INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

SCOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY

School of Psychology Greatest Contribution in Theories Generated

the Field of Psychology particular in this school
1. Structuralism -1st School of Thought in -Structural Laws. It
Psychology. deals with coexistence
-Method of Introspection - rather than changes. -
Contributed methods in The Theory of
Experimental Psychology. Consciousness. The
Conscious mind contains
all the thoughts,
memories, feelings, and
wishes of which we are
aware at any given
moment.
-Law of Contiguity. The
ideas, memories, and
experiences are linked
when one is frequently
experienced with the
other.
2. Functionalism -Influenced the -Theory of
development of Functionalism. Theory
behaviorism and Applied about the nature and
Psychology. -Usage of mental states.
objective techniques or -Identity Theory. The
observation to explore study of interplay between
personal and social
memories and emotions.
identities.
-Functionalism
-Mind-Body Dualism.
emphasizes individual
The mind and the body
differences.
both exist as separate
entities.
3. Behaviorism -Classical Conditioning -Methodological
Experiment by Ivan Behaviorism. A
Pavlov. normative theory about
-Operant Conditioning by the scientific conduct of
B. F. Skinner. Psychology.
 -Discovery of Phobia -Analytical or Logical
(Experiment on Little Behaviorism. Theory
Albert) within the Philosophy
about meaning or
semantics of mental terms
of concept.
-Behaviorism Learning
Theory. Behaviors are
learned from the
environment and that
innate or inherited factors
have a little influence on
behavior.
4. Gestalt -The idea of Holism -Gestalt Law of
(human mind and behavior Proximity. The objects or
that focuses on looking at shapes that are close to
things as a whole) one another appear to
-Phenomenology or form groups.
Psychological Study of -Gestalt Principle of
Experience. Similarity. When we see
-Law of Pragnanz or elements that share
Closure, Law of characteristics as more
Proximity, related that those that
Law of Similarity. don’t.
-Gestalt Theory of
Closure. When we see a
complex arrangement, we
look for single,
recognizable pattern.
 5. Psychoanalysis -Adaptive and -Theories of
Maladaptive Psychosexual Stages. The
Psychological libido was described as
Development the driving force behind
-Free Association behavior.
-Dream Analysis -Psychoanalytic
Theory. All people
possess unconscious
thoughts, feelings,
desires, and memories. -
The Id, Ego, and
Superego. Freud
proposed that the human
psyche could be divided
into three parts: ID, Ego,
and Superego.
6. Purposivism -Knowledge is only a -Hormic Theory. Where
byproduct of the conation. there is life, there is mind.
-The right education is -Hedonism Theory.
educating him in terms of -The Instinct Theory of
his goals in life. Motivation. Instinctive
-Intelligent Learning and behavior was composed of
Quasi-Mechanical three essential elements:
Learning. perception, behavior, and
emotion.

4 Goals of Psychology
The goals of Psychology are To Describe, To Explain, To Predict, and To Change/Control.
• To Describe answers to the question ‘what.’ Illustration or description of the behavior
or actions of the subject.
• To Explain answers to the question ‘why.’ It gives the reason why the subject was
performing a specific behavior or action.
• To Predict is making guesses of what might be the possible responses, action, or
behavior. It is like making a hypothesis wherein the prediction can be accepted or
rejected.
• To Change/Control, after learning what and why a specific behavior occurs or being
performed and after making predictions, this is the phase wherein Psychology or
Psychologist would try to influence the behavior in order to cure the abnormalities or
disorders of the patient.
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