Institute of Business Administration

BBA: Business Research Methods

Final Term 2021 Time 2 Hours

Name _____________ Roll No. -------------------

Multiple Choice Questions Marks 25

1. Basic research can also be called

a) Practical research
b) Academic research
c) Action research
d) Assessment research
2. “Income distribution of employees” in a specific organization is an example of which
of following type of variable?
a) Discontinuous variable
b) Continuous variable
c) Dependent variable
d) None of the above
3. The studies in which the researcher study the phenomenon at more than one point
in time
a) Cross sectional study
b) Longitudinal study
c) Panel study
d) Both b and c
4. The artificial study setting is known as
a) Artificial study
b) Contrived
c) Non-contrived
d) Both a and b
5. An instrument’s ___________is reduced by decreasing the response categories.
a) Reliability
b) Validity
c) Sensitivity
d) None of the above
6. In the hypothesis “the more education one has, the less likely one is to have racial
prejudices” the variables have
a) Negative relation
b) Positive relation
c) No relation
d) None of the above
7. The moderating variable in the hypothesis “stress has a bigger impact on health
status of men than women” is
a) Grade point average
b) Intelligence
c) Gender
d) Health status
8. The hypothesis “what is the distribution of hypertensive patients by income level?” is an
example of
a) Descriptive hypothesis
b) Relational hypothesis
c) Correlational hypothesis
d) Causal hypothesis
9. _______ is a test of how consistently a measuring instrument measures whatever
concept it is measuring.
a) Validity
b) Reliability
c) Content validity
d) Construct validity
10. A question that lends itself to different possible responses to its subparts is called a:
a) Loaded question
b) Leading question
c) Double-barreled question
d) Ambiguous question
11. Which of the following can be an indicator to measure organizational commitment?
a) Job involvement
b) Age
c) Leadership
d) Innovation
12. “There is no relationship between higher women empowerment and higher
economic growth” is an example of which type of hypothesis?
a) Alternative
b) Null
c) Causal
d) Correlational
13. When indicators of one concept hang together but also are negatively associated
with opposing constructs, the instrument has
a) Convergent validity
b) Concurrent validity
c) Divergent validity
d) Construct validity
14. Which of the following best describes quantitative research?
a) the collection of non-numerical data
b) an attempt to confirm the researcher’s hypotheses
c) research that is exploratory
d) research that attempts to generate a new theory
15. Which type of research provides the strongest evidence about the existence of cause-
and- effect relationships?
a) non-experimental Research
b) experimental Research
c) mixed research
d) feminist research
16. When each member of a population has an equally likely chance of being selected,
this is called:
a) A nonrandom sampling method
b) A quota sample
c) A snowball sample
d) An Equal probability selection method
17. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?
a) Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate
b) Listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within
each ethnic group at random.
c) Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random
number table to pick cases from the table.
d) Randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school.
18. Which of the following will give a more “accurate” representation of the population
from which a sample has been taken?
a) A large sample based on the convenience sampling technique
b) A small sample based on simple random sampling
c) A large sample based on simple random sampling
d) A small cluster sample
19. The directors of a graduate program in educational research wish to see what types
of jobs their graduates take after they finish their program. They randomly sample
students from the program and have them fill out questionnaires with items asking
about the types of jobs they have had. They also are asked to describe the roles they
play in their current positions. This project is best described as having what kind of
objective:
a) Descriptive
b) Predictive
c) Explanatory
d) Exploratory
20. The experimenter, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of computer-based
instruction (CBI) in teaching of science to grade V students, administers an
achievement test to the whole class (Yb) before teaching through CBI. The test is
administered over the same class again to measure Ya. The means of Yb and Ya are
compared and the difference if any is ascribed to effect of X, i.e. teaching through
CBI. This is type of
a) Pretest and Posttest Experimental Group Design
b) Posttests Only with Experimental and Control Groups
c) Pretest and Posttest Experimental and Control Group Designs
d) none of the above
21. People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the
sampling method called ______.
a) Simple random sampling
b) Cluster sampling
c) Systematic sampling
d) Convenience sampling
22. In which of the following nonrandom sampling techniques does the researcher ask
the research participants to identify other potential research participants?
a) Snowball
b) Convenience
c) Purposive
d) Quota
23. The process of assigning cases (e.g., individuals) to groups (e.g. experimental and
control) for the purpose of making comparisons in order to increase one’s
confidence that the groups do not differ in a systematic way is called
a) Randomization
b) Maturation
c) Field research
d) None of the above
24. The Lantern wanted to know how Columbus residents rate the movie “The Lord of
the Rings: The Return of the King.” They asked 100 people coming out of the first
showing of this movie at the AMC Lennox theatre and noted their ratings. The
sampling techniques used is
a) Simple random sampling
b) Snowball sampling
c) Cluster sampling
d) Convenience sampling
 25. Sampling frame can also be considered as
a) Population
b) Working population
c) Random sample
d) Theoretical population

True/false Marks 20
1. Scientific knowledge is deterministic. T
2. Researcher enjoys a lot of freedom in basic research. T
3. Quantitative research is a linear process. T
4. Role conflict is an example of a continuous variable. T
5. Applied research incorporates logical and rigorous research design. F
6. Experimental techniques are used in quantitative research. T
7. Cross-sectional research involves collection of data at one point in time. T
8. Reliability is the ability of an instrument to measure what is intended
to be measured. F
9. An instrument has concurrent validity when a scale differentiates
individuals who are known to be different on the instrument. T
10. Reliability is necessary but not sufficient condition to test the goodness
of a measure. T
11. Explanatory research is conducted to become familiar with the topic. F
12. The hypothesis, “Officers in my organization have higher than average
level of motivation” has two variables in it. F
13. Knower and the known are inseparable in quantitative research. F
14. In Cluster Sampling, there is heterogeneity between clusters but homogeneity within
clusters. F
15. Correlational Studies require non-contrived research setting. T
16. Questionnaires are used to collect data in survey research. T
17. Lab experiment is most suitable when internal validity is more important than
generalizability. T
18. Sampling error reflects the difference between sample statistic and population
parameter. T
19. Maturation effect involves contamination of cause and effect inferences due to effects of
passage of time. T
20. Element is the unit about which information is collected. T
Connect the terms in column A with those in column B. Marks 5

A B

a. independent variable 1. avoided

b. dependent variable 2. inferred
c. moderator variable 3. cause
d. control variable 4. Modify
e. intervening variable 5. Effect

Scenario Based Questions

The Dean of the College of Mathematical and Physical Sciences wants to meet with several
members of the faculty of the Department of Statistics to discuss concerns they might have about
their department. He does not have time to talk to all of the faculty members, but wants to be
sure that he meets with faculty with various levels of seniority.
Department of Statistics: 18 Professors3 Associate Professors5 Assistant Professors. The Dean
decides to speak with 5 Professors, 2 Associate Professors, and 3 Assistant Professors. What
sampling design can be used? Explain. Marks 5

Ans: we will use stratified random sampling. We create groups of faculty members which
are homogenous within and heterogenous with others stratum. We use disproportion
stratified random sampling here than quota sampling because in each group we randomly
chose faculty member.
A supervisor thinks that the low efficiency of the machine tool operators is directly linked to the
high level of fumes emitted in the workshop. He would like to prove this to his supervisor
through a research study.
1. Would this be a causal or a co relational study? Why? It’s a causal study because
supervisor believe that the machines have low efficiency caused by high level of fumes.
2. Is this an exploratory, descriptive, or hypothesis-testing (analytical or predictive) study?
Why? It’s a hypothesis testing study as we are tring to identify the casue and effect
relationship.
3. What kind of study would this be: field study, lab experiment, or field experiment? Why?
It would be a field experiment. as it would be done in the natural environment but some
inteferance is done to control contaminating factor.
4. What would be the unit of analysis? Why?
Individual Machine tool operstors are unit of analysis as we are doing research on it.
5. Would this be a cross-section or a longitudinal study? Why?
It would be a longitudinal study, as we do study multiple time to evaluate the cause and
effect relation. Marks 10

A mathematics teacher develops an end-of-semester algebra test for her class. The test covers
every form of algebra that was taught in the class. She has not included questions that are not
related to algebra. Which type of validity she is trying to ensure? Explain briefly. Marks 2
ANS: here the teacher wants to ensure the content validatity. As they try to incorporate all
the dimensions and elements which tap to the topic.
Intelligence is generally thought to be consistent across time. A person who is highly intelligent
today will be highly intelligent next week. This means that any good measure of intelligence
should produce roughly the same scores for this individual next week as it does today. Clearly, a
measure that produces highly inconsistent scores over time cannot be a very good measure of a
construct that is supposed to be consistent. Which criterion of good measure this example is
relating to? Marks 2

Ans: This example is related to reliability. Reliability is a good criteria for measurement. An
instrument is relaibale if it have stability and consistency overtime.