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A CASE STUDY FOR CALCULATION OF BOILER EFFICIENCY BY USING INDIRECT

METHOD
STUDI KASUS PERHITUNGAN EFISIENSI BOILER DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN

METODE INDIRECT
Conference Paper · December 2017
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Hasan Hüseyin Erdem

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3rd CONFERENCE ON ADVANCES IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ISTANBUL 2017 –
ICAME2017
19-21 December 2017, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
3Rd KONFERENSI TENTANG KEMAJUAN TEKNIK MESIN ISTANBUL 2017 - ICAME2017

19-21 Desember 2017, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turki
A CASE STUDY FOR CALCULATION OF BOILER EFFICIENCY BY USING

INDIRECT METHOD
STUDI KASUS PERHITUNGAN EFISIENSI BOILER DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN
METODE TIDAK LANGSUNG
1,*
P. Celen , H.H. Erdem 1
ABSTRACT
Boiler is a most important component for generating steam to where it is used power generation and
industrial applications. The calculation of boiler efficiency is major factor affecting thermal power
plant performance. There are two methods to determine boiler efficiency: direct method and indirect
method. In this study, the efficiency of a fluidized bed boiler having a steam production capacity of
462000 kg/h and 17.2 bar pressure was calculated by using indirect method. Moreover, the effect of
the fuel moisture content and the excess air coefficient increase on power plant boiler efficiency is
investigated.
ABSTRAK
Boiler adalah komponen terpenting untuk menghasilkan uap ke tempat pembangkit listrik dan aplikasi
industri digunakan. Perhitungan efisiensi boiler merupakan faktor utama yang mempengaruhi kinerja
pembangkit listrik termal. Ada dua metode untuk menentukan efisiensi boiler: metode langsung dan
metode tidak langsung. Pada penelitian ini, efisiensi fluidized bed boiler yang memiliki kapasitas
produksi uap sebesar 462000 kg/jam dan tekanan 17,2 bar dihitung dengan menggunakan metode
tidak langsung. Selain itu, pengaruh kadar air bahan bakar dan peningkatan koefisien udara berlebih
pada efisiensi boiler pembangkit listrik diselidiki.
Keywords: Boiler Efficiency, Indirect Method, Moisture Content, Power Plant

Kata kunci: Efisiensi Boiler, Metode Tidak Langsung, Kadar Air, Pembangkit Listrik
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, countries intended to use their power sources because of higher petrol price and
political problems about energy supply. As a result of these reasons, it is important to utilize lignite
which is one of the primary fossil fuel for Turkey. This utilization will be optimum with the efficient
usage of lignite in power plants. Boiler, steam turbine, condenser and feed water preheater are
important equipments of lignite fired power plants. Performance decrease of these equipments
affects overall performance of power plant.
PERKENALAN
Saat ini, negara-negara bermaksud menggunakan sumber daya mereka karena harga bensin
yang lebih tinggi dan masalah politik tentang pasokan energi. Sebagai hasil dari alasan ini, penting
untuk memanfaatkan lignit yang merupakan salah satu bahan bakar fosil utama untuk Turki.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University (YTU), Yildiz, Besiktas, Istanbul 34349, Turkey
E-mail: pcelen@yildiz.edu.tr
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Pemanfaatan ini akan optimal dengan efisiensi penggunaan lignit di pembangkit listrik. Boiler, turbin
uap, kondensor dan preheater air umpan adalah peralatan penting dari pembangkit listrik tenaga
lignit. Penurunan kinerja peralatan ini mempengaruhi kinerja pembangkit listrik secara keseluruhan.
Oman et al. [1] investigated the effects of the coal composition on the power plant
performance. They focused on the coal grinding and flue gas cleaning process. At the flue gas
temperature of 150 ° C, when the air excess coefficient was increased by 10%, the total heat loss was
increased by 8% due to the flue gas heat, and when the air excess coefficient was increased by 50%, it
was increased by 28%.
Oman et al. [1] menyelidiki efek komposisi batubara pada kinerja pembangkit listrik. Mereka
fokus pada proses penggilingan batubara dan pembersihan gas buang. Pada suhu gas buang 150 ° C,
ketika koefisien kelebihan udara meningkat sebesar 10%, kehilangan panas total meningkat sebesar
8% karena panas gas buang, dan ketika koefisien kelebihan udara meningkat sebesar 50%, itu
meningkat sebesar 28%.
Bhatt [2] researched the effect of air intake on energy efficiency in the combustion zone, in
the postcombustion zone and in the air preheaters of coal-fired thermal power plants. It is stated that
the optimum amount of oxygen is 3% for combustion in the pulverized coal-fired systems.
Bhatt [2] meneliti pengaruh asupan udara terhadap efisiensi energi di zona pembakaran, di
zona pascapembakaran dan di preheater udara pembangkit listrik termal berbahan bakar batubara.
Dinyatakan bahwa jumlah oksigen optimal adalah 3% untuk pembakaran dalam sistem berbahan
bakar batu bara bubuk.
Huang et al. [3] investigated coal content effect on power plants have fluidized bed boiler.
They developed an equation helps to decide efficiency of coal-fired thermal power plant. This
equation is used for effect of ash content, moisture content, sulfur content and coal heating value on
the power plant efficiency.
Huang et al. [3] menyelidiki efek kandungan batubara pada pembangkit listrik memiliki
fluidized bed boiler. Mereka mengembangkan persamaan membantu untuk memutuskan efisiensi
pembangkit listrik termal berbahan bakar batubara. Persamaan ini digunakan untuk pengaruh kadar
abu, kadar air, kadar sulfur dan nilai kalor batubara terhadap efisiensi pembangkit listrik.
Saidur et al. [4] studied energy, exergy efficiency, energy losses, and exergy destruction for a
boiler to reduce boiler energy consumption. They noted that controlling excess air, enhancing heat
transfer rate, improving combustion efficiency, use of more environmental friendly fuel recovering
waste heat, recovering condensate decrease boiler energy consumption.
Saidur et al. [4] mempelajari energi, efisiensi eksergi, kehilangan energi, dan penghancuran
eksergi untuk boiler untuk mengurangi konsumsi energi boiler. Mereka mencatat bahwa
mengendalikan udara berlebih, meningkatkan laju perpindahan panas, meningkatkan efisiensi
pembakaran, penggunaan bahan bakar yang lebih ramah lingkungan, memulihkan limbah panas,
memulihkan kondensat mengurangi konsumsi energi boiler.
Patel et al. [5] researched various parameters regarding to the boiler system which helps to
increase boiler performance. They also calculated boiler efficiency with indirect method and
investigated effect of Gross Calorific Value (GVC) of coal. They simulated with various value of fuel.
ICAME2017

When they used higher GVC of coal, the efficiency of boiler increased. They concluded that ash and
moisture content of fuel affect the efficiency of coal.
Patel et al. [5] meneliti berbagai parameter mengenai sistem boiler yang membantu
meningkatkan kinerja boiler. Mereka juga menghitung efisiensi boiler dengan metode tidak langsung
dan menyelidiki pengaruh Gross Calorific Value (GVC) batubara. Mereka mensimulasikan dengan
berbagai nilai bahan bakar. Ketika mereka menggunakan GVC batubara yang lebih tinggi, efisiensi
boiler meningkat. Mereka menyimpulkan bahwa kadar abu dan kelembaban bahan bakar
mempengaruhi efisiensi batubara.
Ashokkumar [6] investigated how can be operated boiler more efficiently in thermal power
plant. It is calculated with indirect method which is the best way to explain all of boiler losses. It is
noted that the flue gas loss in a boiler is more important than other losses. For decreasing flue gas
loss, a coal having low moisture content, higher calorific value and low ash content should be used.
Ashokkumar [6] menyelidiki bagaimana boiler dapat dioperasikan lebih efisien di pembangkit
listrik termal. Ini dihitung dengan metode tidak langsung yang merupakan cara terbaik untuk
menjelaskan semua kerugian boiler. Perlu dicatat bahwa kehilangan gas buang dalam boiler lebih
penting daripada kerugian lainnya. Untuk mengurangi kehilangan gas buang, batubara yang memiliki
kadar air rendah, nilai kalor lebih tinggi dan kadar abu rendah harus digunakan.
In this study, a lignite fired power plant which is located in Turkey is considered and the
parameters which affect boiler performance are investigated. Among the other parameters, the
influence of moisture content of fuel and excess air coefficient are considered and their effect on
boiler efficiency is calculated with using indirect method in EN 12952-15 standard [7]. In this method,
the model in EES (Engineering Equations Solver) is prepared for determine boiler efficiency, because
these method has a lots of calculation.
Dalam studi ini, pembangkit listrik tenaga lignit yang berlokasi di Turki dipertimbangkan dan
parameter yang mempengaruhi kinerja boiler diselidiki. Di antara parameter lainnya, pengaruh kadar
air bahan bakar dan koefisien udara berlebih dipertimbangkan dan pengaruhnya terhadap efisiensi
boiler dihitung dengan menggunakan metode tidak langsung dalam standar EN 12952-15 [7]. Dalam
metode ini, model dalam EES (Engineering Equations Solver) disiapkan untuk menentukan efisiensi
boiler, karena metode ini memiliki banyak perhitungan.
CALCULATION PROCEDURE
The calculation procedure for determination of boiler efficiency by using indirect method is
obtained from EN 12952-15 standard [7].
PROSEDUR PERHITUNGAN
Prosedur perhitungan untuk penentuan efisiensi boiler dengan menggunakan metode tidak
langsung diperoleh dari standar EN 12952-15 [7].
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Boiler efficiency
Boiler efficiency is determined by using indirect method and is calculated as follows:
Efisiensi boiler
Efisiensi boiler ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode tidak langsung dan dihitung sebagai
berikut:
(1)
Total heat input ( Ztot ) consist of a combination of ZF ve Z.
Total heat input ( Ztot ) terdiri dari kombinasi ZF ve Z.
(2)
The heat proportional to fuel burned input by means of air combustion heat, fuel and atomizing
steam heat is estimated as given bellow:
Panas sebanding dengan input pembakaran bahan bakar dengan cara panas pembakaran udara,
bahan bakar dan panas uap atomisasi diperkirakan seperti yang diberikan di bawah ini:
(3)
(4)
(5)
Heat credits can be determined by considering the pulverizer power, recirculating gas fan power,
power of circulating pumps and any other drive motors. Moreover, if it is possible to measure
atomizing steam flow the atomizing steam heat can be added to heat credits.
Kredit panas dapat ditentukan dengan mempertimbangkan daya pulverizer, daya kipas gas resirkulasi,
daya pompa sirkulasi, dan motor penggerak lainnya. Selain itu, jika memungkinkan untuk mengukur
aliran uap atomisasi, panas uap atomisasi dapat ditambahkan ke kredit panas.
(6)
It should be noted that the heat input by steam from an external source supplying steam air
heater inside the envelope boundary ( ) are neglected.
Perlu dicatat bahwa input panas oleh uap dari sumber eksternal yang memasok pemanas
udara uap di dalam batas amplop ( ) diabaikan.
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Losses are classified as flue gas losses, losses due to unburned CO, losses due to enthalpy and
unburned combustibles in slag and flue dust and losses due to radiation and convection. These losses
are estimated by using following equations:
Kerugian diklasifikasikan sebagai kehilangan gas buang, kerugian karena CO yang tidak terbakar,
kerugian karena entalpi dan bahan yang tidak terbakar dalam terak dan debu buang dan kerugian
karena radiasi dan konveksi. Kerugian ini diperkirakan dengan menggunakan persamaan berikut:
(7)
If it is possible to measure flue gas mass flow directly, it can be calculated as follows:
Jika dimungkinkan untuk mengukur aliran massa gas buang secara langsung, dapat dihitung
sebagai berikut:
(8)
(9)
Loss due to unburned CO calculated as follows:
Kerugian akibat CO yang tidak terbakar dihitung sebagai berikut:
(10)
(11)
1
(12)
(13)
Since the amount of unburned combustibles in slag and flue dust is very small so they are
neglected.
Karena jumlah bahan mudah terbakar yang tidak terbakar dalam terak dan debu buang sangat
kecil, sehingga mereka diabaikan.
(14)
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(15)
The radiation and convection heat loss is determined as follows:
Kehilangan panas radiasi dan konveksi ditentukan sebagai berikut:
(16)
RESULTS AND CONCLUSİON

Çan Thermal Power Plant is located in Zonguldak, Turkey and it has a fluidized bed boiler
having capacity of 462 steam ton per hour and efficiency of 92%. The content of lignite used in the
power plant is given in Table 2[8].
Assumed parameter for the analysis of boiler efficiency is given in Table 1[9].
HASIL DAN CONCLUSİON

Çan Thermal Power Plant terletak di Zonguldak, Turki dan memiliki boiler unggun terfluidisasi
yang memiliki kapasitas 462 ton uap per jam dan efisiensi 92%. Kandungan lignit yang digunakan
dalam pembangkit listrik diberikan pada Tabel 2[8].
Parameter yang diasumsikan untuk analisis efisiensi boiler diberikan pada Tabel 1[9].
Table 1. Assumed parameters for the analysis of boiler efficiency[9]
Parameters Value
The ratio of unburned to supplied fuel mass flows (l u) 0
Specific heat of combustion air (cpA) 1,011 kj/kgK
Specific heat of fuel (cF) 1,26 kj/kgK
The reference temperature (tr) 25oC
Fuel temperature (tF) 15C
The enthalpy of atomizing steam due to NCV calculation (h AS) 770 kj/kg
The mass of atomizing steam (μAS) 7,56 kg/s
The fuel mass flow ( F) 35,714 kg/s
The flue gas mass flow ( G) 196,02 kg/s
The flue gas temperature (tG ) 138 C
The volatile matter content of fuel ( )
The mass of H2O in fuel by fuel mass ( )
The ash content of fuel ( ) 0,32
The enthalpy of combustion air due to NCV calculation ( ) −46,71 kW
The pulverizer power; the recirculating gas fan power; the power of any other 7000 kW
motors; (PM +
PUG + P)
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The heat input by steam from an external source supplying steam air heater inside (neglected)
the envelope boundary ( )
The integral specific heat between tG and tr of flue gas ( ) 1,196 kJ/kgK
CV of carbon monoxide HCOn 12633 kJ/m3
The O2 content measured in dry flue gas Y o2d 0,03
The flue gas volume (STP condition) (V God) 2,781 m3/kg
The dry flue gas volume (V Gd ) 0,4651 m3/kg
Tabel 1. Parameter yang diasumsikan untuk analisis efisiensi boiler[9]
Parameter Nilai
Rasio aliran massa bahan bakar yang tidak terbakar terhadap pasokan (l u) 0
Panas spesifik udara pembakaran (cpA) 1.011 kJ/kg
Panas spesifik bahan bakar (cF) 1,26 kJ/kg
Suhu referensi (tr) 25oC
Suhu bahan bakar (tF) 15C
Entalpi uap atomisasi akibat perhitungan NCV (h AS) 770 kJ/kg
Massa uap atomisasi (μAS) 7,56 kg/dtk
Aliran massa bahan bakar ( F) 35.714 kg/dtk
Aliran massa gas buang ( G) 196,02 kg/dtk
Suhu gas buang (tG ) 138 C
Kandungan bahan bakar yang mudah menguap ( )
Massa H2O dalam bahan bakar menurut massa bahan bakar ( )
Kadar abu bahan bakar ( ) 0,32
Entalpi udara pembakaran akibat perhitungan NCV ( ) −46,71 kW
Kekuatan pulverizer; daya kipas gas resirkulasi; kekuatan motor lain; (P M + 7000 kW
PUG + P)
Input panas oleh uap dari sumber eksternal yang memasok pemanas udara uap di (diabaikan)
dalam batas amplop ( )
Panas spesifik integral antara tG dan tr gas buang ( ) 1,196 kJ/kgK
CV karbon monoksida HCOn 12633 kJ/m3
KandunganO2 diukur dalam gas buang kering Y o2d 0,03
Volume gas buang (kondisi STP) (V God) 2.781 m3/kg
Volume gas buang kering (V Gd ) 0,4651 m3/kg
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Table 2. Çan Thermal Power Plants lignite analysis[8]
Content (%)
Ash 32
Moisture 22
Fixed Carbon 58
Total Sulfur 4,5
Oxygen 3
Tabel 2. Analisis lignit Çan Thermal Power Plants[8]
Puas (%)
Abu 32
Kelembaban 22
Karbon Tetap 58
Total Sulfur 4,5
Oksigen 3
Table 3 shows the effect of moisture content on boiler efficiency. The reduce in boiler
efficiency is calculated by using Eq. (x)-(x). It can be seen that boiler efficiency is decreased with the
increment of moisture content because of lower heating value reduction.
Tabel 3 menunjukkan pengaruh kadar air terhadap efisiensi boiler. Penurunan efisiensi boiler
dihitung dengan menggunakan Eq. (x)-(x). Dapat dilihat bahwa efisiensi boiler menurun dengan
peningkatan kadar air karena pengurangan nilai kalor yang lebih rendah.
Table 3. The effect of moisture content on boiler efficiency
XH2O XH2O Hu Hu reduction ηk ηk reduction

increment
(%) (%) (kJ/kg) (%) (%) (%)
0 0.22 10505 0.00 0.92 0.00
1 0.23 10177 0.03 0.92 0.30
5 0.27 8865 0.16 0.91 1.70
10 0.32 7226 0.31 0.88 4.11
15 0.37 5586 0.47 0.85 7.83
20 0.42 3946 0.62 0.79 14.28
25 0.47 2306 0.78 0.66 28.25
Figure 1 represents the effect of moisture content on lower heating value. It can be understand that
the
lower heating value decreased 78.05% for 25% increment of moisture content.
Tabel 3. Pengaruh kadar air pada efisiensi boiler
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University (YTU), Yildiz, Besiktas, Istanbul 34349, Turkey
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XH2O XH2O Hu Pengurangan K ηk reduksi

meningkat Hu
(%) (%) (kJ/kg) (%) (%) (%)
0 0.22 10505 0.00 0.92 0.00
1 0.23 10177 0.03 0.92 0.30
5 0.27 8865 0.16 0.91 1.70
10 0.32 7226 0.31 0.88 4.11
15 0.37 5586 0.47 0.85 7.83
20 0.42 3946 0.62 0.79 14.28
25 0.47 2306 0.78 0.66 28.25
Gambar 1 mewakili pengaruh kadar air pada nilai kalor yang lebih rendah. Dapat dipahami bahwa
Nilai kalor yang lebih rendah menurun 78,05% untuk kenaikan kadar air 25%.
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0 ,4 0,45 0, 5
moisture content(%)
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12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 ,2 0 ,25 0 ,3 0 ,35 0 ,4 0 ,45 0 ,5
Figure 1. The effect of moisture content on lower heating value

Gambar 1. Pengaruh kadar air pada nilai kalor yang lebih rendah
Figure 2 depicts the the effect of moisture content on boiler efficiency. It is clear that boiler
efficiency decreased 28.25% for increment in moisture content 25%.
Gambar 2 menggambarkan pengaruh kadar air terhadap efisiensi boiler. Jelas bahwa efisiensi
boiler menurun 28,25% untuk kenaikan kadar air 25%.
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5
moisture content (%)
Figure 2. The effect of moisture content on boiler efficiency
Table 4 shows the effect of excess air mass increment on boiler efficiency. The reduce in
boiler efficiency is calculated by using Eq. (x)-(x). It can be seen that boiler efficiency is decreased with
the increment of excess air mass because of total loss amounts increment.
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1
0,9
0,8
0,7
0 ,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0,2 0,25 0,3 0 ,35 0,4 0,45 0,5
Gambar 2. Pengaruh kadar air pada efisiensi boiler
Tabel 4 menunjukkan pengaruh kenaikan massa udara berlebih terhadap efisiensi boiler.
Penurunan efisiensi boiler dihitung dengan menggunakan Eq. (x)-(x). Dapat dilihat bahwa efisiensi
boiler menurun dengan bertambahnya massa udara berlebih karena peningkatan jumlah kerugian
total.
Table 4. The effect of excess air mass increment on boiler efficiency
EAC increment EAC QLtot ηk ηk reduction

(%) (kW) (%) (%)
0 1.17 30.96 0.92 0.00
1 2.17 31.23 0.92 0.07
5 6.17 32.29 0.92 0.37
10 11.17 33.61 0.91 0.73
15 16.17 34.94 0.91 1.10
20 21.17 36.26 0.91 1.46
25 26.17 37.58 0.90 1.83
30 31.17 38.91 0.90 2.19
Figure 3 shows that the effect of excess air coefficient on boiler efficiency. It can be understand that
boiler efficiency decreased 2.19% for 30 % increment of the excess air coefficient.
Tabel 4. Pengaruh kenaikan massa udara berlebih pada efisiensi boiler
Peningkatan EAC EAC QLtot K η k reduksi

(%) (kW) (%) (%)
0 1.17 30.96 0.92 0.00
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1 2.17 31.23 0.92 0.07

5 6.17 32.29 0.92 0.37
10 11.17 33.61 0.91 0.73
15 16.17 34.94 0.91 1.10
20 21.17 36.26 0.91 1.46
25 26.17 37.58 0.90 1.83
30 31.17 38.91 0.90 2.19
Gambar 3 menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh koefisien udara berlebih terhadap efisiensi boiler. Dapat
dipahami bahwa Efisiensi boiler menurun 2,19% untuk kenaikan 30% dari koefisien udara berlebih.
0,925
0,92
0,915
0,91
0,905
0,9 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
excess air coefficient (-)
Figure 3. The effect of increase in excess air coefficient on boiler efficiency
0,925
0,92
0,915
0,91
0,905
0,9 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
koefisien udara berlebih (-)
1Departemen Teknik Mesin, Universitas Teknik Yildiz (YTU), Yildiz, Besiktas, Istanbul 34349, Turki
Surel: pcelen@yildiz.edu.tr
Gambar 3. Pengaruh peningkatan koefisien udara berlebih terhadap efisiensi boiler
CONCLUSION
In this study the effects of increment moisture content of fuel and excess air coefficient on boiler efficiency
is determined by using indirect method. The following results are obtained:
• The lower heating value decreased from 10505 kJ/kg to 2306 kJ/kg with the increment of moisture
content of lignite up to 25%.
• Increment of moisture content of lignite resulted in reduction of lower heating value so boiler efficiency
decreased from 0.92 to 0.66.
• The boiler efficiency decreased from 0.92 to 0.90 with the increment of excess air coefficient up to 25%.
• Increment of excess air coefficient increased total losses.
• Increment of moisture content has significant effect on boiler efficiency compared to excess air
coefficient.
KESIMPULAN
Pada penelitian ini pengaruh kenaikan kadar air bahan bakar dan koefisien udara berlebih terhadap
efisiensi boiler ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode tidak langsung. Hasil berikut diperoleh:
• Nilai kalor yang lebih rendah menurun dari 10505 kJ/kg menjadi 2306 kJ/kg dengan kenaikan kadar air
lignit hingga 25%.
• Peningkatan kadar air lignit mengakibatkan penurunan nilai kalor yang lebih rendah sehingga efisiensi
boiler menurun dari 0,92 menjadi 0,66.
• Efisiensi boiler menurun dari 0,92 menjadi 0,90 dengan kenaikan koefisien udara berlebih hingga 25%.
• Peningkatan koefisien udara berlebih meningkatkan total kerugian.
• Peningkatan kadar air berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi boiler dibandingkan dengan koefisien
udara berlebih.
TERMINOLOGI
cF Specific heat of fuel,

cpA Specific heat of combustion air
cPG The integral specific heat between tG and tr of flue gas
cpSL The specific heat of slag;
cFA The specific heat of flue dust
hAS The enthalpy of atomizing steam due to NCV calculation.
hfuel Yakıtın entalpisi
HUU The NCV of unburned combustibles
HK the NCV of fuel at reference temperature tr;
HCOn The CV per m3 of carbon monoxide,
JA The enthalpy of combustion air due to NCV calculation
lU The ratio of unburned to supplied fuel mass flows
ṁ F The fuel mass flow;
ṁ AS The atomizing mass steam flow
ṁ G The flue gas mass flow
ṁ FA The flue dust mass flow
ṁ SL The slag mass flow
µ̇ A The combustion air mass to fuel mass ratio

µAS The mass of atomizing steam
PM Pulverizer and fan power
PUG Recirculating gas fan power
P Other electric power
tA The air temperature at envelope boundary
tSL Cüruf sıcaklığı
tG The flue gas temperature
tr The reference temperature
tF Fuel temperature
tSL The slag temperature
uSL The unburned combustibles content of slag
uFA The unburned combustibles
VGod Flue gas volume (STP condition),
VGd The dry flue gas volume
YO2d The oxygen content of dry flue gas
YO2ad The oxygen content of dry air (= 0,20938 m3/m3)
YCOd The CO content by volume of dry flue gas
Q̇ Ztot Total heat input
Q̇ Z Heat credits
Q̇ Ltot Total losses
Q̇ ZF Heat input proportional to fuel burned

Q̇ RC Losses due to radiation and convection
Q̇ CO Loss due to unburned CO
Q̇ 𝐺 The flue gas losses
B Boiler efficiency,
H20 Moisture content of fuel
cF Panas spesifik bahan bakar,

cpA Panas spesifik udara pembakaran
cPG Panas spesifik integral antara t G dan tr gas buang
cpSL Panas spesifik terak;
cFA Panas spesifik debu buang
hAS Entalpi uap atomisasi karena perhitungan NCV. hbahan
bakar Yakıtın entalpisi
HUU NCV bahan mudah terbakar yang tidak terbakar
HK NCV bahan bakar pada suhu referensi tr;
HCOn CV per m3 karbon monoksida,
JA Entalpi udara pembakaran karena perhitungan NCV
lU Rasio aliran massa bahan bakar yang tidak terbakar terhadap yang dipasok
ṁ F Aliran massa bahan bakar;
ṁ AS Aliran uap massa atomisasi
ṁ G Aliran massa gas buang
ṁ FA Aliran massa debu buang
ṁ SL Aliran massa terak
μ̇ A Rasio massa udara pembakaran terhadap massa bahan bakar
μAS Massa uap atomisasi
PM Pulverizer dan daya kipas
PUG Daya kipas gas resirkulasi

P Tenaga listrik lainnya
tA Suhu udara pada batas amplop
tSL Cüruf sıcaklığı
tG Suhu gas buang
tr Suhu referensi
tF Suhu bahan bakar
tSL Suhu terak
uSL Kandungan terak yang mudah terbakar yang tidak terbakar
uFA Kandungan debu cerobong asap yang tidak terbakar
V God Flue gas volume (kondisi STP),
VGd Volume gas buang kering
YO2d Kandungan oksigen dari gas buang kering
YO2ad Kandungan oksigen udara kering (= 0,20938
m3/m3) YCOd Kandungan CO berdasarkan volume gas buang
kering
Q̇ Ztot Total input panas
Q̇ Z Kredit panas
Q̇ Ltot Total kerugian
Q̇ ZFInput panas sebanding dengan bahan bakar yang terbakar

Q̇ RC Kerugian akibat radiasi dan konveksi
Q̇ CO Kerugian karena CO yang tidak terbakar
Q̇ G Kehilangan gas buang
B Efisiensi boiler ,
H20 Kadar air bahan bakar
ICAME2017
REFERENCES
[1] J. Oman, A. Senegačnik, & B. Dejanovič, ‘’Influence of lignite composition on thermal power plant
performance Part 1: Theoretical survey’’, Energy Conversion & Management, (2000).
[2] M. S., Bhatt, ‘’Effect of air ingress on the energy performance of coal fired thermal power plants’’,
Energy Conversion and Management, (2006).
[3] Y., Huang, J.T., McMullan, B.C., Williams, ‘’Influences of coal type on the performance of a
pressurized fluidized bed combustion power plant’’, Fuel, (2000).
[4] Saidur R., Saidurn, J.U., Ahamed, H.H. Masjuki, ’’ Energy, exergy and economic analysis of industrial
boilers’ ‘Energy Policy, (2010).
[5] Chetan T. Patel, Dr. Bhavesh K. Patel, Vijay K. Patel, ‘’ Efficiency with different GCV of coal and
efficiency improvement opportunity in boiler’’, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology, (2013).
[6] A. Ashokkumar, ‘’ Improvement of Boiler Efficiency in Thermal Power Plants’’, Middle-East Journal
of Scientific Research, (2012)
[7] TS EN 12952-15, (2007). Su Borulu Kazanlar Ve Yardımcı Tesisatları Bölüm 15: Kabul Testi, Türk
Standardları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
[8] Z., Oktay, ‘’Investigation of coal-fired power plants in Turkey and a case study: Can plant’’, Applied
Thermal Engineering, (2008).
[9] P. Celen, ‘’ Enerji Dönüşüm Santrallarinda Performansin Belirlenmesi Ve Değerlendirilmesi
Yöntemleri’’ Master Thesis, Yildiz Technical University, (2013).
REFERENSI
[1] J. Oman, A. Senegačnik, & B. Dejanovič, ''Pengaruh komposisi lignit pada kinerja pembangkit listrik termal
Bagian 1: Survei teoritis'', Konversi & Manajemen Energi , (2000).
[2] MS, Bhatt, ''Pengaruh masuknya udara pada kinerja energi pembangkit listrik termal berbahan bakar
batubara'', Konversi dan Manajemen Energi, (2006).
[3] Y., Huang, JT, McMullan, BC, Williams, ''Pengaruh jenis batubara pada kinerja pembangkit listrik pembakara n
fluidized bed bertekanan'', Bahan bakar, (2000).
[4] Saidur R., Saidurn, JU, Ahamed, HH Masjuki, '' Energi, exergy dan analisis ekonomi boiler industri 'Kebijakan
Energi, (2010).
[5] Chetan T. Patel, Dr. Bhavesh K. Patel, Vijay K. Patel, '' Efisiensi dengan GCV yang berbeda dari batubara dan
peluang peningkatan efisiensi dalam boiler '', International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology, (2013).
[6] A. Ashokkumar, '' Peningkatan Efisiensi Boiler di Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas '', Jurnal Penelitian Ilmiah
Timur Tengah , (2012)
[7] TS EN 12952-15, (2007). Boiler Tabung Air dan Instalasi Tambahan Bagian 15: Uji Penerimaan , Institut
Standar Turki, Ankara.
[8] Z., Oktay, ''Investigasi pembangkit listrik tenaga batu bara di Turki dan studi kasus: Can plant'', Teknik Termal
Terapan, (2008).
[9] P. Celen, ''Metode Penentuan dan Evaluasi Kinerja dalam Pembangkit Listrik Konversi Energi'' Tesis Master ,
Yildiz Technical University, (2013).
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University (YTU), Yildiz, Besiktas, Istanbul 34349, Turkey mail:
pcelen@yildiz.edu.tr
ICAME2017
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University (YTU), Yildiz, Besiktas, Istanbul 34349, Turkey mail:
pcelen@yildiz.edu.tr

Muh - Ali Juniarto

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A CASE STUDY FOR CALCULATION OF BOILER EFFICIENCY BY USING INDIRECT

STUDI KASUS PERHITUNGAN EFISIENSI BOILER DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN

Hasan Hüseyin Erdem

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

3Rd KONFERENSI TENTANG KEMAJUAN TEKNIK MESIN ISTANBUL 2017 - ICAME2017

A CASE STUDY FOR CALCULATION OF BOILER EFFICIENCY BY USING

Keywords: Boiler Efficiency, Indirect Method, Moisture Content, Power Plant

3Rd KONFERENSI TENTANG KEMAJUAN TEKNIK MESIN ISTANBUL 2017 - ICAME2017

3Rd KONFERENSI TENTANG KEMAJUAN TEKNIK MESIN ISTANBUL 2017 - ICAME2017

3Rd KONFERENSI TENTANG KEMAJUAN TEKNIK MESIN ISTANBUL 2017 - ICAME2017

Total heat input ( Ztot ) consist of a combination of ZF ve Z.

Total heat input ( Ztot ) terdiri dari kombinasi ZF ve Z.

3Rd KONFERENSI TENTANG KEMAJUAN TEKNIK MESIN ISTANBUL 2017 - ICAME2017

Loss due to unburned CO calculated as follows:

Kerugian akibat CO yang tidak terbakar dihitung sebagai berikut:

3Rd KONFERENSI TENTANG KEMAJUAN TEKNIK MESIN ISTANBUL 2017 - ICAME2017

The radiation and convection heat loss is determined as follows:

Kehilangan panas radiasi dan konveksi ditentukan sebagai berikut:

RESULTS AND CONCLUSİON

HASIL DAN CONCLUSİON

Table 1. Assumed parameters for the analysis of boiler efficiency[9]

3Rd KONFERENSI TENTANG KEMAJUAN TEKNIK MESIN ISTANBUL 2017 - ICAME2017

Tabel 1. Parameter yang diasumsikan untuk analisis efisiensi boiler[9]

Table 2. Çan Thermal Power Plants lignite analysis[8]

Tabel 2. Analisis lignit Çan Thermal Power Plants[8]

Table 3. The effect of moisture content on boiler efficiency

XH2O XH2O Hu Hu reduction ηk ηk reduction

Tabel 3. Pengaruh kadar air pada efisiensi boiler

XH2O XH2O Hu Pengurangan K ηk reduksi

Figure 1. The effect of moisture content on lower heating value

Figure 2. The effect of moisture content on boiler efficiency

Gambar 2. Pengaruh kadar air pada efisiensi boiler

Table 4. The effect of excess air mass increment on boiler efficiency

EAC increment EAC QLtot ηk ηk reduction

Tabel 4. Pengaruh kenaikan massa udara berlebih pada efisiensi boiler

Peningkatan EAC EAC QLtot K η k reduksi

1 2.17 31.23 0.92 0.07

Figure 3. The effect of increase in excess air coefficient on boiler efficiency

koefisien udara berlebih (-)

Gambar 3. Pengaruh peningkatan koefisien udara berlebih terhadap efisiensi boiler

cF Specific heat of fuel,

µ̇ A The combustion air mass to fuel mass ratio

Q̇ ZF Heat input proportional to fuel burned

cF Panas spesifik bahan bakar,

PUG Daya kipas gas resirkulasi

Q̇ ZFInput panas sebanding dengan bahan bakar yang terbakar

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