KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES (KAP) OF VEGETABLES GROWERS ON

ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF BANGA, AKLAN

______________________________

A Thesis Outline

Presented to the Faculty of the College of Agriculture,

Forestry and Environmental Sciences

AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Banga, Aklan

______________________________

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

(AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION)

_________________________________

By:

Rhea Mae D. Aguirre

Mary Jane M. Rario

 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Organic Agriculture is gaining popularity in many areas

today as it can diversify agricultural production system toward

attaining improved productivity, farm income, and food safety is

seen as a sustainable alternative to chemical-based, agricultural

systems has defined organic agriculture as a process that

develops a viable and sustainable agro ecosystem. Interest in

organically produced food is increasing throughout the world in

response to concerns about intensive agricultural practices and

their potential effect on human health as well as on the

environment. The growth in demand for organically produced food

and the standardization of organic farming methods have created a

distingueshed marketing opportunity for agricultural producers.

(Stockdale et al., 2021; Biao et al., 2020)

The passage of Philippine Republic Act 10068, otherwise

known as the Organic Agriculture Act of 2010” which promotes

natural farming technology using indigenous materials such as

bio-fertilizer in agricultural production, entails the

identification of various cost-effective, safe and eco-friendly

sources of nutrients for organic crop production.

(Nagpal, et al. 2021)

A Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) is a method that

provides access to qualitative and quantitative information. KAP

surveys reveal

misconceptions or misunderstandings that may represent obstacles

to the activities that we would conduct/implement and potential

barriers to behavior change.

(https://bmpublichealth.biocentral.com)

Note that a Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) survey

essentially records an “opinion” and is based on the

“declarative” statements. In other words, the KAP survey reveals

what is said, but there may be considerable gaps between what is

said and what is done.

Objectives of the Study

Generally, this study aims to disclose the knowledge, attitude

and practices of vegetables growers on Organic Agriculture in the

Municipality of Banga, Aklan.

 Specifically, this study aimed to:

1.To find out the demographic Profile of the respondents in terms

of Name, Age, Gender, Marital Status, highest educational

attainment, Primary source of income, other source of income,

size of farm (ha) and number of years in farming.

2.To present the knowledge, attitude and practices of the

respondents on organic vegetables production.

3. To disclose the problems encountered by the vegetable growers

on vegetables production.

Significance of the Study

This study will aim to gather and verify information about

the knowledge, attitude and practices of vegetable growers on

organic agriculture in the municipality of Banga, Aklan which

could have a great impact on the locality’s social standing as

well as the vegetable grower’s reputation in the organic

agriculture industry in the country. The results of the study

will be beneficial to the following:

Department of Agriculture. The result of the study will be useful to

the staff of the Department of Agriculture as they will be able to

understand the changes to the production, care and management

performance of the organic farmers that engage to organic agriculture

practices.

Vegetable Farmers/Growers. The result of the study will guide the

vegetable growers to know the different proper information, attitudes

and practices with regards to organic farming. In this study the

organic growers will be aware on the things that is needed in organic

production.

Youths. The result of the study will guide the youths to know the

information, attitudes and practices on how to engage in organic

agriculture production. The young farmers can participate to organic

farming which could help them to boost their agricultural and

entrepreneurial-skills.

Future Researcher. The result of the study will serve as their basis

where they can get some information that might needed in their research
and some of their question may possibly be answered by this

research/study.

Agricultural Extension Worker/Agent. The result of this study will help

extension agents, program planners and trainers in determining the

factors to be considered before implementing the Organic Agriculture.

Moreover, it will enhance their abilities in eliciting farmers

participation.

Barangay Officials. This study will serve as a reference of the

officials in the barangay in the proper monitoring and implementing of

the Organic Agriculture. This will also help them in determining the

extent of participation of the farmers in Organic Agriculture conducted

in their area.

Extension Service Providers. The findings of this study will help

extension service providers such as Municipal Agricultural Office (MAO)

and Organic Agriculture Agencies in determining the specific organic

solutions based on the preference and needs of the farmers in the

Barangay.
Scope and Limitation of the study

This study focuses on the KAP (Knowledge, Attitudes and

Practices) of Organic vegetable Growers on Organic Agriculture on

the Municipality of Banga, Aklan. The respondents are the farmers

engaged in vegetable production residing in Banga, Aklan.

Descriptive method of research will be use to determine the

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) of Vegetable Growers on

Organic Agriculture in the Municipality of Banga, Aklan.

The researchers will choose 51 respondents and in order to

gather the data needed for the study, a validated-questionnaires

were administered to the respondents.

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of the study the following terms were

defined operationally and conceptually.

Demographic Profile. It is defined as a description of a

particular type of customer including their sex, age, income,

etc. (cambridge.org)

In this study, demographic profile referred to the vegetable

growers’ age, sex, civil status, highest educational attainment,

occupation other.

Age. It is the length of time that a person has lived or has

existed.

In this study, age referred to age of vegetable growers either

young (20-35 years) middle-aged adults (36-55 years) and adult

aged (56 or older).

Attitude. A settled way of thinking or feeling about something,

typically one that is reflected in a person’s behavior.

Operationally, it referred to the thoughts and feelings employed

by the respondents towards the organic agriculture.

Gender. It is the stage of being male or female when it comes on

social and cultural differences. (youdiction-narry.com)

In this study, it refers to the sex of the vegetable growers,

such as male or female to determine the economic, social,

political and cultural attributes and opportunities associated

with being men or women.

Knowledge. It is the fact or condition of knowing something with

familiarity gained through experience or association. (Webster’s

Dictionary)

Operationally, it referred to the awareness or familiarity gained

by the vegetable growers by experience, fact or situation related

to organic agriculture.

Practices. Refers to a term that encompasses the knowledge,

competencies and abilities to perform operational tasks. (De

Franzo, 2018).

Operationally, it referred to an actual application or use of an

idea, belief or method of the respondents as opposed to the

theories based on their own viewpoint. Carry out or perform

habitually or regularly.

Marital Status. Is the state of being married or not married-

used on official forms to ask if a person is married, single or

widowed. (webster.com)
In this study, marital status referred to the status of vegetable

growers either single, married, separated or widowed.

Educational Attainment. Refers to the highest level of education

that an individual has completed. (www.cencus.gov)

As used in this study, educational attainment referred to the

highest level educational attainment of vegetable growers as to

elementary level, high school level, vocational level, college

level or no schooling.

Number of years in farming. In this study, it referred to the

number of years spent by the respondents in organic farming.

Primary Source of Income. It referred to the main sources of

income of the respondents that supports their needs and

necessities.

Other Sources of Income. It referred to the other works/tasks of

the respondents aside from their primary source of income.

Farm size. It referred to the total area of the land/farm used by

the respondents in planting their vegetables.

Problems encountered. Are the matters of situation regarded as

unwelcome or harmful and needing to deal with to overcome.

(oxford2016).
In this study, it refers to the difficulties faced by the

vegetable growers in production using organic agriculture.

Organic Agriculture. A holistic production management system

which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including

biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity.

Level of Awareness. Is the term used to described a person’s

awareness and understanding of what is happening in his or her

surroundings. (myhealth. Alberta.ca).

In this study, it is defined as the respondent’s comprehension

and consciousness to organic agriculture presented in their area.

Level of Awareness Range

Extremely Aware. 4.51-5.00

Moderately Aware. 3.51-4.00

Somewhat Aware. 2.51-3.00

Slightly Aware. 1.51-2.00

Not at all Aware. 0.51-1.00

Level of Feelings. Is the perception of humans to something or

someone closely related to emotions.

In this study, level of feelings refers to the attitudes felt and

act by the respondents in employing and practicing the organic

agriculture.

Level of Feelings Range

Excellent 4.51-5.00

Good 3.51-4.00

Average 2.51-3.00

Poor 1.51-2.00

Bad 0.51-1.00

Amount of use. This is defined as the amount of use performed or

capable of being applied within a specific practice.

In this study, it refers to the number or quantity of application

of different organic agriculture methods and practices.

Amount of Use. Range

Frequently Use 4.51-5.00

Almost every time 3.51-4.00

Occasionally/Sometimes 2.51-3.00

Almost Never 1.51-2.00

Never Use 0.51-1.00

Level of Agreement. This is defined as how the person agree with

the statement being discussed and presented through his/her own

opinion.

In this study, it refers on how the respondents agree with the

statements presented about the different problems encountered by

the respondents in Organic Agriculture production.

Level of Agreement Range

Strongly Agree 4.51-5.00

Agree 3.51-4.00

Neutral 2.51-3.00

Disagree 1.51-2.00

Strongly Disagree 0.51-1.00

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents literatures related to the study on

knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of vegetable growers on

Organic agriculture in the Municipality of Banga, Aklan. These

were taken from journals, books and internet sources.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices

According to Webster’s Dictionary, knowledge is “the fact or

condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through

experience or association”. In practice, though, there are many

possible, equally plausible definitions of knowledge. A

frequently used definition of knowledge is the “ideas or

understandings which an entity possesses that are used to take

effective action to achieve the entity’s goals. This knowledge is

specific to the entity which created it”.

An understanding of knowledge requires some grasp of its

relationship to information. In everyday language, it has long

been the practice to distinguish between information – data

arranged in meaningful patterns – and knowledge – which has

historically been regarded as something that is believed, that is

true (for pragmatic knowledge, that works) and that is reliable.

 In psychology, an attitude refers to a set of emotions,

beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing,

or event. Attitudes are often the result of experience or

upbringing, and they can have a powerful influence over behavior.

While attitudes are enduring, they can also change.

“A mental and neutral state of readiness, organized through

experience, exerting a directive or dynamic influence upon the

individual’s response to all objects and situations with which it

is related”.

Attitudes have a cognitive component, an effective component, and

a behavioural component. Attitudes are just thoughts and feelings

or effective orientations toward objects. Attitudes are an

“evaluative categorization of a stimulus object”.

In general, attitude is defined as the way that individuals tend

to evaluate things. It is affected by what individuals have

learned to believe about the world (e.g. people are basically

good or basically bad) ourselves and others, what people have

learned to like or dislike, and how individuals have learned to

respond to people, things and situations.

According to Webster’s Dictionary, practices perform (an

activity) or exercise (a skill) repeatedly or regularly in order

to acquire, improve or maintain proficiency in it. Carry out or

perform (a particular activity, method, or custom) habitually or

regularly. Actively pursue or be engaged in a particular

profession or occupation.

In organic farming practices it involves care for field

employees, and aim at maintaining the harmonious balance in the

environment keeping it as alive and productive as possible.

RA 11511: AN ACT AMENDING THE ORGANIC AGRICULTURE ACT OF 2010

(RA 10068)

Republic Act 11511 was signed by President Duterte on 23 December

2020, which took effect on 21 January 2021. RA 11511, as an

amendment to RA 10068, declared the comprehensive government

policy of the Philippines to promote and further develop the

practice of organic agriculture (OA) in the country, and promote

community-based organic agriculture systems. This is guided by

the National Organic Agricultural Program (NOAP) as implemented

by its board under the Department of Agriculture.

The act affirms the government’s confidence on the benefits of OA

to increase farm productivity and incomes by reducing imported

agro-chemicals. The natural farm inputs used in OA have multi-

pronged benefits.

Implementing Rules and Regulations of Organic Agriculture Act of

2010 (No. 10068).

These Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR), consisting of 32

sections, are issued pursuant to the policies declared under

Republic Act (RA) 10068 known as Organic Agriculture Act of 2010.

They aim to promote, propagate, develop further and implement the

practice of organic agriculture in the Philippines that will

cumulatively condition and enrich the fertility of the soil,

increase farm productivity, reduce pollution and destruction of

the

environment, prevent the depletion of natural resources, further

protect the health of farmers, consumers and the general public,

and save on imported farm inputs. Toward this end, a

comprehensive program for the promotion of community based

organic fertilizers such as compost, pesticides and other farm

inputs, together with a nationwide educational and promotional

campaign for the use and processing, as well as the adoption of

organic agricultural system as a viable alternative shall be

undertaken. The State recognizes and supports the central role of

the farmers, indigenous people and other stakeholders at the

grassroots of the program.

Organic agricultural systems further promote the development of

related community-based industries, namely organic agriculture,

prime habitat and eco-tourism, among others. These communities

provide clean, safe, nutritious and sufficient food, water, air

and health conducive environments. Organic agriculture enhances

food sovereignty and substantially contributes to food security.

All organic food and input establishments must register with the

director, BAFPS. Each such registration shall be submitted to the

director through an electronic portal and shall contain

information as the director may determine to be appropriate.

Organic Farming in Vegetable Production

There are, as with sustainable agriculture, a variety of

definitions of organic farming. Mannion (1995) refers to it as a

holistic view of agriculture that aims to reflect the profound

interrelationship that exists between farm biota, its production

and the overall environment. Scofield (1986) stresses that

organic farming does not simply refer to the use of living

materials,
but emphasizes the concept of ‘wholeness’, implying the

“systematic connexion or co-ordination of parts in one whole.” A

modern definition of organic farming provided by Lampkin (1994),

an authoritative source, states that the aim is: “to create

integrated, humane, environmentally and economically sustainable

production systems, which maximize reliance on farm-derived

renewable resources and the management of ecological and

biological processes and interactions, so as to provide

acceptable levels of crop, livestock and human nutrition,

protection from pests and disease, and an appropriate return to

the human and other resources”.

The Vegetable Producer/Growers

Manage the production of vegetables. They use hand tools and farm

equipment to plant, manage and harvest vegetable crops. Work is

on farms and is generally in rural areas. Early mornings and long

hours are usual during planting and harvest.

https://www.yourcareer.gov.au/careers/121221/vegetable-grower

Organic Agriculture in Vegetable Production

Organic agriculture is a holistic production management system

which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including

biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity. It

emphasises the use of management practices in preference to the

use of off-farm inputs, taking into account that regional

conditions require locally adapted systems. This is accomplished

by using, where possible, agronomic, biological, and mechanical

methods, as opposed to using synthetic materials, to fulfil any

specific function within the system.” (FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius

Commission, 1999).

Problems encountered in Organic Agriculture

Organic Certification one of the major challenges in organic

agriculture in the Philippines is the absence of a well-equipped

agency to conduct inspection and certification of organically

grown products. After series of consultations and attending the

IFOAM-Asia conference in Seoul, South Korea in 1996, the FOODWEB

drafted the “Philippine Basic Standards for Organic Agriculture

and Processing” as the country’s initial efforts in

developing a national certification body for organically

produced products (PCARRD, 2015). By 2000, the key players in the

booming organic industry of the country, namely: AVDF, OPTA,

FOODWEB and MASIPAG, held a consultative meeting through the

initiatives of CITEM to create an organic certification and

inspection program for the Philippines. Series of workshops were

called upon to major players in the organic agriculture sector.

Many of them composed the team of experts commissioned by the

OTWC for the preparation of the initial draft of the manual

of operations and inspections. During the National Organic

Agriculture Conference in 2001, the revised Philippine Basic

Standards was finalized. In the same conference, the basic

standards was renamed “Certification Standards of the

Philippines” and the certification body was called “Organic

Certification Center of the Philippines” (OCCP) (OCCP, 2012)

(PCARRD, 2015).

Chapter 3

Methodology

This chapter presents and discuss the research design,

locale of the study, respondents of the study, sampling

technique, data gathering instrument, data gathering procedure,

data processing and data analysis.

Research Design

This study uses the descriptive method of research. Descriptive

research is a type of a study that finds answer to the questions,

who, what, when, where and how. This type of research describes a

situation or given state of affairs in terms of specified aspects

or factors. Survey research is one of the most important areas of

measurement in applied social research. The broad area of survey

research encompasses any measurement that involves asking

questions to the respondents which involves observing and

describing their behavior without influencing it in any way

(Hasmida, 2018).

The study will be based on KAP (Knowledge, Attitude and

Practices) survey methodology. A KAP survey is a representative

study of a specific population to collect information on what is

known, believed and done in relation to Organic Agriculture. In

this KAP survey, data are collected through a survey

questionnaire using a structured and standardized schedule.

Locale of the study

The study will be conducted in the municipality of Banga, Aklan.

The municipality of Banga is one of the municipalities in the

province of Aklan. Officially, the Municipality of Banga is a 3rd

class municipality located in the 1st District of Aklan Province.

According to the 2021 census, it has a population of 40, 318

people. Banga is the site of the Aklan State University- Main

Campus (Fig.1).

Fig. 1 The Satellite image of the Map of Banga, Aklan

It encompasses a total of 30 barangays including Barangay

Agbanawan, Jumarap, Libas, Linabuan Sur, Sibalew and Torralba

which are the barangays with vegetable. One of the primary

livelihood sources of the community is the vegetable production.

Primarily, the residents of Banga, Aklan recognize the importance

of growing vegetables for their own food and income at home. And

it is not new to the rural communities of Aklan, particularly in

Banga. (gffhelps.org)

This study will be conducted at Banga, Aklan from February 04 to

28, 2023.

Respondents of the study

The respondents of the study were the vegetable growers who

were residents of the municipality of Banga. They participated in

the training regarding to Organic Agriculture in Banga, Aklan.

The qualified respondents were based on the list, from the

Municipal Agriculture Office registered barangays who

participated in the training program on the Organic Agriculture.

The total population using slovin formula are 104 vegetable

growers of this number, 51 sample were drawn. The data in Table 1

shows the distribution of sample respondents by barangay.

Sampling Technique

The sample size were calculated using the Slovin’s Formula:

n= N

(1+Ne2)

Where: n = number of samples. n = 104

N = total population (104). 1 + 104 (0.10) 2

e = margin of error (10% or 0.10). n = 51

Table 1. Distribution of Respondents by Barangay

Barangay F %

Agbanawan. 10 5

Jumarap 10 5

Libas 14 7

Linabuan Sur 40 19

Sibalew 6 3

Torralba 24 12
 Total 104 51

Sampling Procedure

Random sampling method is employed as part of the sampling

technique in which each sample has an equal probability of being

chosen. A sample chosen randomly is meant to be an unbiased

representation of the total population to take part and answer

the researcher-made interview schedule. We use random sampling to

ensure that results obtained from our sample should approximate

what would have been obtained if the entire population had been

measured. The

availability and willing respondents were personally visited,

oriented and interviewed for the distribution of questionnaires

in their respective houses.

Data Gathering Instrument

The data collection tool employed in this study was an interview

schedule formulated by the researcher. The interview schedule

consisted of five parts:

Part I, covered the demographic profile of the respondents in

terms of Age, Gender, Marital Status, Educational Attainment,

Primary source of Income, other source of Income, size of farm

(ha), and Number of years in Farming. Part II, covered the

knowledge acquired by the respondents in terms of Organic

Agriculture methods and control. Part III, covered the attitudes

developed by the respondents in terms of Punctuality,

Cooperation, Consideration, Initiative and others. Part IV,

covered the practices performed by the respondents in terms of

Organic farming. Part V, covered the problems encountered by the

respondents in Organic Agriculture Farming.

Validity and Reliability

To ensure the validity and reliability of the interview schedule,

it was submitted to the Thesis Advisory Committee for suggestions

and corrections to secure the accuracy in measuring what the

researcher intended to measure.

Before the actual survey, the interview schedule was pre-tested

for final editing or revision. At least five copies of the survey

instrument were initially produced for pre-testing. These were

distributed to the five vegetable growers in Banga, Aklan to

ensure validity, reliability, readability and to determine the

parts which the respondents might find difficult to comprehend.

The respondents of the pre-testing were not included as

respondents of the actual survey.

Data Gathering Procedure

The methods in gathering data were as follows:

First, the researcher ask permission to the Advisory Committee

and the Dean of College of Agriculture, Forestry and

Environmental Sciences to conduct the study.

Upon the approval of the study, the researcher asked permission

from the Municipal Mayor and Barangay Captains of the respective

barangays. Then requested for the list of vegetable growers to

the Municipality Agriculture Office (MAO) Banga, Aklan.

The researcher proceed to conduct of the actual survey through

house-to-house interview or visitation. First, the researcher

discussed and oriented the respondents about the contents of the

interview schedule. The researcher was on stand-by to facilitate

the survey, guiding the respondents in answering the interview

schedule, especially when the respondents had queries, questions

and clarification.

Data Processing

This phase included editing, encoding, and tabulating of data

gathered.

Editing. After gathering the data needed for the study, all

data were checked and edited right away. Deficiencies and

inconsistencies in the

response of the respondent in the given questionnaire were

discussed and given immediate action.

Coding. After editing, all date were encoded using Microsoft

Office Excel 2007 with an appropriate format for easy and

better analysis and to ease the hassle of tabulating data.

Tabulation. All numerical data were tabulated using

Microsoft Office Excel 2007 to facilitate comparison and

statistical analysis between the different factors being

used in gathering the data.

 Validation of Survey Results. The purpose of data validation

was to ensure and justify the validity and correctness of

the data gathered in order for the study to be reliable.

After encoding and tabulating data, the results were

subjected to validation. In data validation, the Committee

will checked and evaluate the structure and data of the

study.

Data Analysis

Descriptive statistics will be use to describe the basic

features of the data in the study. Stating brief summaries about

the sample and the measures were done in coordination with simple

graphics analysis to form the basis of virtually quantitative

analysis of data.

The demographic profile was interpreted and determined using

descriptive statistics, such as frequency distribution,

percentage and mean. The level of Awareness in Knowledge will be

interpreted, level of Feelings in

Attitude and Amount of Use in Practices will be interpreted.

While level of Agreement will be interpreted in Problems

Encountered, and determined using

frequency counts and weighted mean. Microsoft Excel software

application was utilized to facilitate the statistical analysis.

The measurement and ranges of Level of Awareness, Feeling and

Agreement and the Amount of Use using the weighted mean will be

based on the Likert Scale (5-Point).

Table 2. Measurement and Ranges of Awareness Level

Scale Range-Value Description

 5 4.51-5.00 Extremely Aware

4 3.51-4.00 Moderately Aware

3 2.51-3.00 Somewhat Aware

2 1.51-2.00 Slightly Aware

1 0.51-1.00 Not at all Aware

Table 3. Measurement and Range of Level of Feeling

Scale Range-Value Description

5 4.51-5.00 Excellent

4 3.51-4.00 Good

3 2.51-3.00 Average

2 1.51-2.00 Poor

1 0.51-1.00 Bad
Table 4. Measurement and Ranges of Amount of Use

Scale Range-Value Description

5 4.51-5.00 Frequently Use

4 3.51-4.00 Almost every

time

3 2.51-3.00

Occasionally/Sometimes

2 1.51-2.00 Almost Never

1 0.51-1.00 Never Use

Table 5. Measurement and Ranges of Agreement Level

Scale Range-Value Description

5 4.51-5.00 Strongly Agree

4 3.51-4.00 Agree

3 2.51-3.00 Neutral

2 1.51-2.00 Disagree
 1 0.51-1.00 Strongly Disagree

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small-filipino-organic-producers/

Park, J. and Seaton, R.A.F. (2016). Organic farming and the

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Rigby, D. (2018). Organic Farming as Environmentally-friendly.

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https://www.yourcareer.gov.au/careers/121221/vegetable-grower.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/50308521×00000

0603#BIB40.

Strasse, C. (July 2021). Definition and Principles of Organic

Agriculture. Retrieved from

https://ifoam.bio/why-organic/organic-landmarks/definition-

organic

Lesaca, P.R. (2019). Organic Agriculture in the Philippines:

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Research and Development Digest:http://www.bar.gov.ph/organic-

agriculture

Cosico, W.C. (2017). Overview of Organic Farming in vegetables

in the Philippines. International Federation of Organic

Agriculture Movements.

Retrieved from https://www.ifoa/overview-of-organic-farming-in-

vegetables/agriculture-movements/

Mendoza, T.C. and P.M. Villegas (2015). The Organic Agriculture

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316452571 Mainstreaming
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Difficulties

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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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