Step 1/4

To draw the pipeline diagram and calculate the number of clock cycles required for the
code segment, we need to consider the dependencies between instructions and the
pipeline stages. The pipeline stages typically include Instruction Fetch (IF), Instruction
Decode (ID), Execute (EX), Memory Access (MEM), and Write Back (WB).
Let's analyze the code segment and draw the pipeline diagrams for both cases:
Step 2/4
Case 1: Forwarding technique is not used
Explanation:
Clock Cycle 1: IF: Iw $t3, 40($s4)
Clock Cycle 2: ID: Iw $t3, 40($s4) IF: add $t2, $t3, $s0
Clock Cycle 3: EX: Iw $t3, 40($s4) ID: add $t2, $t3, $s0 IF: Sw $s1, 50($t2)
Clock Cycle 4: MEM: Iw $t3, 40($s4) EX: Sw $s1, 50($t2) ID: nop
Clock Cycle 5: WB: Iw $t3, 40($s4) MEM: nop EX: nop
In this case, we have data hazards between the instructions. The instruction "add $t2,
$t3, $s0" depends on the result of the previous instruction "Iw $t3, 40($s4)". To resolve
the hazards, we use the "nop" (no operation) instruction to introduce bubbles/stalls in
the pipeline. It takes five clock cycles to complete the code segment.
Step 3/4
Case 2: Forwarding technique is used
Explanation:
Clock Cycle 1: IF: Iw $t3, 40($s4)
Clock Cycle 2: ID: Iw $t3, 40($s4) IF: add $t2, $t3, $s0
Clock Cycle 3: EX: Iw $t3, 40($s4) ID: add $t2, $t3, $s0 IF: Sw $s1, 50($t2)
Clock Cycle 4: MEM: Iw $t3, 40($s4) EX: Sw $s1, 50($t2) ID: nop
Clock Cycle 5: WB: Iw $t3, 40($s4) MEM: Sw $s1, 50($t2) EX: nop

In this case, we use the forwarding technique to forward the data from the EX stage to
the ID stage. This technique allows us to bypass the data hazards and eliminates the
need for stalls/bubbles in the pipeline. It takes five clock cycles to complete the code
segment, which is the same as the previous case.

Step 4/4
Both cases require five clock cycles to complete the code segment. However, in the
second case with forwarding, we eliminate the stalls and improve the overall efficiency
of the pipeline execution.
Final answer
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