................................................................. .342, 354, 380 1980 Protocol II · · h u f
Article 7 ........................................ :......................................................... 349, 351, 353, 354, 380 ' p tocol see Convention on Prohibitions or Restnctwns on t e se o
Non-Detectable Fragments ro Wh'. h M be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have
Article 8 ................................................................................................................................... 356 Certain Conventional Weapons Jc ay
Article 10 ................................................................................................................................. 379 di . inate Effects 1980, Protocol I . .
Article 11 ......................................................................................................................... 237, 379 In scnm h C . the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children m
. a! Protocol to t e onvenuon on . .
Article 13 ......................................................................................................................... 379, 380 Opt!Odn fl' t 2000 see Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989
Article 16 ................................................................................................................................. 498 arme con lC ' • d
C ention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production an 101 240 243
Article 22 .......................................................................................................... 62, 208, 237, 377 Ottawa onv l M' d on their Destruction 1997 ............................... ' ' '
Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land 1907 Transfer of Anti-Personne mes an244 390, 392, 407-8, 429, 494, 495, 539, 541, 542, 543, 545
(Hague Convention N/Fourth Hague Convention) ............................................................. 244, 479
Hague Declaration (N-3) Concerning Expanding Bullets 1899 ........................................... 401, 402
.... ~~~~·~·:::::·.-.·.:·.·.:::::::·.:::::·.::::::::·::.: .......: ......................................................................... 62, 238, 407
I I Add'tional
1 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and Relatmg
Hague Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land 1907 ........................ 34, 58 Protoco . . fi · a1 Armed Conflicts 1977
to the Protection ofVJcums o nternatJOn 51 53 58 59, 64, 70, 117, 118, 120, 121,
Article 22 ................................................................................................................................. 387
Article 25 ................................................................................................................................... 58 (Additional Protocol IIAP I) ....... i'~5'"i~6"127"'i32',"i3 , '1
........................... ' ' '
5 4l, 14,8, 150, 151, 179,202,209,233,
299 328 438 439 491 503
::::::::::::::::::::::: ................................................................ ::::::::::::::::::::: ...... .'....... .'....... .'........ :... 21~-22
Article 26 ................................................................................................................................. 354
Article 2 7 ................................................................................................................................. 381
Article 1(4) ................................................................. .... 457
Article 43 ................................................................................................................................. 530
Article 50 ................................................................................................................................. 271
Article 52 ................................................................................................................................. 529
Article 53 ................................................................................................................................. 529
Article 55 ................................................................................................................................. 529
ICTR Statute, see Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons
Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Com-
mitted in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan citizens responsible for genocide and other such
violations committed in the territory of neighbouring States, between 1 January 1994 and 31
December 1994 (1994)
ICTY Statute, see Statute of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for
Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Article 50 ................................................................................... 58'"347''349:'36~:·421: 422: 449
Yugoslavia since 1991 (1993)
ILO Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst
Forms of Child Labour (C182) 1999 ........................................................................................... 320
Incendiary Weapons Protocol, see Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain
Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate
Effects 1980
International Convention against the Taking of Hostages 1979
Article 1 ................................................................................................................................... 269
Article 12 ................................................................................................................................. 269
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced
Disappearance 2006 ..................................................................................................................... 506
Article 18 ................................................................................................................................... 87
Article 24(2) ....................................................................................................................... 87, 282
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 ....................................................... 85, 87
Preamble .................................................................................................................................... 86
Article 4 ................................................................................................................... 83, 84, 307-8 Protocol II Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 Aug~st 1949 and Relatmg to
· f · · fN I tiona! Armed Conflicts 1977
Article 6 ..................................................................................................................................... 91 the Protectwn o V1ct1ms o on- nterna 6 51 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61,
Article 9 ................................................................................................................................... 302 (Additional Protocol III AP II) .......................... ·.... ·.... ·.. ·...... 1' 5 ' 3 ' '
 xxxiii
Table of Instruments
xxxii Table ofInstruments
8(2)(b)(xx) ............................................................................................................ 390, 391
................................................ 63, 64 66 67 70 74 78 79 94 97 8(2)(b)(xxiii) ................................................................................................................. 421
.................................................. 120, ,121: 13l, 135,,142: 14S 146 /8, 101, 105,111, 117, 118,
8(2)(c) .................................................................................... 67, 192, 193, 257, 258, 482
.......................................... 198, 202, 207, 208, 209, 230, 232, 236, 248, 150, 151, 152, 155, 182,
453~,
.................................................. 337, 428, 434, 438, 439, 45o' 451,
........................ ..
Pre
amble........................................
' '
4242, 328, 329, 334, 336,
' 60, 469, 475, 476 479
......................................................... .482, 487, 490, 491, 498, 499, 503, 56'
3, 568
' mml\fu; · : ':':':: m
8(2)(d) .......................................................................................................................... 195
~~~~:: ~ :::::::::::.~.~.'..~~.'..~~:.:.~: ..~~~::~~~:::i82~92:··i'96:'i9'7:'2i'(),"2i'7:·;;;;;;:·231:·232:'24!:2~~
Part II ........ · ..................................................... 248 251 258 259
8(2)(e) ................................................................................................ 67, 106, 192-5, 482
8(2)(e)(i) ....................................................................................................................... 339
Article 4 .......... ·· ······· ····· ····· ···· ···· ······ ····· ··· · ·· ·· ····· ··· ··· ····· ········· ····· ··· ··· ···· ·· ... · ' ' '2 8(2)(e)(ii) ...................................................................................................... 279, 342, 374
51 8 1 8(2)(e)(iii) ............................................................................................ 324, 328, 329, 342
Article 4(i):::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ......... • 7, 87, 257, 258, 259, 260, 3i'3:'452:'48'i:·sii.
Article 4(2)..................... .. .................................................................................... 412 8(2)(e)(iv) ..................................................................................... 105, 305, 342, 373, 375
Art~cle 4(3) .................... :.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::·: .................. 263, 264, 268, 271, 314, 341, 427, 526:
8(2)(e)(vi) ...................................................................................................................... 265
8(2)(e)(vii) ....................................................................................................... 79, 316, 317
Arncle 5(1)...................................... · ........................................... 68, 74, 75, 79, 315, 542
8(2)(e)(viii) ...................................................................................................... 80, 285, 287
Article 5(2) ...................................... ::: ............................................. 51, 74, 252, 293-5, 298, 301
Article 5(3).......................... .. ................................... 74, 75, 293, 295-6, 298, 301, 314 8(2)(e)(ix) ....................................................................................... 71, 249, 418, 419, 420
8(2)(e)(x) ....................................................................................................................... 412
Article ................... 51, 91:·24;;:·252:·;;a·i··3o5~·ia···3·i4 ......
6 31
6..............................................
50 8 2
296
8(2)(e)(xi) .............................................................................................................. 249, 260
Article 7 ...... ' ' ' ' 6- , 5 0, 521, 552, 553, 561
8(2)(e)(xii) ....................................................................................................... 71, 249, 428
Article 8. .. ............................................................................................ 51, 74 75 248 274 5

~~::: io '': ;;. ;!· ;;;. ;~:

Article 8(2)(e)(xiv) .................................................................................................................... 396
Article 8(2)(e)(xv) ..................................................................................................................... 403
Article 8(2)(f) ................................................................................................................... 192, 195
Article 11 .:: ................................................................................................. 51, 74 Z78, 279, 280
........................................................
. 12 ............................... ' 74,' 373,' 374 .Article 9(3) ............................................................................................................................... 288
Arnde · · ............................................... 51, Article 10 ................................................................................................................................... 81
Article 13 ... · .................................................................... 51, 74 374 375 700
Article 13 ................................................................................................................................ .483
5 57
Article 14 ... ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·: ............... 1• • 74, 337, 338, 341, 351, 362: 366: 367: 420 Article 14 ................................................................................................................................. 483
Article 15 ................................... · ........................................................... 51, 332, 423, 425, 526 Article 15 ................................................................................................................................. 483
Article 16 ...... .. ............................................................................ 51, 69 381-3
Article 17 ................................................................................................................................. 486
Article 17 ...... :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::............................................... 51, 375, 376, 377, 3l9, 526 Article 26 ................................................................................................................................. 323
Article 18 .................................... .. ........................... 51, 68, 75, 80, 252, 285, 286, 287,288
Article 19 ................................................................. ,. ...... 51 252 329 34 of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations
Protocol III ~~~;~;~~~··~~·~ ~ ~
... ......... ...........:······"·"···· ............................................ :....... :....... 432
oflnternational Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991

to the Adoption of an Additi:n~~:a. o~ve~w~; of 12 August 1949 and Relating (1993) (ICTY
Article Statute)
2 ................................................................................................................................... 479
Protocol III/APIII) ......................... ~~~mcnve m em 2005 (Additional Article 3 ,. .................................................................................................................. .57, 428, 479
Protocol for the Prohibition of h U..... ; ............: ............................................................. 374, 416-7 Article 4 ................................................................................................................................... 479
Other G d t e se 0 Asph}'Xlatmg, POisonous or Article 5 ................................................................................................................................... 479
ases, an of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare 1925 (G
Gas Protocol1925) ........ . eneva Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for
Protocol to the Conventi~~·~~ ....... :..................................................................... 393, 394, 395, 396 Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the
Civil Strife 1957 Duties and Rights of States in the Event of Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan citizens responsible for genocide and other such violations
Statute~~ :~·~·~~~~;~~~~·~~~·~:;:·i·~~·~~~~:·~·~·~·~...................................... 20 committed in the territory of neighbouring States, between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994
........................ 0

Rome Statute 1998, see

(1994) (ICTR Statute)
Second Hague Protocol1999, see Hague Convention forth . Article 4 .................................................................................... 56, 257, 268, 271, 427, 480, 481
Event of Armed Conflict 1954, Second Protocol e ProtectiOn of Cultural Property in the
Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone 2002 (SCSL Statute)
St Petersburg Declaration Renouncin the Use i T' Article 3 .................................................................................................. 257, 268, 271, 427, 487
Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight 186 , n Jme ofWar, of Explosive Article 4 ..................................................................................................................... 79, 316, 487
g 8 ........................ . 85 244 387 38 4
tatute of the International C . . a! C .. ............... ' ' ' 8, 00-1
S nmm ourt 1998 UN Charter, see Charter of the United Nations 1945
(Rome Statute/ICC Statute) 60
Article 1 .......................... :::·: ........................................... • 63, 64, 71, 101, 106, 429, 488, 494 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS) ........................................................... 528
Article 8 ....................... · ...................................................................................................... 78 UN Convention on Privileges and Immunities, see Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the

Ar
Art~cle 8(2)(b)(iv) ......... ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .................................. 62, 63, 164, 483, 495
ncle 8(2)(b)(x) ......................................................... 79 350
United Nations 1946

~::: :mi:ii:l; :~:

UN Safety Convention, see Convention on the Safety of UN and Associated Personnel 1994
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 ..................................................... 45, 85, 86, 87, 329

Art~cle 8(2)(b)(xvii) ................................................................................................................. 249 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969
Article 8(2)(b)(xviii) · ......................................................... 63 64 Article 34 ................................................................................................................................. 240
Article 8(2)(b)(xix) ........................................................................................................ · ... 63' 64 Article 35 ................................................................................................................................. 240
.......................................................................................................... :.:::63: 64 Article 36 ................................................................................................................................. 240