EEC236: Electrical Machines I

Lecture 3: Three-Phase Transformers and Autotransformer

FOTSO Raoul, PhD
Outline:
Introduction
Construction
Three-phase Transformer connections
Phase shift
Single-phase Equivalent Circuit
V-connection or Open delta
T-connection or Scott Connection
Three winding Transformers
Autotransformers
Tutorials

1. Introduction
The generation and transmission of electric power are three-phase in nature. Similarly, at the distribution
substation, the voltage must be stepped down and it is necessary to reduce the voltage level. Here, a three-
phase step-down transformer is required. Therefore, it is economical to use three-phase transformers for
transmission and utilization purposes. Earlier it was common practice to use three suitable single-phase
transformers rather than a single three-phase transformer bank. Nowadays, a single three-phase transformer
bank is popular due to improvement in its design and manufacture. A three-phase transformer can be built in
two ways viz., (i) by suitably connecting a bank of three single-phase transformers or (ii) by constructing a
three-phase.
In a bank of three single-phase transformers, the magnetic circuits for each phase are independent of
each other so that the flux in the magnetic circuit of a single-phase transformer is due to the current in the
windings of that transformer only. The magnetic circuit in a three-phase unit transformer has common paths
for the three-phases so that the flux is due to the effect of currents in all the three-phase.
For the same capacity, a single three-phase unit transformer has the following advantages: • It
occupies less space for same rating, compared to a bank of three single-phase transformers. • It occupies less
space • It weighs less • It sizes less and can be accommodated in smaller tank and hence needs smaller
quantity of oil for cooling. • The cost is 20% less. • Since only one unit is required to be handled, it is easy
for the operator. • It can be transported very easily. • The core is of smaller size and hence less material is
required • The bus-bar structure, switchgear and other wiring for a three-phase transformer installation are
simpler • It needs less number of bushings • It operates at slightly better efficiency and regulation. Because
of these advantages, 3-phase transformers are in common use, especially for large power transformations.
In spite of the above advantages of a three-phase unit transformer, a bank of three single-phase
transformers is used in underground work, such as in mines, for easy transport of these units. Again, open-
delta operation with reduced rating is possible in a bank of three single-phase transformers when one unit of
three single-phase transformers is out of order. It is common practice to use a single three-phase transformer
unit because it has reduced cost.
A disadvantage of the three-phase unit transformer lies in the fact that when one phase becomes
defective, the entire three-phase unit must be removed from service. When one transformer in a bank of three
single-phase transformers becomes defective, it may be removed from service and the other two transformers

By Dr. FOTSO Raoul 1

may be reconnected to supply service on an emergency basis until repairs can be made. The system will still
work with reduced capacity and the damaged one can be replaced without disturbing the supply system. Also, it is
more difficult and costly to repair it and is difficult to transport single large unit of three-phase transformer
than to transport three single phase transformers individually.
2. Construction
Three-phase transformers are of the core type and shell type. The three-phase core-type transformer
can be made by combining three single-phase core-type transformers (Fig.1). The three-phase shell-type
transformer can be made by combining three single-phase shell-type transformers (Fig.2). However, the shell
type transformers are rarely used.

Figure 1: Core-type Three-phase Transformer Figure 2: Shell-type Three-phase Transformer

3. Three-phase transformer connections

In a three-phase power system, it is often necessary to step up or step down the voltage levels at various
locations in the system. Such transformations can be achieved by means of transformer banks that have three
identical single-phase transformer units, one for each phase, or by the use of three-phase transformer units. In
either case, each phase has one primary and secondary winding associated with it. The primary and
secondary windings may be connected in either wye (Υ) or delta (Δ) configurations. There are therefore four
possible connections for a three-phase transformer: Y-Δ (Fig.3 (a), (b)), Δ-Y (Fig.3 (c)), Δ-Δ (Fig.3 (d)), and
Y-Y (Fig.3 (e)).
Y-Δ: This connection is commonly used to step down a high voltage to a lower voltage. The neutral
point on the high-voltage side can be grounded, which is desirable in most cases. There is no problem with
third-harmonic components in its voltages, since they are absorbed in a circulating current on the delta side.
This connection can be used with unbalanced loads. Due to the delta connection, the secondary voltage is
shifted 30° with respect to the primary voltage. The secondary voltage (i.e., the lower voltage) lags the
primary voltage (i.e., the higher voltage) by 30°.
Δ-Y: This connection is commonly used to step up voltage. There is also no problem with third-
harmonic components in its voltages. The secondary voltage lags the primary voltage by 30°. In general,
when a Y-Δ or Δ-Y connection is used, the Y is preferably on the high-voltage side, and the neutral is
grounded.
Δ-Δ: This connection has the advantage that one transformer can be removed for repair and the
remaining two can continue to deliver three-phase power at a reduced rating of 58% of that of the original
By Dr. FOTSO Raoul 2
bank. This is known as the open-delta or V-connection. There is no phase shift and no problem with
unbalanced loads or harmonics.
Y-Y: This connection is rarely used in practice because of problems with the exciting current and
induced voltages (the third-harmonic components).

Figure 3: Three-phase transformer connections.

Example 1
Consider a three-phase, 15 MVA, 138/13.8 kV distribution substation transformer that is being used as
a step-down transformer. Determine the ratings and turn ratios of the transformer, if it is connected in
a) Y- Δ b) Δ-Y c) Δ-Δ d) Y-Y

By Dr. FOTSO Raoul 3

 4. Phase Shift
Some of the three-phase transformer connections will result in a phase shift between the primary and
secondary line-to-line voltages (Fig. 4). It can be shown that Δ-Y connection also provides a 30° phase shift
between line-to-line voltages, whereas Δ-Δ and Y-Y connections have no phase shift in their line-to-line
voltages. The property of phase shift in Y-Δ or Δ-Y connections can be used advantageously in some
applications.

By Dr. FOTSO Raoul 4

 Figure 4: Some connections of three-phase transformers.

5. Single-phase Equivalent Circuit

If the three transformers are practically identical and the source and load are balanced, then the voltages
and currents on both primary and secondary sides are balanced. The voltages and currents in one phase are
the same as those in other phases, except that there is a phase displacement of 120°. Therefore, analysis of
one phase is sufficient to determine the variables on the two sides of the transformer. A single-phase

By Dr. FOTSO Raoul 5

equivalent circuit can be conveniently obtained if all sources, transformer windings, and load impedances are
considered to be Y-connected. The Y load can be obtained for the Δ load by the well-known Y-Δ
transformation, as shown in Fig. 5b. The equivalent Y representation of the actual circuit (Fig. 5a) is shown
in Fig. 5c, in which the primary and secondary line currents and line-to-line voltages are identical to those of
the actual circuit of Fig. 5a. The turns ratio a 𝑎′ of this equivalent Y-Y transformer is:
𝑉 ⁄√3
𝑎′ = = 𝑎√3
𝑉 ⁄3𝑎
Also, for the actual transformer bank, the turns ratio gives 𝑎√3.
Therefore, the turns ratio for the equivalent single-phase transformer is the ratio of the line-to-line
voltages on the primary and secondary sides of the actual transformer bank. The single-phase equivalent
circuit is shown in Fig. 5d. This equivalent circuit will be useful if transformers are connected to load or
power supply through feeders

Figure 5: Three-phase transformer and equivalent circuit.

By Dr. FOTSO Raoul 6

 Example 2
Three 1φ, 50 kVA, 2300/230 V, 60 Hz transformers are connected to form a 3φ, 4000/230 V
transformer bank. The equivalent impedance of each transformer referred to low voltage is 0.012 + j0.016
Ω. The 3φ transformer supplies a 3φ, 120 kVA, 230 V, 0.85 PF (lag) load.
1. Draw a schematic diagram showing the transformer connection.
2. Determine the transformer winding currents.
3. Determine the primary voltage (line-to-line) required.
4. Determine the voltage regulation.
Example 3
A 3φ, 230 V, 27 kVA, 0.9 PF (lag) load is supplied by three 10 kVA, 1330/230 V, 60 Hz transformers
connected in Y-Δ by means of a common 3φ feeder whose impedance is 0.003 + j0.015 Ω per phase. The
transformers are supplied from a 3φ source through a 3φ feeder whose impedance is 0.8 + j5.0 Ω per
phase. The equivalent impedance of one transformer referred to the low-voltage side is 0.12 + j0.25 Ω.
Determine the required supply voltage if the load voltage is 230 V.

6. Open Delta or V-V connection (V-connection)

If one transformer breaks down in a Y-Y connected system of 3 single-phase transformers, three-phase
power cannot be supplied until the defective transformer has been replaced or repaired. To eliminate this
undesirable condition, single-phase transformers are generally connected in Δ-Δ. In this case, if one
transformer breaks down, it is possible to continue supplying three-phase power with the other two
transformers because this arrangement maintains correct voltage and phase relations on the secondary. This
configuration is known as an open-delta or V connection. It may be employed in an emergency situation
when one transformer must be removed for repair and continuity of service is required. However, with
two transformers, the capacity of the bank is reduced to 57.7% of what it was with all three transformers in
service (i.e., complete Δ-Δ circuit).
Consider Fig. 6(a), in which one transformer, shown dotted, is removed. For simplicity the load is
considered to be Y-connected. Figure 6(b) shows the phasor diagram for voltages and currents. Here VAB,
VBC, and VCA represent the line-to-line voltages of the primary; Vab, Vbc, and Vca represent the line-to-line
voltages of the secondary; and Van, Vbn, and Vcn represent the phase voltages of the load. For an inductive
load, the load currents Ia, Ib, and Ic will lag the corresponding voltages Van, Vbn, and Vcn by the load phase
angle φ.
The power supplies by the two transformers are:
𝑃𝑎𝑏 = |𝑉𝑎𝑏 ||𝐼𝑎 | cos(30° + 𝜙)
𝑃𝑏𝑐 = |𝑉𝑐𝑏 ||𝐼𝑐 | cos(30° − 𝜙)
Let
|𝑉𝑎𝑏 | = |𝑉𝑐𝑏 | = 𝑉
|𝐼𝑎 | = |𝐼𝑐 | = 𝐼
𝜙 = 0 (𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)
The power delivered by the open-delta is:
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃𝑎𝑏 + 𝑃𝑏𝑐 = 2|𝑉||𝐼| cos 30°
For all 3 transformers connected in Δ, the power delivered is:
𝑃𝛥 = 𝑃𝑎𝑏 + 𝑃𝑏𝑐 + 𝑃𝑐𝑎 = 3|𝑉||𝐼|
Hence from the last two equations,

By Dr. FOTSO Raoul 7

 𝑃𝑉 2 cos 30°
= = 0.57735 ≈ 0.58
𝑃𝛥 3
Or simply
𝐼
( ) cos 𝜙
𝑃𝑉 √3𝑉 √3 1
= = = 0.57735 ≈ 0.58
𝑃𝛥 √3𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜙 √3

Figure 6: V connection.
The two transformers constitute 66.6% of the installed capacity of the three, but they are able to deliver
only 57.7% of the three in open delta connections without overloading the transformer (i.e., not exceeding
the current rating of the transformer windings). In a V-connection, only 86.6% of the rated capacity of the
two transformers is available.
• When 𝜙 = 0°, the PF of each transformer is the same, i.e. 0.8666
• When 𝜙 = 30°, the PF of one transformer is 1 and the other is 0.8666
• When 𝜙 = 60°, the PF of one transformer is 0; so only one transformer will carry the entire load
and the other one will not supply any load
• When 𝜙 = 90°, the PF of one transformer is 0.5 leading and the other is 0.5 lagging; so the
transformers will not supply at all
Hence it shows that except for a balanced unity PF load, the two transformers in an open delta
operate at different PF.
The following are the points which favour the use of open-delta:
(i) When the three phase load is comparatively small, so that the installation does not warrant a
three phase transformer bank.
(ii) When one of the transformers in a Δ-Δ connection fails, so that the service may be continued
until the faulty transformer is repaired or good one is substituted.
(iii) In a new installation advantage is taken of the open-delta or V-connections by installing initially
only two transformers of the capacity to meet the present maximum demand. When the load on
the system increases to the expected full load, a third transformer is added to close the delta.

By Dr. FOTSO Raoul 8

 Hence open-delta or V-connection is used when it is anticipated that in future load will increase
necessitating the closing of the open-delta at some later stage.

Example 4
Two transformers are connected in open-delta supply with a 300 kVA balanced load operating at 0.866
power factor lagging. If the load voltage is 440 V, calculate the following:
(i) kVA supplied by each transformer and
(ii) kW supplied by each transformer.

7. SCOTT Connection and T-T

The Scott connection is used to transform three-phase to three-phase voltage or three-phase to
two-phase voltage. Although there are now no 2-phase transmission and distribution systems, a 2-phase
supply is sometimes required. This connection was introduced by Charles F Scott. This connection needs
two transformers on each side instead of three transformers.
This connection needs two transformers on each side instead of three transformers and accomplishes
three-phase to three-phase transformations. The transformer, which is a horizontal member of the connection
having centre taps both on the primary and the secondary, is known as the main transformer. The other
transformer of the primary and secondary whose one end is connected to the main transformer has a 0.866
tap and it is called the teaser transformer. Three-phase supply is given to the other end of the teaser and the
two ends of the main transformer. The current ratings of the two transformers should be the same.
The connections are shown in Fig. 7(a). It may be noted that one end of both the primary and secondary
of the teaser transformer are connected to the centre taps on both primary and secondary of the main
transformers respectively whereas, the two ends of main transformer (A and B) and 86.6% tapping point (C)
on teaser transformer are connected to the three-phase supply on the primary side. The two ends (a and b) of
the secondary of main transformer and 86.6% tapping point (c) of secondary of teaser transformer are taken
to connect the load, as shown in Fig. 7(a).

Figure 8: Phasor diagram of T-T connected

Figure 7: Scott Connection transformer
Since primary and secondary of teaser transformer are connected to the centre tap of the primary and
secondary of the main transformer respectively giving a shape of English letter ‘T’, as shown in Fig. 9 (a and
b) the connections are known as T-T connections.

By Dr. FOTSO Raoul 9

 Figure 9: T-T or Scott connections
It may be noted that this arrangement provides the three-phase, four-wire system. Three phase power
loads may be connected between lines a, b and c while lighting load may be connected between ad and bd.
There is a further advantage of availability of neutral on the teaser transformer. This permits a true three-
phase four-wire system with the use of two transformers, which we could not get in open Δ system.
8. Three-winding Transformers
Figure 10(a) shows a single-phase, three-winding transformer. Three-winding transformers are usually
used in bulk power (transmission) substations to lower the transmission voltage to the subtransmission
voltage level. They are also frequently used at distribution substations to interconnect three circuits which
may have different voltages.
If excitation impedance is neglected, the equivalent circuit of a three-winding transformer can be
represented by a wye of impedances, as shown in Figure 10(b), where the primary, secondary, and tertiary
windings are denoted by 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Note that the common point 0 is fictitious and is not
related to the neutral of the system.
While the primaries and secondaries are usually connected in wye–wye, the tertiary windings of a three-
phase and three-winding transformer bank are connected in delta.
The tertiaries are used for (1) providing a path for the third harmonics and their multiples in the
excitation and the zero-sequence currents (the zero-sequence currents are trapped and circulate in the delta
connection), (2) in-plant power distribution to provide voltage for auxiliary power purposes in the substation
or to supply a local distribution system, and (3) the application of power factor correcting capacitors or
reactors.
If the three-winding transformer can be considered an ideal transformer, then:
𝑉2 𝑁2
=
𝑉1 𝑁1
𝑉3 𝑁3
=
𝑉1 𝑁1
By Dr. FOTSO Raoul 10
 𝑁1 𝐼1 = 𝑁2 𝐼2 + 𝑁3 𝐼3
where V1, V2, and V3 are the primary, secondary, and tertiary terminal voltages, respectively, and N1,
N2, and N3 are the turns in the respective windings. Also, I1, I2, and I3 are the currents in the three windings.

Figure 10: A single-phase, three-winding transformer: (a) winding diagram and (b) equivalent circuit.
The impedance of any of the branches shown in Figure 10(b) can be determined by considering the
short-circuit impedance between pairs of windings with the third winding open. Therefore,
𝑍12 = 𝑍1 + 𝑍2
𝑍13 = 𝑍1 + 𝑍3
𝑍23 = 𝑍2 + 𝑍3
Referring 𝑍23 to the primary side, we obtain:
′
𝑁𝑝 2
𝑍23 = ( ) 𝑍23
𝑁𝑠
If the leakage impedances Z1, Z2, and Z3 are referred to the primary, they are then expressed as:
1
𝑍1 = (𝑍12 + 𝑍13 − 𝑍23 )
2
1
𝑍2 = (𝑍23 + 𝑍12 − 𝑍13 )
2
1
𝑍3 = (𝑍13 + 𝑍23 − 𝑍12 )
2
where
Z12 is the leakage impedance measured in primary with secondary short-circuited and tertiary open
Z13 is the leakage impedance measured in primary with tertiary short-circuited and secondary open
Z23 is the leakage impedance measured in secondary with tertiary short-circuited and primary open
Z1 is the leakage impedance of primary winding
Z2 is the leakage impedance of secondary winding
Z3 is the leakage impedance of tertiary winding
In most large transformers, the value of Z2 is very small and can be negative.
In contrast to the situation with a two-winding transformer, the kVA ratings of the three windings of a
three-winding transformer bank are not usually equal. Therefore, all impedances as defined earlier should be
expressed based on the same kVA base.
9. Autotransformers
Two-winding transformers have already been discussed. In such transformers, the two windings are
electrically isolated and emf is induced in the secondary winding due to mutual induction. There also exists
other types of transformers in which a part of the winding is common to both the primary and secondary
By Dr. FOTSO Raoul 11
circuits. These transformers are termed as autotransformers. An autotransformer is a one-winding
transformer. The same winding acts as the primary and a part of it as the secondary. The winding is tapped at
a suitable point to obtain the desired output voltage across the secondary. In an autotransformer, the two
windings are electrically connected and it works on the principle of induction and conduction. The
autotransformers are also classified as step-up and step-down transformers (Fig. 11) because voltage can be
stepped up and stepped down using these transformers. The structural difference is that the series winding
must have extra insulation in order to be just as strong as the one on the common winding. In a variable
autotransformer, the tap is movable.

Figure 11: Autotransformers used as (a) step-down or (b) step-up transformers.

Consider the equivalent circuit of an ideal transformer (neglecting losses) shown in Figure 11(a). The
output voltage V2 is related to the input voltage as it is in a two-winding transformer. Therefore,
𝑉1 𝑁1
= =𝑎
𝑉2 𝑁2
where a > 1 for a step-down transformer, since 𝑁1 > 𝑁2 . Also, since an ideal transformer is assumed,
𝑉1 𝐼2
= =𝑎
𝑉2 𝐼1
Since the excitation current is neglected, then I1 and I2 are in phase, and the current in the common
section of the winding is:
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼2 − 𝐼1
Also, the mmfs of the two windings are equal. Thus, according to the mmf balance equation:
𝑁1 − 𝑁2
𝑁2 𝐼𝑥 = (𝑁1 − 𝑁2 )𝐼1 ⟹ 𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼1 = (𝑎 − 1)𝐼1 = 𝐼2 − 𝐼1
𝑁2
The apparent power delivered to the load is Sout and can be expressed as:
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉2 𝐼2
𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼1 = 𝐼1 + (𝐼2 − 𝐼1 )
Hence
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉2 𝐼1 + 𝑉2 (𝐼2 − 𝐼1 ) = 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑑
where
Scond is the conductively transferred power to the load through N2 winding
Sind is the inductively transferred power to the load through N1 − N2 winding
The Scond and Sind are related to Sout by:
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 − 𝐼1 𝑎 − 1 𝑁1 − 𝑁2
= = =
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐼2 𝑎 𝑁1
By Dr. FOTSO Raoul 12
 and
𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝐼1 1 𝑁2
= = =
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐼2 𝑎 𝑁1
Autotransformers have the following advantages:
▪ Less amount of copper is required.
▪ Small exciting current requirements.
▪ Lower leakage reactance.
▪ Due to smaller size, cost is less compared to two-winding transformer.
▪ The resistance and reactance are less compared to a two-winding transformer and hence it has
superior voltage regulation.
▪ Copper (Cu) loss is less.
▪ Volt-ampere rating is more compared to a two-winding transformer.
▪ Since loss is less, efficiency is more.
▪ It is possible to get smooth and continuous variation of voltage.
Autotransformers have the following disadvantages:
• There is possibility of high short circuit currents for short circuits on the secondary side due to
low impedance.
• The full primary current will appear across the secondary causing higher voltage on secondary
resulting in danger of accidents if the common winding is open circuited.
• Since there is no electrical isolation between primary and secondary, risk factor appears at high
voltage levels.
• It is economical only if the voltage ratio is less than 2.
Applications of Autotransformers
Autotransformers have the following applications:
- They are used as a starter for safely starting machines such as induction motors and synchronous
motors.
- They are used as boosters to give a small boost to a distribution cable for compensating the
voltage drop.
- They can be used as furnace transformers to supply power to the furnaces at the required supply
voltage.
- They can be used as variac.
Example 5
Assume that a single-phase, 100 kVA, 2400/240 V two-winding transformer is connected as an
autotransformer to step down the voltage from 2640 to 2400 V. The transformer connection is as shown in
Fig. 11(a), with 240 and 2400 V windings for sections ab and bc, respectively. Compare the kVA rating of
the autotransformer with that of the original two-winding transformer, and determine all three currents as
well as Sout, Sind, and Scond.
Example 6
A 1 φ, 100 kVA, 2000/200 V two-winding transformer is connected as an autotransformer as shown in
Fig. 11(b) such that more than 2000 V is obtained at the secondary. The portion ab is the 200 V winding,
and the portion bc is the 2000 V winding. Compute the kVA rating as an autotransformer.

By Dr. FOTSO Raoul 13

10. Problems
Problem 1
Three 1φ, 10 kVA, 460/120 V, 60 Hz transformers are connected to form a 3 φ, 460/208 V transformer
bank. The equivalent impedance of each transformer referred to the high-voltage side is 1.0 + j2.0 Ω. The
transformer delivers 20 kW at 0.8 power factor (leading).
(a) Draw a schematic diagram showing the transformer connection.
(b) Determine the transformer winding current.
(c) Determine the primary voltage.
(d) Determine the voltage regulation.
.
Problem 2
Three 1φ, 100 kVA, 2300/460 V, 60 Hz transformers are connected to form a 3φ, 2300/460 V
transformer bank. The equivalent impedance of each transformer referred to its low-voltage side is 0.045 +
j0.16 Ω. The transformer is connected to a 3φ source through 3φ feeders, the impedance of each feeder being
0.5 + j1.5 Ω. The transformer delivers full load at 460 V and 0.85 power factor lagging.
(a) Draw a schematic diagram showing the transformer connection.
(b) Determine the single-phase equivalent circuit.
(c) Determine the sending end voltage of the 3φ source.
(d) Determine the transformer winding currents.

Problem 3
Two identical 250 kVA, 230/460 V transformers are connected in open delta to supply a balanced 3φ
load at 460 V and a power factor of 0.8 lagging. Determine
(1) The maximum secondary line current without overloading the transformers.
(2) The real power delivered by each transformer.
(3) The primary line currents.
(4) If a similar transformer is now added to complete the Δ, find the percentage increase in real
power that can be supplied. Assume that the load voltage and power factor remain unchanged at
460 V and 0.8 lagging, respectively.

Problem 4
Three identical single-phase transformers, each of rating 20 kVA, 2300/230 V, 60 Hz, are connected Y-
Y to form a 3φ transformer bank. The high-voltage side is connected to a 3φ, 4000 V, 60 Hz supply, and the
secondary is left open. The neutral of the primary is not connected to the neutral of the supply. The voltage
between the primary neutral and the supply neutral is measured to be 1200 V.
(1) Describe the voltage waveform between primary neutral and supply neutral. Neglect harmonics
higher than third.
(2) Determine the ratio of (i) phase voltages of the two sides and (ii) line voltages of the two sides.
(3) Determine the ratio of the rms line-to-line voltage to the rms line-to-neutral voltage on each side.

By Dr. FOTSO Raoul 14