2.

Force, Work and Power

330:148 (g) Objectives

• Understand the difference between force, work, and power.
Machine Design • Recognize and be able to convert between mass and weight.
• Convert between English and metric units for force, work, and power.
power.

Nageswara Rao Posinasetti
• Understand the basic principles of fluid mechanics as they apply to
hydraulic and air cylinders or similar products.
• Look up and/or calculate moments of inertia and section modulus for
different shape parts.
• Apply the principles of work, force, and power to moving machines.
machines.

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Weight, Force and Mass Work and Power

„ Weight, W = m g „ Work = Force × Distance ft-
ft-lb or N m
„ W = weight, lb or N „ Work done, W = F d
„ M = Mass, lb or kg „ Power is rate of doing work
„ g = acceleration due to gravity, „ Power, P = W
t
„ 32.2 ft/s2, 9.81 m/s2 „ t = time
„ Force, F = m a
„ a = acceleration

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Power and Speed Power and Speed

„ 1 hp = 550 ft-
ft-lb/s „ P=Tω
= 6600 in-
in-lb/s „ P = Power, ft-
ft-lb/s or W
„ T = Torque, ft-
ft-lb or N m
= 33,000 ft-
ft-lb/min
„ ω = Rotational speed in radians/second
= 396,000 in-
in-lb/min
„ T= P
„ Power in SI Units is Watts ω
„ 1 hp = 746 W = 0.746 kW „ ω= 2πn
60
„ n = revolutions per minute

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1
 Torque
„ Torque is a twisting moment Calculate the amount of torque in a shaft
„ Rotates a part in relation to other transmitting 750 W of power while rotating
„ T=Fd at 183 rad/s.
rad/s.
„ F = force applied
„ d = distance
„ P=Tω
„ Torque = 750 / 183 = 4.09836 N-
N-m

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Example Problem 2-1: Torque

Example Problem 2-1: Torque
• An automobile engine creates a torque of 300
ft-lb at a rotational speed of 3,500 rpm.
• In fourth gear, the transmission has a 1 to 1
ratio.

• An automobile engine creates a torque of 300 ft-lb
at a rotational speed of 3,500 rpm.
• In fourth gear, the transmission has a 1 to 1 ratio.
• The differential has a ratio of 3.6 to 1, which
creates a torque in the axle of 1,080 ft-lb.
• What is the force being exerted on the road by
the automobile tire if the diameter of the tire is
30 inches?

• The differential has a ratio of 3.6 to 1, which creates T = Fd

a torque in the axle of 1,080 ft-lb. T
F=
d • The tire exerts an
• What is the force being exerted on the road by the
1080 ft − lb 864-pound force on
automobile tire if the diameter of the tire is 30 F=
30in ( ft ) the road surface.
inches?
2 (12 in )
F = 864 lb
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Power and Rotational Speed Power =

Work W × H
=
Time t
W × 2π × R
„ P=Tω =
1 min
„ Since, ω = 2πn
60 Power = 2 π T n
2πTn
„ We get, P = 2 π Tn Horse power =
396,000
60
Tn
Horse power =
63,000
T = torque (in-lb)
n = rotational speed, rpm

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2
 Example Problem 2-2: Work and Power Example Problem 2-2: Work and Power

• If the automobile in Example

• If the automobile in Example Problem 2-1
Problem 2-1 was going up a long,
was going up a long, steep hill at this speed, steep hill at this speed, how much
how much work was done in the period of a work was done in the period of a 30 in ft min
second? π 3500 rpm
rev 12 in 60 sec
second? What is the power? d=
3.6
• As work is force times distance,
•Force on the road, F = 864 lb calculate the distance traveled in one 1
second. d = 127 ft

W = Fd (2-3)

W = 864 lb 127 ft
W = 109,728 ft − lb of work
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Example Problem 2-2: Work and Power (cont’d)

Example Problem 2-2: Work and Power (cont’d)

Fd W (2-4)
P =
t
=
t • Compare it to motor output:
P
• The power to do P =
109,728 ft-lb
1 sec
= 109,728
ft-lb
sec
T = 63,000 n

this would then be: where: n = rpm

or if: T = in-lb

ft-lb
550 = 1 hp
sec Tn
P = 63,000 (2-6)
ft-lb
109,728
sec 300 ft-lb 12 in 3500 rpm
hp = ft-lb = 200 hp P = ft 63,000
550
sec
hp P = 200 hp

• Power output equaled the power at the tire/road surface.

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Pressure, Force and Area Example Problem 2-3: Force Pressure Relationship

„ Pneumatic and Hydraulic Cylinders • For the automobile engine from the prior example problems, calculate the
pressure required in the cylinder under the following assumptions:
„ Force = Pressure × Area 1. The cylinder is 2 inches in diameter.
2. The crankshaft has an effective radius of 4 inches.
„ Work done = Force × Distance moved 3. Maximum power is achieved when the piston is perpendicular to the
crankshaft.
„ Distance moved = stroke length 4. At this point, all the power comes from this piston alone.

• If the T is 300 ft-lb and the effective length of the crankshaft is 4 inches, the
force exerted by the piston would be:
T = Fd (2-5)

T 300 ft-lb
F = = = 900 lb
d ft
4 in 12 in

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3
 Moments of Inertia and Section
Example Problem 2-3: Force Pressure Relationship (cont’d)
Modulus
F = PA „ Properties of beams
• Analyze the cylinder:
P =
F „ Moment of Inertia
A
„ Section Modulus = Moment of Inertia
900 lb
P =
π (2 in)2 Distance from the neutral axis
4

2
P = 286 lb/in = 286 psi „ See Appendix 3 (p 469) for different sections

• What may be correct in our assumptions?

• Why is it likely that this value would be much higher in a typical
engine?

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Problem 2-1 Problem 2-1 (cont’d.)

a. Force in cable at rest: = 1000 lb
1. The elevator system shown has a combined weight b. Work done, W = Fd
for the car and occupants of 1,000 pounds. Ignore W = 1000 lb x 150 ft = 150,000 ft-lb
forces to accelerate the car and occupants.
a. What is the force in the cable? c. Power = W = Fd
b. To raise the car 150 feet, how much work was done? t t
c. If it took 10 seconds to travel this distance, what power P = 150,000 ft-lb = 15,000 ft-lb/s
was required in ft-lb/sec, hp, and kilowatts? 10s
d. If the effective diameter of the cable drum is 18
P = 15,000 ft-lb s hp
inches, determine the torque in the input shaft.
s 550 ft-lb
e. What is the rotational speed of this shaft?
f. Calculate the power to turn this shaft, and compare this P = 27.3 hp
power to that determined above in part c. P = 27.3 hp .746 kw = 20.3 kw
hp
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