ANATOMY &

PHSIOLOGY WITH
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
KARL JOSHUA C. CARIÑO, LPT, RPH, CPH
Human Body
Chapter 1
Learning Outcome/Objective
After the lesson, the learners expected to:
1. Define on your own words Anatomy and Physiology

2. Describe the different levels of structural organizations of the

body and give an example of each

3. Identify the different body systems and state one function

4. Identify the different regional terminologies used in denoting

different body parts

5. Describe the different characteristics of life.

6. Compare and contrast Positive and Negative Feedback

Mechanism
 Introduction
○ Anatomy: the study of the structure of the body
○ Physiology: the study of the function of the body
parts
○ Pathology: the study of the disease of the body
○ Basic reference systems
- Directions, planes, cavities, structural units
Terms of Direction
 Terms of Direction
Term Definition
Toward the end or upper part of a structure or
Superior
the body
Away from the head end or toward the lower
Inferior
part of a structure
Anterior (Ventral) Toward or at the front of the body
Posterior (Dorsal ) Toward or at the back side of the body
Medial Toward the Midline of the body
Lateral Away from the midline of the body
Close to the origin of the body part or point of
Proximal
attachment
Distal Farther from the origin of the body
Planes
Cavities
 Cavities
❑ Dorsal
❑ Cranial, spinal
❑ Ventral
❑ Thoracic, abdominopelvic
❑ Parietal: walls of a cavity
❑ Visceral: covering on an organ
 Structure Unit

1. Cells
2. Tissue
3. Organs
4. Organ-System
5. Organism
 Cells
➢ Smallest units of life
➢ Perform all activities necessary to maintain life
- Metabolism, assimilation, digestion,
excretion, reproduction
 Tissues

❑ Made up of different types of cells

Epithelial: covers and protects
Connective: binds and supports other
tissues
Muscle: movement
Nervous: connects sensory structures to
motor structures
 Organs
➢ Cells integrated into tissues
➢ Serve a common function
Examples: Liver & Stomach

➢ System is a group of organs

Organ-System
Organ-System
Organ-System
Organ-System
 Characteristics Of Life
❑ Organization:
▪ functional interrelationships between parts
a. Metabolism:
▪ sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an
organism
▪ ability to acquire and use energy in support of these
changes
b. Responsiveness:
▪ ability to sense and respond to environmental changes
▪ includes both internal and external environments
 Characteristics Of Life
c. Growth:
▪ can increase in size
▪ size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials
d. Development:
▪ changes in form and size
▪ changes in cell structure and function from generalized
to specialized—differentiation
e. Reproduction:
▪ formation of new cells or new organisms
▪ generation of new individuals
▪ tissue repair
 Homeostasis
❑ Maintenance of the body’s internal
environment
-Within varying narrow limits
❑ Negative feedback loop
❑ Examples
Blood sugar levels
Body temperature
 Homeostasis
❑ Body monitors deviations in homeostasis
❑ Negative feedback loop
- Responses that revise disturbances to body’s condition
❑ Positive feedback
- Increase in function in response to stimulus
- Uterine contractions during labor
❑ Organ systems help control internal environment
 Homeostasis

(a) In negative feedback, the response stops the effector. (b) In

positive feedback, the response keeps the reaction going.