Light Sample Size Mean Sum of Squares Between Sum of Squares Within

Condition Question (ni) (xi_bar) Groups (SSB) Groups (SSW)

SSB_red_light = SSW_red_light =
Red Light Q1 3 2.5 1.791666667 0.1666666667

Red Light Q2 3 1.5

Red Light Q3 3 0.875

Red Light Q4 3 2

Red Light Q5 3 3

Red Light Q6 3 3

Red Light Q7 3 3

Red Light Q8 3 3

SSW_no_light =
No Light Q1 3 1.25 SSB_no_light = 1.069444444 0.2083333333

No Light Q2 3 2

No Light Q3 3 0

No Light Q4 3 1

No Light Q5 3 2

No Light Q6 3 1

No Light Q7 3 1

No Light Q8 3 1.666666667

SSB_orange_light = SSW_orange_light =
Orange Light Q1 3 0.25 0.7013888889 0.0694444444

Orange Light Q2 3 2

Orange Light Q3 3 1.25

Orange Light Q4 3 1.333333333

Orange Light Q5 3 1

Orange Light Q6 3 1

Orange Light Q7 3 1.333333333

Orange Light Q8 3 1

Null hypothesis (H0): The means of the different light conditions for each question are equal.

Alternative hypothesis (Ha): The means of the different light conditions for at least one question are not
equal.

To test the hypotheses, we perform an F-test using the calculated values of SSB and SSW. The F-statistic
is calculated as:

F = (SSB / (k - 1)) / (SSW / (N – k

First, we need to calculate the degrees of freedom for the numerator (dfn) and the denominator (dfd)
for the F-distribution.

The degrees of freedom for the numerator (dfn) is equal to the number of groups minus 1.

dfn = k - 1

The degrees of freedom for the denominator (dfd) is equal to the total number of observations minus
the number of groups.

dfd = N - k

In our case, we have three groups (Red Light, No Light, and Orange Light) and a total of 24 observations.

dfn = 3 - 1 = 2

dfd = 24 - 3 = 21

Next, we calculate the mean sum of squares between groups (MSB) and the mean sum of squares within
groups (MSW).

MSB = SSB / dfn

MSW = SSW / dfd

For Red Light:

MSB_red_light = 1.791666667 / 2

MSW_red_light = 0.1666666667 / 21

For No Light:

MSB_no_light = 1.069444444 / 2

MSW_no_light = 0.2083333333 / 21

For Orange Light:

MSB_orange_light = 0.7013888889 / 2

MSW_orange_light = 0.0694444444 / 21

Now, we calculate the F-statistic:

F_red_light = MSB_red_light / MSW_red_light

F_no_light = MSB_no_light / MSW_no_light

F_orange_light = MSB_orange_light / MSW_orange_light

Finally, we compare the calculated F-statistic with the critical F-value at α = 0.05 and determine if we
reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.

The critical F-value for α = 0.05 with dfn = 2 and dfd = 21 is approximately 3.49 (from the F-distribution
table).

Comparing the F-statistics:

If F_red_light > 3.49, we reject the null hypothesis for the Red Light group.

If F_no_light > 3.49, we reject the null hypothesis for the No Light group.

If F_orange_light > 3.49, we reject the null hypothesis for the Orange Light group.

Dichotomy

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Total

Red Light 6 0 3 3 0 3 1 3 2 19

No Light 3 2 2 3 0 3 1 3 2 19

Orange Light 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 12

Total 10 3 8 7 1 8 3 7 5 50

Grand Mean (Xbar) 2 2 2.66 2.33 0.33 2.66 1.33 2.33 1.66 2

Sum of Squares (SS) Degrees of Freedom (df) Mean Square (MS)

Between 30.66 2 15.33

Within 58.33 27 2.16

Total 88 29 -

F-statistic Critical F-value (α=0.05)

7.10 3.36

Hypotheses:

H0 (Null Hypothesis): The means are equal for all light conditions and questions.

Ha (Alternative Hypothesis): At least one mean is different for the light conditions and questions.

Since the calculated F-statistic (7.10) is greater than the critical F-value (3.36) at a significance level of
α=0.05, we reject the null hypothesis. This means that there is evidence to suggest that at least one
mean is different among the light conditions and questions.