CHAPTER MECHANICS OF

4 MATERIALS

Pure Bending

Dr. Atta ur Rehman Shah

(atta.shah@hitecuni.edu.pk)
Website: https://sites.google.com/view/atta85

Courtesy: © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Pure Bending
Pure Bending Example 4.03
Other Loading Types Reinforced Concrete Beams
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending Sample Problem 4.4
Bending Deformations Stress Concentrations
Strain Due to Bending
Beam Section Properties
Properties of American Standard Shapes
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
Sample Problem 4.2
Bending of Members Made of Several
Materials
Example 4.03
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Sample Problem 4.4

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Pure Bending

Pure Bending: Prismatic members

subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Other Loading Types

• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which

does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple

• Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple

• Principle of Superposition: The normal

stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

• Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent
to a couple. The moment of the couple is the
section bending moment.
• From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
• The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
• The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
• These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
Fx    x dA  0
M y   z x dA  0
M z    y x dA  M

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
• member remains symmetric
• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
• stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,

L    y 
  L  L    y      y
 y y
x     (strain varies linearly)
L  
c c
m  or ρ 
 m
y
x   m
c

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Stress Due to Bending

• For a linearly elastic material,
y
 x  E x   E m
c
y
   m (stress varies linearly)
c

• For static equilibrium,

• For static equilibrium,
y
Fx  0    x dA     m dA  y 
c M    y x dA    y   m  dA
 c 

0   m  y dA   I
c M  m  y 2 dA  m
c c
First moment with respect to neutral Mc M
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral m  
I S
surface must pass through the
y
section centroid. Substituti ng  x    m
c
My
x  
I
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Beam Section Properties

• The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
m  
I S
I  section moment of inertia
I
S   section modulus
c
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress
• Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
1 3
I 12 bh
S   16 bh3  16 Ah
c h2

Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
• Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Properties of American Standard Shapes

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

• Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1   1 Mc
 m  m 
 c Ec Ec I
M

EI

• Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,
y y
 y   x   z   x 
 

• Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
1 
  anticlastic curvature
 

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
• Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y 
 yA
A

I x   I  A d 2 
• Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
Mc
m 
I
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165 • Calculate the curvature
GPa and neglecting the effects of 1 M

fillets, determine (a) the maximum  EI
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20  90  1800 50 90 103
2 40  30  1200 20 24 103
3
 A  3000  yA  114 10

3
 yA 114 10
Y    38 mm
A 3000

  
I x   I  A d 2   12
1 bh3  A d 2 
 
1 90  203  1800 122  1 30  403  1200  182
 12 12

I  868 103 mm  868 10-9 m 4

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 4.2

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m 
I
M c A 3 kN  m  0.022 m  A  76.0 MPa
A  
I 868 109 mm 4
M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m
B     B  131.3 MPa
I 868 109 mm 4

• Calculate the curvature

1 M

 EI
3 kN  m 1
 20.95 103 m-1
165 GPa 868 10-9 m 4 


  47.7 m

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

• Consider a composite beam formed from
two materials with E1 and E2.
• Normal strain varies linearly.
y
x  

• Piecewise linear normal stress variation.
E1 y E2 y
1  E1 x    2  E2 x  
 
Neutral axis does not pass through
section centroid of composite section.
• Elemental forces on the section are
Ey E y
dF1   1dA   1 dA dF2   2dA   2 dA
 
My
x   • Define a transformed section such that
I
1   x  2  n x dF2  
nE1  y dA   E1 y n dA E
n 2
  E1

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.03
Bar is made from bonded pieces of
steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass
(Eb = 15x106 psi). Determine the
maximum stress in the steel and
brass when a moment of 40 kip*in
is applied.
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
• Evaluate the cross sectional properties of
the transformed section
• Calculate the maximum stress in the
transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
• Determine the maximum stress in the
steel portion of the bar by multiplying
the maximum stress for the transformed
section by the ratio of the moduli of
elasticity.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 29 106 psi
n   1.933
Eb 15 106 psi
bT  0.4 in  1.933  0.75 in  0.4 in  2.25 in

• Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

1 b h3  1 2.25 in.3 in 3
I  12 T 12
 5.063 in 4

• Calculate the maximum stresses

Mc 40 kip  in 1.5 in 
m   4
 11.85 ksi
I 5.063 in

 b max   m  b max  11.85 ksi

 s max  n m  1.933 11.85 ksi  s max  22.9 ksi

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Reinforced Concrete Beams

• Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
• The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below
the neutral surface. The upper part of the
concrete beam carries the compressive load.
• In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
• To determine the location of the neutral axis,
bx  x  n As d  x   0
2
1 b x2  n As x  n As d  0
2

• The normal stress in the concrete and steel

My
x  
I
c   x  s  n x

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 4.4

SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.

• Evaluate geometric properties of

transformed section.

• Calculate the maximum stresses

in the concrete and steel.

A concrete floor slab is reinforced with

5/8-in-diameter steel rods. The modulus
of elasticity is 29x106psi for steel and
3.6x106psi for concrete. With an applied
bending moment of 40 kip*in for 1-ft
width of the slab, determine the maximum
stress in the concrete and steel.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 4.4

SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
Es 29 106 psi
n   8.06
Ec 3.6 106 psi


 
nAs  8.06  24 85 in   4.95 in 2
2


• Evaluate the geometric properties of the

transformed section.
 x
12 x   4.954  x   0 x  1.450 in
 2
 
I  13 12 in 1.45 in 3  4.95 in 2 2.55 in 2  44.4 in 4

• Calculate the maximum stresses.

Mc1 40 kip  in 1.45 in
c    c  1.306 ksi
I 44.4 in 4
Mc 40 kip  in  2.55 in
 s  n 2  8.06  s  18.52 ksi
I 44.4 in 4

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Problem 4.58
A steel pipe and an aluminum pipe are securely bonded together to form the
composite beam shown. The modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa for the steel and 70
GPa for the aluminum. Knowing that the composite beam is bent by a couple of
moment 500 N.m, determine the maximum stress (a) in the aluminum, (b) in the
steel.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Problem 4.55
Five metal strips, each 0.5 x 1.5-in. cross section, are bonded together to form the
composite beam shown. The modulus of elasticity is 30 x 106 psi for the steel, 15
x 106 psi for the brass, and 10 x 106 psi for the aluminum. Knowing that the beam
is bent about a horizontal axis by a couple of moment 12 kip.in., determine (a) the
maximum stress in each of the three metals, (b) the radius of curvature of the
composite beam.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Problem 4.57
The composite beam shown is formed by bonding together a brass rod and an
aluminum rod of semicircular cross sections. The modulus of elasticity is 15 x 106
psi for the brass and 10 x 106 psi for the aluminum. Knowing that the composite
beam is bent about a horizontal axis by couples of moment 8 kip.in., determine
the maximum stress (a) in the brass, (b) in the aluminum.

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