RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SECTIONS

 Tables are visual displays composed of columns and rows in which numbers,
text, or a combination of numbers and text are presented.

Table Components

 Number: The table number (e.g., Table 1) appears above the table title and
body in bold font. Number tables in the order in which they are mentioned
in your paper.

 Title: The table title appears one double-spaced line below the table number.
Give each table a brief but descriptive title, and capitalize the table title in
italic title case.

 Headings: Tables may include a variety of headings depending on the nature

and arrangement of the data. All tables should include column headings,
including a stub heading.

 Body: The table body includes all the rows and columns of a table (including
the headings row). A cell is the point of intersection between a row and a
column. The table body may be single-spaced, one-and-a-half-spaced, or
double-spaced. Left-align the information in the leftmost column or stub
column of the table body (but center the heading). In general, center
information in all other cells of the table. Left-align the information if doing
so would improve readability, particularly when cells contain lots of text.

 Note: Three types of notes (general, specific, and probability) appear below
the table as needed to describe contents of the table that cannot be
understood from the table title or body alone (e.g., definitions of
abbreviations, copyright attribution, explanations of asterisks used to
indicate p values).
Principles of Table Construction

 The most important principle to follow when creating a table is to present Move Sample Language
information in a way that is easy for readers to understand.
Summarizing main research findings These experiments confirmed that…X
 In general, place different indices (e.g., means and standard deviations) in made no significant difference to…This
different columns rather than in the same column. study has shown that…

 Use the same font in tables as in the rest of your paper.

Suggesting implications for the field The results of this study indicate that
Results and Discussion Sections of knowledge …These findings suggest that in general
…The findings of this study suggest that
 Results (What did you find?). Creating a results section involves
…
systematically presenting and describing the outcomes of the study.

 Discussion (What does it mean?). Discussion sections interpret the most Explaining significance or The study contributes to our
contribution of the study understanding of …These results add to
significant results as they help shed light on the study’s research questions.
the rapidly expanding field of …The
contribution of this study has been to
confirm …
End Matters and Preliminary Parts of the IMRaD Research Format
Acknowledging limitations A major limitation of this study is…Being
 Conclusion in IMRaD research format limited to X, this study lacks …The small
sample size did not allow…
 In IMRaD reports, conclusions often fall under the discussion section.
In some disciplines and journals, however, conclusions are separated
Providing recommendations for More research using controlled trials is
from discussions.
future research needed to …A further study could assess
the long-term effects of …Considerably
Move Sample Language more work will need to be done to
determine …
Restating the aims of the study The aim of the present research was to
examine …The purpose of the current Offering recommendations for Greater efforts are needed to ensure …
study was to determine …The main goal practice or policy These findings suggest several courses of
of the current study was to determine … action for … Continued efforts are
needed to make X more accessible to …
  Acknowledgment ELECTRONIC BOOK (either version of print book or electronic only):

 The acknowledgment for thesis is the section where you thank all Example:
people, institutions, and companies that helped you complete the
 Author Last name, First initial. (Year, if available). Title of
project successfully.
book (edition, if applicable). Publisher Name. DOI
 Bibliography or URL
 A bibliography generally entails the listing of books, articles,
 Brown, L.S. (2018). Feminist therapy (2nd ed.). Americal
journals, cultural objects and other study materials used to
Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000092-
compose a piece of academic writing or literary work.
00
BASIC FORMAT FOR A PRINT BOOK:
ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK:
 Author Last name, First initial. (Year of publication). Title of book. Publisher.
Example:
Example: ONE AUTHOR
 Author Last name, First initial. (Year). Title of article. In Editor First Initial.
 Tapscott, D. (1998). Growing up digital. McGraw-Hill. Last Name (Ed.), Title of book (page range). Publisher. DOI or URL
(if applicable)
Example: MULTIPLE AUTHORS
ARTICLE IN A PRINT JOURNAL:
 Hamer, D., & Copeland, P. (1998). Living with our genes. Doubleday.
Example:
Example: BOOK WITH MULTIPLE EDITIONS
 Author last name, first initial. (Year). Title of article. Name of
 Stark, R. (1998). Sociology (7th ed.). Wadsworth.
Periodical, Volume (issue number), Page number or range.
BASIC FORMAT FOR AN EDITED PRINT BOOK:
 Anderson, M. (2018). Getting consistent with
Example: consequences. Educational Leadership, 76(1), 26-33.
 Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of
ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE JOURNAL:
growing up poor. Russell Sage Foundation.
Example:

 Author last name, first initial. (Year). Title of article. Name of

Periodical, Volume (issue number), Page number or range. DOI or URL.
ENTRY IN AN ONLINE REFERENCE WORK, SINGLE AUTHOR STREAMING VIDEO

Example: Example:

 Author Last name, First initial. (Year). Name of the article. In Editor Name  University of Oxford. (2018, December 6). How do geckos walk on
(Ed.), Title of encyclopedia/larger work (Edition). Publisher water? [Video]. YouTube.
Name. URL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= qm1xGfOZJc8

ENTRY IN AN ONLINE REFERENCE WORK, GROUP AUTHOR

Example: Preliminary Parts

 Group Name. (n.d.). Entry title. In Name of work. Retrieved [date],  Abstract
from URL
 It is a short summary of your (published or unpublished) research
PRINT MAGAZINE ARTICLE: paper, usually about a paragraph (c. 6-7 sentences, 150-250 words)
long.
Example:
 A well-written abstract serves multiple purposes:
 Author Last name, First initial. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of
magazine, Volume number (issue number), Page number or  an abstract lets readers get the gist or essence of your paper or article
range. quickly, in order to decide whether to read the full paper;

WEB PAGE  A well-written abstract serves multiple purposes:

Example:  an abstract prepares readers to follow the detailed information,

analyses, and arguments in your full paper; and
 Author Last name, First initial. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of
magazine, Volume number (issue number), Page number or  Kinds of information found in an abstract:
range.
 the context or background information for your research;
 Author Last name, First initial. (Date of publication and/or last the general topic under study; the specific topic of your research
modification). Title of document. Site Name. URL
 Kinds of information found in an abstract:
MOTION PICTURES
 the central questions or statement of the problem your research
Example: addresses

 Forman, M. (1975). One flew over the cuckoo’s nest [Film]. United Artists.  Kinds of information found in an abstract:
  what’s already known about this question, what previous
research has done or shown

 Kinds of information found in an abstract:

 the main reason(s), the exigency, the rationale, the goals for your
research

exigency -an urgent need or demand.

 Kinds of information found in an abstract:

 our research and/or analytical methods

 Kinds of information found in an abstract:

 your main findings, results, or arguments

 Kinds of information found in an abstract:

 the significance or implications of your findings or arguments.

 APA Title

 Paper title

 Author name

 Department and university name

 Course number and name

 Instructor name

 Due date of the assignment