Professional Documents
Culture Documents
تطور استخدام علامات الترقيم
تطور استخدام علامات الترقيم
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
}[KCk1yl+k
Ȉqfʘ6SfWgfTl'k
k2_k
vk2/:xx5xȚm^ǻfkȗRrRcf5yvN222+ȕ51CȞ\g/
JyK/ȞxRyKȞcfȕTFyfwgRobȞv[Bxȕ\g/lbʘ6Sf Wgfȕ
ʘ5yb4Ȟ TFyȞ ȕ Ey/f $+f 4u ȕ qfx* wgRx ʘkȗSf t4u ey.1 h^
˄ffg:ȚrR&Ȝɪfx+k
ʚ6SfWgfȕx5xȚm^ǻ
fkȗRi2/: 2}k
yu kx ʘmu1yv& ȟ m^ǻf kȗR i2/: z8S r4f 1 Ǣx6f mu rk
ʚi2/:Ȗ4vf/5f5yKf
ʘRKfȉRh^JyK/Ȟȕ6Sfhl'fhC[f5> k2/:hu
ʚ5>Ȝt4uukxʘx5xȚkȗSfey.1h^x
ȠRʘ6SfWgfQyKȞcfȟJyK/Ȟrke_pȖ<cSp\b
ʚm^ǻfkȗRi2/:
yuw'vp~4fexȚ5;Ȟ˄D+[fȕr5;k$+fdg:g:Țt4urR&ȝf
5yK rR CC/Ȟ cfx !+Ț t6b4 kx ʘQyFyȞ 1 ȕ & k D+Z
rR hxȚ 1x6f b ȕ 15x k D+Zx ʘ6Sf Wgf ȕ m^ǻf kȗR i2/:
ȠRYy^ygfRyKȞxJyK/ȞcfD+ZwZm2_Zp#f5;Ȟk ˅QyFyȞ
5yK ȕ kSf v&yf rR \?cgfx ʘvZ m^ǻf kȗR i2/: `K [b
5;Ȟ4uqcg:2^x˅u2Sx6Oqfcfh^ʘ8'qȞ%3lqfeȗ.rk i2/:Ȗ
t4ui2/:ɪxʘm^ǻfkȗRrR6Oqfcfɪqk8fy'[f2;fɩ.Ț
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
cfRJ 22_Zʘox6^z2kȠR2luxʘRyKȞAyCqfȕgSZkȗSf
ȟ m^ǻf rR cf 6. lq ʘȃR 91;f o6_f 2 ȕ x5x ȕ 6Sf
˅ȃRT:fo6_f
6SfcfȖxʘ6SfJyK/ȞTl&S&6kp5x2_l<fwpZ,Fxyulb
vgbv#pmfxʘvqkȞqS&5qqcfxʘ2lȞqk8f2Ȟt4uz2kȠR SJf
qqckʘQyFyȞ1 D+ZȟZFȜʘS&6Ȟt4u˅5C.ȗfT&6Ȟl^ȕ
h^6SfJyK/Ȟȕk2/;k pbfm^ǻfkȗRrkRyl'k2B5rk
m^ǻfkȗRi2/:2xʘ6SfRyKȞhx ȟvf_pxʘRKfȉR
˅_*Ȗg*6kȕv_gSȞ6Oqfcf2xʘx5xȚ
Έq:b72l* f:62Ȗ
˅
Wgfrkm^ǻfkȗRi2/:h_pʘvlOSkȕʘm^ǻfkȗRxȗkȜb2S
ʘ˕Έ˝·΅Ά˖x6Sf0?_gȞb72l* 0?fȟʘ6SfWgfȟx5xȚ
rk\gcu2R fʘ6SfWgfȕwkȗRxm^ǻfwf:55x2Cdf4f-5x
i^x 1ʘf:6fȕɩ?lbʘa4pY5SȞ67xʘ˕1926˝·΄·˖ > l?* 2l*
Ǜ
lb ʘ_*Ȗ vZ 15yf m^ǻf kȗR Y5SȞ 57x q 2^x ˅Έ q: uȃq
˅2SlZɪq:lb[[JɩWTk6u_fȕ6SfWgfTl'ku6^
yu m^ǻf kȗR i2/:Ȗ /5f 5yKf mvZ ȕ t'Ȗ 4u h#l rk ɩ. hSf
˄ey_~4f˕Έ··˝ΈͿΈ˖ox5uiȗ;f2R$*f
hl'f 8& h.2 wqR ?p lk hByZ ȗ 6Sf cf pb 2f ȕ
ˇ}qSȞEylVxʘHSȕvGS
ǙǙǙlqͰm^ǻfkȗRͰz 6Zɪ6WfbȕͰb72l* ͰkȗSf6Opx
˅ΈAʘͿʘb7ʙΆAʘ˙Έ·΅˚ʘb7 1
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
ˇvqk6Sfqb g.
dg h#l Q[pȗf o* 2^ ^yf o z 5 ȒȞ o6_f rk Έ iR ȕx
˙˅˅˅˚ ˅ͰwkȗRx m^ǻfͰ vpyqR f:5 52BZ ʘ6Sf qb ȕ kȗSf
ȕkȗSfdg
˞˕4p˖ȉȞY5SȞ57xȕoyZȃȞxoyv&yȞȑ5x
˅ux6^ xʘȉȞ952Ȟ
o Ͱ~yWgf Tl'ȞͰ ȕ cf ɩ; q'f 56^ iΈ iR ob 3 }*
ǻfͰkylSfY5SȞ57xw6^ ~4fy+qfȠRm^ǻfkȗRhlS;
cfTl&ȕ4uq^x}*Ǜ5:vhlSfe7kxʘͰ2SlZmgSfx
2˅6 Sf
fVȕ56c yvZ ʘtȗR &kȠR/5f5yKfmvZ ȕw&yf4uȉ_Ȗ
1ySvk2/:2o z6fxʘ6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗR fxqfcf
3˅b72l* tȃpl 26.krk7ȟ
wfyB 6Sf ȕ m^ǻf rZ wb ȕ ey_ ʘ7yl+f 2l* )[f 2R o mV5
wp Ȗʘm^ǻfi_kiy_O[fkȗRTFxȕ6Wfy_:2^6Sfo wkȗRx
Ǜ ɩ?
> b7 2l* b hSfͰ ˄ey_Z b7 2l* ȟ r6.Ȟ 1q: ȟ G
tq*xwq" ȕTl&ʘ6Sfȕ\qCkex 2Ǣ S 6SfWgfȕwkȗRxm^ǻf
4˅ͰvZmv2lRoy_*ȗft4/3ʘǛ#2*x Ǜl2^˙m^ǻf˚f;Ȟt4udgZȕ5x2k
˄ɨk2'pʘ5yb4Ȟf:6fȟp2R3
˄ɨlb˝aquvl;˝uq& kȗRȃRȠRf:6fy* ˝
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
iv[:Ȗ kȗRʘ˕˅˖K_qf ʘ˕ʙ˖ ˄Jy_qȞ fy?fʘ(ʘ) 4cu vkȗRx ˄fy?f
˄Jȃfʘ˕˅˅˅˖ ˄5lFȜx Y4+f L_pʘ˕˄˖ oK_qf ʘ˕ˇ˖ eS[pȖ kȗR 5ʘ˕?˖
ȕT';fhBy[B.kȗRYF 2^x˅˕˖˄o:y_fʘ˕ͰͰ˖Gfʘ˕˝˖
;fux6ʘ˕˅ˋ˅˖Ͱq#kfy>Ͱul: ʘ6SfWgf
7˅ɪq:lb6Sf!x5yȞȟ2q;vqcfxʘ,Fxyulbʘq& kȗR
8
˅kȗSft4uȠRfȖ2gfͰm^ǻfͰ,gKCkTFxyub72l* o ˝
Ǣ
Wgfȕ\^yf2Ry^ɪxq&ȚkȗSfɪwglRȕ`Zxwpcfey_ ˝
9
˅51CȞȟQy&6fvZ6Rlb6Sf
˅
ʘΈq:Y^xȚ57xȟY5SȞ57xrk> l?*2l* e_po qfx2
10
Ǣ 2^
ʘl:5 56^ 52C mfx ʘ6.k g*6k ȟ ʘm^ǻf kȗR QyFyk ȕ Ǣ f 6.
˅b72l* )ǻ^`gS
ʘQ_Ȝxm^ǻff:5˕Έ΅Ϳ˝·΅Έ˖~ȉȞYx
6f2R52B Έq:ȕ
11
hv;k ȕ lgcf ȕ b7 2l* 6" ȠR e2 k 6b4x ʘb7 2l* 4lg yu ~ȉȞx
2l* 1S:'+f"+fwgRqf1~4f(vqfȠRw52^x Ͱ˄ey_$*f:6f
13˅wf:6fT&6lbb72l*Țm^ǻfbȟ5> lb12ʘͰ>b7
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
˅·AʘΈΈΆʘpySf14
˅i˅o15
˅Aʘ˅i˅o16
˅ΆAʘ˅i˅o17
˅df3ȟpySf$+]6KȖxʘ·Aʘ˅i˅o18
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
19˅Ͱq&ȚWgfɩcfYx6+fw1k~1ʘ1SfYx6+fw?f2S
k2_Z ʘ8[gf 8& CC.x ʘAyC/f 4v *ǻ^ m2_f _;k l^
vk2^f:5vgRp6#Rf*ǻ_Ȟrkx 20ʘv&5.rkxȉkrkɩ#b*ǻ^
+h':xʘ6SfWgfh:ȕul: 2^xʘΈΈq:˕ʚ˖hg.2l* 1yl+k
Ǜ
V6f__+vSFxʘw8qfyg:ȚxK/fxc+fxm^ǻfȕf:5Ͱ˄oyqSf
21˅ͰmOSȞȉkdgkfȗ'f*B
luxͰɪRȉȞͰ˄b72l* v*ǻ^fȃSfkȗSfȠRwf:5ȕhg.Y F
ʘͰ ͰoqDz;fxʘͰ{}ͰoZ6.8ko:y^luxͰɪȈ+fͰxʘͰ˙˚ͰoZy_SȞo:y_f
Z4*5Rx lgbTFykȕK/fcfȕi2/:ȗfvpkȗSft4urRey_x
,gKCki2/:hG[wp )ȈlbʘkȗSfHSf[g/kl;i2^xʘǛyv:
22˅Ͱm^ǻfͰ,gKCke2ʘͰ ^yfͰ
57yf 52B ʘwqkvV6Z2SxʘQxȃȞ4vEyvqgfq'fY5SȞ57x F ǢyZ
ȕ ǛS^ykʘ%fYx6*xm^ǻfkȗRȕ57yf56^ȠR~y+:6b Ǜ Έq:
2^xʘm^ǻfkȗRx%fYx6*oyqR +ʘ952ȞȠRwllRx 23ʘΈͿq:
kȗRx %f Yx6+ `gSȞ iy:6Ȟ vZ 2'p 24ʘΈ q: p" SK TJ
51CȞYȗǙ.:yu4uoyc2^xʘΈ˅˅Έ05z6 . 6k ǛS^ykm^ǻf
˅AʘΈΈʘhg.˄G 6OpʙAʘΈʘ5y>R19
˅AʘΈʘ5y>R20
˅YȗWf+[BʘΈΈʘhg.21
˅ͿAʘ˅i˅o22
˅ΆAʘΈʘ5y>R23
˅΅΅˝΅AʘΈʘ6SflgSfTl'Ȟg'kȕ%fYx6*5yBxk2_Ȟȃp24
l: 2ȕɩcfYx6+fh_ȞKR ʘ96cfȕ6vOlbʘͰ%fYx6*Ͱ,gKCȞx
o 2S ȉk ȕ k2/: 2^x ʘ˕ ˖ ɧf hc?f ȠR llBx ʘ8g'pȜ Wgf ȕ iȗRȚ
ʘ,fB ˄6Op ˅ȉk ȕ Έ΄ 5y" i_ Wf vflS: 56_f rcfx ʘY5SȞ 57x v6^
˅ΈAʘΈΈ
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
˅m^ǻfkȗSf57yfqq:ɪSȕ
;*ȠRvflS:TFykxm^ǻfkȗRoycͰ˄iy:6Ȟrkp#f1Ȟȕ&
h:yfTl&Y5SȞ57x4/Ͱ˄S6f1Ȟȕx 25ʘͰm^5`+gȞȕɪkyuk
ȕwf.1rk˄df34[qwG_kxʘm^ǻfkȗRxʘ%fYx6*elS:mlSf
26˅ͰTKȞȕvflS:ɩ;xʘ5yvl'fɪu8kȃpxʘ:52f(kǺf
˝aquvl;˝ux6^ fm^ǻfkȗR96cfȕ15yfm^5`+gȞhC[
iv[:Ȗ kȗR ʘ˕˄˖ oK_qf ʘ˕˅˖ [^yf ʘ˕ʙ˖ Jy_qȞ gC[f ʘ˕ʘ˖ gC[f ˄ɨ lb
ʘ˕˝˖ gByf x Jȃf ʘ˕Ͱ Ͱ˖ DCqf kȗR ʘ˕˖ o:y_f ʘ˕ˇ˖ 6"f kȗR ʘ˕?˖
ʘ6b4f`;fb72l* )ǻ^ q57yfo 4urk,G 27˅˕˅˅˅˖Y4+fkȗR
5yCfvqlGfȃSfx5xȚkȗSf6^ xʘͰm^ǻfͰ,gKCkdf3ȕl
Ǜ
ȗ2S 6& vqcf ʘq&Ț vl:6 6_Ȟ iv[:Ȗ kȗR vZ l ʘwZ 15x f
4.mfxʘ6SfWgfȕT';fȕ\^yfkȗRwZF4.mfvpȠ'ʘ[[J Ǜ
l;ɩVvp lbʘ_*ȗf*ǻ^Ȗȕ k2^fȃSfkȗSfȠRZFȜ
˅tȗR 6vOlbkȗSfHS
˅
TFyk 'fR2^xʘ6Sfcfɩ;fq'f6u_fȕ6SfWgfTl'ki^
t4uɪrko quqlvkrcfxʘt4uq:51e'krRvlOSkȕ&5.12Sk
˅m^ǻfkȗRQyFykTFyȞ
ǙByvqrkxʘ΄˅˅Έ΄·ȕ2_SqȞTl'Ȟ6lkȠRvByq'gf *6J
TǙk28ʘaqu6^ZʘΈͿq:Y5SȞ57xv6^ fm^ǻfǙǙkȗRi2/:
˅΅AʘΈʘ5y>R25
˅i˅o26
˅AʘΈʘ5y>R27
Έq:kȗSf6^ Y5SȞ57xoey_yuxʘ΅Έ˝΅·ΈAʘΈ΅Ϳʘv?f˄6Op28
˅΄AʘΈ·ʘɪk ʙ·΅AʘΈ·ʘ\F˄G 6Op˅˕΅ΈA˅i˅o˖
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
29˅˕ʚ˖4cuʘcgfiv[:ȖkȗRw&xoyco yu2*xh2S
Tl'Ȟ 6lk ȕ df3x ʘ6.k g*6k ȕ m^ǻf QyFyk (fR 2_Z `?k1 Tl'k k
kȗSfȟYF wZxʘȗkȜ2Ry^96b6lȞ2S52B xʘͿͿΈq:rk#f
z6& x ʘ˕Ζ˖ x;Ȟx ʘ˕˙ ˚˖ ɪȈ+fx ʘ˕˝ ˝˖ ɪFǻSȞ ˄6u_f ȕ 6^ f
Ǜ
'Sfʘ[^yfe2K_qfʘgC[fe2gB[f˄yukȗSf l: ȕ[[JǛ ɩW
˅6"fe2
30
rkb6kkȗRHSfelS:ȟxʘcfy+piv[:ȖkȗRt'ȟ5> lb
31˅˕ˇʚ˖4cuʘSk'Sfxiv[:Ȗ
˅΄
kȗRi2/:ȕ_:Ȗx+Ȟ%yGpg*6kʘq 5ȕʘhc?tȗR 5yb4Ȟh*6Ȟ
Wgf ȕ wkȗRx m^ǻf f:5 5x2C ʘ2*x SZ1 U6Z rk ?q mfx ʘm^ǻf
ɪ ʘox6^ z2k ȠR 2k _: 5' gC* hc? vZ ʘΈ q: 6Sf
m^ǻfexqkvqkʘrȃSfo6_fhx xʘx5x ȕ6SfWgfRKf2
i2/: t6uOk cf O[* k vqkx ʘȂk iȗc 6Sf Wgf wk 2/:x
˅RyKȞAyCqfȕm^ǻfkȗR
Ǜ
ʘȉk vZ6R f h*6Ȟ ȠR ȉ_ ʘ_: Ǜ }[/ Ȗ
15yf 5yKf 5;k o G
hl? 4ux ʘ]ȃf ȕx 6Wf ȕ ɩ#b ex1 ȕ u1x2* %5. !2* k hu'x
ɨlZE6Sq:xʘ6.ȘHSf g[V xʘvGSȟ51CȞ5> ʘ12SkȖx +k
dgxʘ6Oqf*qfrkm^ǻfrR "2+fȖx+Ȟ˄vRypȠRȖx+Ȟt4u
˅wqRȂk$2*ox2RyKȞAyCqfȕwk2/:f
˅΅ΈAʘΈ΅Ϳʘv?f29
˅Ϳʘ\ȃf˄G 6Opʙ˝ΈAʘͿʘ`?k26SfWgfTl'k˄6Op30
˅@kvfʘAʘͿʘ`?k26SfWgfTl'k31
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
AyCqfȕwk2/:xʘm^ǻfrRcf
˕··Ά˝·Ϳ˖]2?f95Z2l* ˅
Z_" ȟ 0;qf Z_" rk e_pȖx ]2?f rR wf f_k ȕ 6x5 ~6Zy& 5>
i2/:obxͰ˄ey_$*m^ǻfkȗRi2/:ȕ]2?f6'ȟ 32RKf
ʘJyK/ȞwfyB rRQyKȞ6Sfcf8lf˙˅˅˅˚,kȗȞrkm^ǻfkȗR
·ΈiRȕͰ˄\Gx 33˅Ͱh?[fvqcfxe'Ȟ4uȕ6']2?gfobx
ʘ\6J}qSkhbȕ\[gfyux6Sf6_fȕbex Kfkȕ˙]2?f˚ȃp
*5?fx Jȃfx gB[f ˄6Wf m^ǻf kȗR wZ i2/; o R'? 56^x
34˅ͰK_qfxDCqfkȗRxiv[:ȖkȗRx'SfkȗRx
˄ey_$*Ͱh?[fͰ6'fowfy^:$*f)ȃ
qC+Z2Srcfxʘv32+l^5>u]2?f6'ȟ$*f5>o d>Ȗ
Ǜ
˅ͿͿʘ6x5˄6SfWgfȟe_Ȟl&6G 6Opʙ Roper, 1995.32
˅ͿAʘͿͿʘ6x533
l&6utȗR 15yf+gKCȞo ȟ5>Ȝ52'˅ͿAʘ˅i˅o34
lbwbk2_kȕvlOSki2/;mf]2?fxʘ8g'pȜWgf6x5e_kȕ15yfl;f
˅:
˅i˅o35
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
ex hc?m^ǻfkȗRrR]2?fbk2_kȕ&ko qf,GʘQyFylgf
yR2fȕ16f5x1wfh';o Wqxʘ5lGȞ4uȕ 6SfWgf _"yk6'
˅vk2/:ȕR'?fL_Z<fxʘq&Țm^ǻfkȗRi2/:ȟ
Ǜ
dgi2/;mfx˅˅˅Ͱ˄`;f9^Ȗȕwfy^ȕ$*fTk`[p Ȗqp ȟG ɩ?p
Ǜ
oZ _*Ȗ z6q: lcZ ʘͰrȃSf o6_f ȕ Ȗ RyKȞ 6Sf cf ȕ kȗSf
2SȃRT:fo6_fȕ\^ymfRyKȞcfȕ6Wfm^ǻfkȗRi2/:
kȗR i2/: obxͰ ˄h^ rk $*f wf^ k H^q ey_f 4u o lb ʘ]2?f
˅ͰJyK/ȞwfyB rRQyKȞ6Sfcf8lf,kȗȞrkm^ǻf
˄m^ǻfkȗRrR\6J}qSkhbȕ\[gfbk2_kȕ]2?fey_
36
˅΄˝Aʘ·Έʘ]2?f36
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
Ǜ
:uʘey_lbʘͰ(p6ZȜͰrR ȗ_p]2?fvk2/;fkȗSfo qu6vO
Ǜ
i2/; mf ]2?f o ux ʘ6b4f 62& O*ȗk aqux ʘ_: 6b3 kȗR
e_Ȟ ȕ & kx l&ǻf ȕ 6b3 k <cR ȠR ʘm^ǻf kȗR ɪ rk ʘK_qf
ȕi2/; pbkȗRi2/:wp ȖʘtȗR k2_Ȟȕu6b4mfwp lb37ʘ8g'pȜ
2qRk2_Ȟȕu6b4yuxʘ6_[f6.x ȕxʘkfhl'fɪhC[gfKf kSKk
38˄vk2/;fkȗSgfwgC[
;fvp ȖʘK_qfi_kiy_ʘtȗR 9^Ȗrkmv[plbʘkȗSft4uo d>Ȗ
ȕ Q> lR 5yK ʘ2_Sp lb ʘkȗSf t4ux ʘ6Wf kȗSf rk ;fx ʘK_p
q#2*2qRu6b3ȟ1ySq:xʘ6_[fvpȕ\^yfȠRhf2gf6SfJyK/Ȟ
˅JyK/Ȟȕk2/;ȞkȗSfrR
m^ǻfkȗRrRw#2*2qRxʘͰm^ǻfͰ,gKCk]2?fi2/;mfʘe+fSK
vlǙǙ;hC[f2ǙqRx2ǙwqcǙfxʘ(p6ZȜvk2/;Ͱ5>Ͱvp ȠRu6b3
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
˅ͰkȗRͰ
Ǜ ʘ]2?f
6vO lb vgc> ȟ 5>Ȝ }[bx ʘkȗSf t4u mOSk mǢ ; mf ʘG
Ͱ'SfͰ lu ɪ+gKCk kȗSf [Nx 22+ ȕ i2/: wqcfx ʘtȗR
ɪf2f ɪkȗSf ɪpx6_k ɪ+gKCȞ i2/: rk ex oyc 4vx ʘͰiv[:ȖͰx
˅4uqky}*ɪk2/;koȖ8Ȗo+gKCȞxʘlvgR
Ǜ
˄tȗR 9^Ȗȕm^ǻfkȗRrRw#2*q" ȕ]2?fey^ȟG tpȖ [gp
r+pxʘi_Ȟ4uȕt6b3lkT:x 22'_*Ȗ:wp qSkʘͰ$Wfex 4uxͰ
ǡ mf ]2?f o mgSp
hxgf e'Ȟ ,;[ lk ʘǛ: df4f 6b4 Ȗx ʘ4u t2Ry \
˅F6[fm2_x
ǟ
39yqǠȂ2qRm^ǻf ˅
lZ h#l ʘq2 ɪ f 51CȞ vg[V 2^x ʘiluȖ 62& fx+k p2&x 2_f
Jacques Auguste Cherbonneau, ˖yqǠȂǟ ;Vx a&ȁp6[f]ȃ;Ȟw'p
˅˕1813-1882
yq: pl# ]2?f 2S RyKȞ AyCqf ȕ m^ǻf kȗR e.1 yqȂ 2
"ȗ"52B 2_Zʘwqk7}*6l;kxgkck6'6#b uʘq 5ȕʘw6'xʘǛ6_
yux ·΅ q: exȚ ˄x5x ȕ Zx6Sk u lb m^ǻf kȗR vZ i2/: b
5ypx r2f <l> C^ yux ·΄ q: p#fx ʘol_gf ˙4b˚ pSkx e#k
62&v32+6#Ȟt4uxʘf+Ȟgf2fC^ yux ·΄΅q:$f#fxʘr2f
˅u5x2Bɪ*ȟh#kvf<f3iluȖ
6cZȟǙ*Ȉol_gfpSkxe#k ǙǙǙcf;p6[fk2_ȞȕyqȂɩǙǙ?
˄wl&6key_$*6SfDqfȕx5xȚm^ǻfkȗRi2/:
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
˄ey_$*ʘ22'fw6cZȠRSKȞ_Zykȟ+[Cf<[pȕ@kvfȕɩ?x
k2/:Ȗx 2f_f ȠR OZ+Ȟ ˙vglR˚ 2Ry^ rk f 41cgȞ SKȞ oͰ
Ǜ
ȕ22'f4u}qo ʘɪZ5Sfɪ^ȃ;Ȟrk12R~ 6f_Jʘ`Zyʘ˙vZSȞ˚
42˅Ͱfx 6RbRJ
gB[fʘK_qf˄ffm^ǻfkȗRrȞȕi2/;t2'p5yb4ȞcfqS3
WgfȕgB[fxK_qfɪ8lfvZmfȟxȚ6Ȟ uxʘq&Țv5yBȕ˖
ȕ˖e;fkȗRʘoK_qfʘJy_qȞgB[fʘ˕ɪ[g/kɪ[NxlvKRʘ6Sf
E6Skȕlgcf56ce2F5Sfi2/;yux˅'SfkȗRʘ˕q&Țv5yB
ȕ vk2/; Ȗ wqcfx ʘͰ9yk_fͰ tl: lZ ʘ;p6[f ȟ 6Sf lgcf l&6
43˄ɧfe#ȞȕlbʘrȞ
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
Ǜ
AyCqfl&6ȕlvk2/;wqcfxʘrȞȕɪ&x18Ȟi2/;Ȗwp ȟG ɩ?p
44˄t2qRS?f ;fkȗSf6vOɧf9^Ȗȕ˅;p6[fȟ
Ǜ p2&x
ȕ lb ʘr2f 5ypx r2f <l> C^ ȕ Y4+f I_p i2/; wp G
45˄e#Ȟ
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
46˄RyK_Ȟȕ}qSȞt2qRvqȖ~4f6S?f 2Svk2/;lb
!x5yȞ ȕ S> pb f hC[f kȗR i2/; mf yqȂ o ȟ 5>Ȝ 52'
wqcfxʘol_gfpSkxe#k yuxʘm^ǻfwZi2/:~4fexȚcfȕ6Sf
5ypxr2f<l>C^oyqRZ6.7ȕ ʘ˕ ˖ʘ62gfS?fec>Ț2* i2/;
p6b4 4ux ʘf+Ȟ gf2f b rk ʘA. hc? ʘ6_[f vp ȕx ʘr2f
47˄ȗ#k6Op˅x5xȚm^ǻfkȗRȟ!x5yȞrkkȗRTl&ȕ]2?f
˕·ΈΆ˝·΄Ϳ˖p6yKfq;*r;*˅
hc?p6yKf6'Ͱm^ǻfȕ$*kͰwf_kȕ~6l:Ț2l+kr,fB6b4
˄6'ft4urR2Vy wf^kdf3eȗ.h_qxʘ6R
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
ʘ˕m^ǻfkȗR˖QyFykȕf:5\f ȕ Ǜ2& [SF fx+k 6& 2^x
΅΅˖q: 1yfyȞʘhqf26&*Bp6ǣ ǟyK DZ fq;*r;*3:Țrk
˕s Ϳ˖ q: ȕ TJ 2_Z ʘȟS wgf wl*5 ʘ˕s ΄˖ q: ȔyȞx ʘ˕s
+[B˕΅˖ȕʘ˕5>ȜL.b˖oyqSf:5 6u_fhqfSKl
Ǜ _p 5>Ȝx kȗSf hS& ȠR vZ 2lR ʘɩcf TK_f rk
[f x K
48˅vqk1[;ȖWgf[SFf:5 pcZʘuy+px
Ͱm^ǻfͰ k2_k ˄rkͰ ˄tȗR 9^Ȗ 52Ck ȟ ɩ? O*ȗk @kvf ȕ \Gx
49˅Ͱ`gS˕A˖
i^2_Z ʘ6SfWgfȕwkȗRxm^ǻfb72l* byu5yb4Ȟ m^ǻfb
2'p mf qp 6b4f 62'f rkx ʘwf k2_k TFxx tȃq 2V y )[f 2R 0?f
h';ȕK.T^x2^wpx ʘz6. SJȕǛ1y&ykoyc2_ZʘwZ5yb4Ȟ9^Ȗ
50˅52CȞ
ɪx5xȚ 2qR m^ǻf Y5R wp 2'p p6yKgf 5>Ȝ L. b ȟ p2R 3
˄ey_yvZmvqRh_qo ex+mfwqcfx
ȕ 62fx ~xǻf rk 2 Ȗ h _gfx 4.Ț 16'l [cp o qgR <f ˅˅˅
<f x p2qR kǛ ygSk <fx i8g kx wflS: 5yBx vqk ~5xȏf [b
o ,C\bxqlȗlk<fxmv2f1y&ykyux mu2qRkȗRwf ǛRyFyk
ȠRkȗRoyco :qf5yCfukxkȗSft4uQyl'krR$+p
51˅˅˅wg^xqK.ec> ;*
Ǜ
5>xʘmu[Ȟ5>ȟkȗSfm;_p6yKfi^6c[ft4urk^ȗKp
Ǜ
˅΄AʘͿͿʘx^˄G 6Opʙ ΄΅˝΄΄Aʘʘ~6l:Ț48
˅΄΅Aʘʘ~6l:Ț49
˅˝Ak2_Ȟʘ˙Έ·΅˚ʘb7˄6Op50
˅ΆAʘ·Έʘp6yKf51
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
˅΄AͿͿΆʘʘx^˄6Op52
˅˝Aʘ·Έʘp6yKf53
˅Ά˝ΆAʘͿʘ7yZ54
˅Awad, 2015, p.121˄6Op55
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
hg/ 5[BȚx L_qf Yȗ. ByC/k kȗR TFy 2 Ȗx ob 3Z
[b mvqk hǬ b )ȃ o 2S vf 5?Ȟ >Ț ȠR e2x ʘ6K:Ț
56˅vflS:
i2/: TFyk )G yux ͰhFZȚ lgSfͰ rk Ȁ:Ț vgKk ,Fy 4ux
˅m^ǻfkȗR
˄ɨkvZ2'pqpZ5yb4Ȟf:6gfp2R3
˅ͰkȗRx5>Ͱm:m^ǻfkȗRȠR`gK ˝
kȗR ʘof 17x )Gȝf 5> ˕˄˖ o6[Cf ˄u6b4 f kȗSf ˝
2^x˕Έ˖hc>ȠRaquRyFyk˖iv[:ȖkȗRʘ˕ˇ˖eS[pȖx 'Sf
ȕ l:5lqʘSKȞȕ6Zykrcmfiv[:ȖkȗRo df316koyc
&6.k,+Cdf3o rOpx˕ʚ˖iyfT?fvgc?q8fh:6f
y*ȖkȗRlvpey_xʘlvl;Ȗx˕˖ɪ:y_fTGʘ˕cfRJ2qR
f˙4b˚`gSf5[: Ͱ6b4xʘ}qSȞȏȖiȗcfrk Z4*3gl&
Ȗx u2fiyv[kwg+k g*~4fiȗcfoycfkgl&L:xȕTFy
2> r+pfzx2'fqf5>Ȝt4uh#krkdf3 ɩVx˙˅˅˅˅˚t6b3`g
57
Ͱ˅˅˅pɩVrkvf Ǜ&*
Wgf ȕ kȗR TFx ȠR 6kȚ ɪlvlgf $* u ʘq[g: lb ʘ7yZ q7 f:5
_6Kf )Ȃ Tk ʘx5xȚ Wgf m^ǻf kȗR rR wZ6S l y: 6Sf
q7f:5lu x ˅vk2/;Ȗxʘ12+km^6kȗR)ǻ_Ȗvqcfxʘvk2/:
ȕxʘm^ǻfȟ6SfWgf&*ȟtpȖ [fȕ_g*vpybȕuʘz6plbʘ7yZ
52CȞȕ6vOȖɪZy_SkɪTFxkxʘAʘsͿʘp6yKfʙΆAʘͿʘ7yZ56
˅ɩ.Ț
˅Ͱ5[: Ͱe2Ͱ5[B Ͱlgb6vOquxʘΆAʘͿʘ7yZʙ˝AʘsͿʘp6yKf57
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
Ǜ
˅6b4f_;fp6yKff:5ȃqf8[+kvpyb
b72l* ȟ1yR˅
f 6Sf Wgfȕ wkȗRx m^ǻff:5 o 2'p qpZ b7 2l* ȟ p2R 3
z6 lb ʘm^ǻf QyFyk ȕ w1v& ȕ ȟxȚ 51Ȟ rc mf Έ q: ȃp
t5Ǣ2Bxʘ<5ȕp2fbΈͿͿq:ȃp2_Zʘuqk2/:f51CȞmOSk
2qR cf 4u ȟ 5> 15x 2^x ʘm^ǻf kȗR rR wZ !2+ 5_gf wq
5;f2R5yb2fwf5> lb 58ʘQyFyȞrR$2*$+ȕEyRp15yb2f
ʘb72l* 2_qɩ.Ț$+fo mV5x59˅m^ǻfkȗRrR/5fw#+ȕpySf
˄df3x ʘ6Sf iygR ɪJ: rS; mfx ʘm^ǻf kȗR ȠR hlSf 16[ wp ȠR
˝lgcgf}qSkm˞obx˙˅˅˅˚kR8fȟ ǛSgKx\BSf~x2f!2*ȕV5Ͱ
yvZʘey_lb 60ʘͰ+fx6c[f6uyNrk6uNhbȕw_:h';ȠRC6* Ǜ
ex ˙b7 2l* ˚ oyc Ȗ mfͰ ˄ey_ $* m^ǻf rR cf ȕ 16f wf x8S
Ȗ2* w^6Kmf6Sfȕ6ce'Ȟ4uo B.ʘ6Sfȕm^ǻf2Ry_fTFx
61˅Ͱˇʚ$2+fȉSfȕp&ȚrkȖxʘ6Sfrk
ZFȜxʘɨlZɪq:lbxqlbʘ,+BɩVɩ.ȚmlSf4uo ,G2_ f
wp3ʘhlSft16[ȠRb72l*Țt2_pȕ6&ob2^$*fo qfx2df3ȟ
Ǜ
ǺS ~4f yux ʘ6Sf Wgf ȕ wkȗRx m^ǻf 96b >* ȕ & k h[V
rȃRx ɪq" l: l^ b7 2l* # $* ʘY5SȞ 57yf l:6f
Ǣ w*ǻ^
l?*2l* ~ 5ȠRqʘwglRmvgRE6Rʘ;q'fxr2f$*rkyRyqʘ[_#k Ǜ
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
hC22>2_pt5x6&~4fe[VȜ4vf5Ǻk2'pȖx62ʘa4pY5SȞ67x>
˅ȍ/?fm'vf1x2*ȟ
˄<5ȕp2fbrk5_gfwqfȕ&
5>Ȝ ʘ6Sf q Y+ &y ʘ6c[fx cf ȕ ʘȉSf i2_ q 5
hg_fYy^yfT^ykȠR5_f1>5Ȝʘxx5xȚWgfgV ȕglS;Ȟ
t4u o i6& Ȗ ˅df3 y+px iv[:Ȗx ɩ+fx 'Sf TFykx hK;Ȟx
yulbʘvGSTkhl'fLg.i2Rxxȗfr;*ȕwf2>6kɩ.5>Ȝ
w;[p S&6ȞǛɩ#bo;pȜ6KG$+ʘ6Sf RyKȞ gV ȕ hB*
63˅u6.rkgl'fex Z6SȞ6_f1Rx
yu tȗR 5yb4Ȟ wqfx ʘvk2/; f m^ǻf kȗR wqf ȕ hC[ df3 2S
ȕ z6p lb cf rk ȕ ǛgSZ vk2/: f kȗSf QyFyk ȕ 5_gf 1>5
64˅·`+gȞ
˄ɨlZvgl'pI_p2Rcfm^6rkxwqfrk,G
12RTk5x?fxʘY5SȞ67xrk\gc m^ǻf96b\fob2_f ˝
o ɪquvfpȂ f1Ȟxʘp6b3lbʘȉkȕmgSfȖ&5rkɩb
67x \gc h^ kȗSf t4u i2/: ȠR qf 2_R 2^ ob b7 2l*
+gKCȞ e'k ȕ ɩ" mu5?: rȞ oyc 2^x ʘyq; Y5SȞ
w*ǻ^ rlF vSl& 15x ʘwqf ȕ 15yf kȗSf rcfx ʘ l;fx
mf u5?: f C/?fx Y5SȞ 57x o qS 4ux ʘΈ q:
t4u!2+:5x\_rkyub72l* o ȠR4uqf2lbʘvZe2
˅ǻ[fdgȕȉkȕkȗSf
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
oyc2^xʘɪ&x18lgfxɪ:y_gfhk>m:b9y^Ț6b4}[b2^cfoyc2^
Ǜ
_*Ȗvk2^fȃSfkȗSf12*2^i2/:Ȗ4vwp ivf6kȚrcfxʘvg[V 2^
˅Y5SȞ57yfw*ǻ^ȕ
mf6SfAyCqfȕm^ǻfi2/:rRcfoey_fTK;p`:khbrk
oxʘhyJ ^ydf3 _:hʘ7yZq8Ȗxʘoxɩ#b2_Slbʘb72l* 2
2qR \^y mfx ʘ·Έ q: ]2?f b 5x2B 4qk ^S 2^ _"yȞ 1v&Ȗ
57x 56^ ȟ gBx }* 6l: h ʘ~ȉȞ Yx
6f 2R 2qR Ȗx b7 2l*
˅6u_fȕ6SfWgfTl'kxʘȉkȕY5SȞ
ɪ 51 ʘvgR 6#Sp mf qp x ʘ_"yk ɩV z6. 1v& aqu o q2f d> Ȗ
ʘmvRyKk ȕ m^ǻgf kȗR yg.1 r4f ʘcf RKx TKȞ ?p ɪlvȞ
2^oyco 2Ǣ Ȗxʘ`:2C^ox2o rclȖTKȞȕm^ǻfkȗRd;Z
˅ΈAʘΈͿͿʘb765
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
2^x ʘz6. 1S:x kȗR 5. m vZx ʘwfy* 51 >_px $1* w_:
lZp'f4uexqq:xʘ6SfJyK/Ȟȕux2&xfkȗSfwgb4u _:
˅ɨ
RyKȞxJyK/ȞAyCqfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:
6SfJyK/Ȟȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:˅
fȖ2gfJyK/Ȟȕȉ/Ȟx WgfYx6*i2/:ȟ$+f4uȕ]6Kprf
66ʘɩ#bT&6kȕu2'o 5_fTK;xʘE6VȚrktɩWfx 9^vpȠR
ȕ\^ygfkȗSb k2/:fWgfYx6*ȠR2lSȞɩV5>Ȝexqpqqcfx
˅JyK/Ȟ
6b3 lb m^ǻf kȗR rk f. pb l2_f JyK/Ȟ rk Ǜɩ#b o ,+B
\^ygfB.5>i2/;ɩ#bJyK/kp2&xqqcfxʘ_;f51CȞHS
u7Ǻ lk ʘ1R 6l*Ț oygf l:5 2^x ʘ6_[f vpȖx ʘhl'f ɪ hC[g fx
Ǣ
uȖxʘȃRT:fo6_f2fx ;fkȗSft4uxʘDqfm;_)Gȕmu;x
l2^ JyK/k ȕ u2'p qpZ ʘEyR p1 u4 lb q2f AyCqf B.
67
ʘ7yl+f˄G 6Opʙɪ__+Ȟ2qRYx6+fi2/:rRZx1kʘΈ·΄ʘyf2Rȕ2'66
˅˝·AʘͿͿΆʘx^ʙΈΈ
Awad, 2015, p.120.67
˅ͿͿ΄ʘp&6[fʙAʘΈΈʘ7yl+f68
˅·Aʘ˙sΈ˚ʘ~ylgSfʙAʘΈΈʘ7yl+f69
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
Ǜ
$2*hcZE5R3Zʘȗ[V52foyco PZ+fK/f+:x˙˅˅˅˚
˅Ͱ˅˅˅K.vK:xȕL/x K_pwgf52fȕL_qwF6RrkU6[
70
˅·ΆAʘΈ·΅ʘ)ȗCfr70
˅hBȚȕ;fo:y_fxʘ·Aʘ˙sΈ˚ʘ~ylgSf71
˅m^5`+gk˄6Op72
˅m^5`+gk˄6Op73
˅m^5`+gk˄6Op74
˅΅Aʘ_kȞ75
Έ΅AʘΈͿʘ~68'f76
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
5yK 2^ df3 oyc o 2S; Ȗx ʘȠRȚ ȟ u5; rk r+qk
Ǟ Ǣ . ZF
L
ʘJyK/Ȟrkɩ#bȕvk2/:2'px˅:ylKȞ62frRy[R5yC
77 Ǜ
˅:ylKȞ62ftq[Bxkx ɩcfK_qfɪxvqȖ12'plb
qpZʘl2_fJyK/ȞȕkȗSf1x5xɩxC*qS:y<fwp mV5
ɪ rk O Ǜ * 6ZxȚ ob ʘhl'f ɪ 8lgf ʘgB[f i2/: o 2_Sp
o˅˅˅Ͱ ˄ey_ $* df3 ȟ 6Oqf w&y b 5> 2^x ʘZx6SȞ kȗSf
78˅Ͱmu2qR ǛRy>6#bȚu˙yg_Ȟxyf˚kȗSft4u
kȗSb$g#kuȠRI_p!ȗ"JyK/ȞHSi2/;˄!ȗ#fI_qf ˝
lq80ʘ6S?fȕ8'Sfx52CfɪhCZkȗSb7yl+fu6b32^x79ʘ\^ygf
81
˅m6cfo6_fȕvk2/:ȟo6_fiygRȕo_Ȝbɩ?
$g#k u ȠR hByZ !ȗ" i2/; JyK/Ȟ HS ˄!ȗ#f hBy[f ˝΄
Ǜ
I_qfɪ Ȗ1JyK/Ȟȕ2'px 82˅2*yfgB[fe2ʘ\^ygfkȗSb
83˅$g#Ȟ9 5ȕgBZx2R_fȕɪK_p2'plbʘ!ȗ#fhBy[fx!ȗ#f
\^yf 2S ȟxȚ lgcf ]yZ L/f i2/: ȟ G Ǜ ɩ?p ˄~ygSf L/f ˝΅
rk mvqk ˅˅˅Ͱ ˄wfy_ kȗSf t4u ȟ 6Oqf w&y ɩ?x 84ʘwSFyk ɪSf
vqk exȚ Y6+f x ȟxȚ lgcf b r;+fx ȕcf ˙\^yf˚ kȗR hS'
dgo ȟ5>df4bK Ǜ .v^yZhS'x 6l*ȚǺ+fxyfobolǙ:Ȗ
˅xɪ_+gȞ6Op77
˅Έ΅AʘΈͿʘ~68'f78
˅΄`+gk˄6Op79
˅#g#ȞK_qfvl;xʘΈAʘΈΈʘ7yl+f80
˅΅˝΄Aʘs΅ʘJy;f˄6Op81
˅΅`+gk˄6Op82
TFykȕhC[gfv*ǻ^2^xʘͰǢq#Ȟfy?fͰb72l* ul: fkȗSfuxʘΆ`+gk˄6Op83
˅tȗR ˅ȕp6b3lbT';f
˅·`+gk˄6Op84
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
˅ͰwgR\^yfUy;vg^ko xv2ȖUy;lklgcf
85
qpȚdf3xʘ$2+fbȕGfȟTFyȞ4uȕ5>Ȝ52'˄Gf ˝Ά
b72l* }l:˅lvfǛ;kb72l* oyc2^ʘ^1i2RxKg.wZp2&x
*ȗKBrkGfͰkȗSf)Ȃȕe^xʘͰGfkȗRͰɪ&x18Ȟ
ǢGfov?ɪkȗRɪ\ȃf$2+fTFxmu2qRtqSkx$2+flgR
86˅Ͱiȗcfrkt2RlR8lcf
m^ǻf kȗR ȟ yZF 2_Z $2+f lgR k Ͱ ˄wCp k pySf ey_x
lRmg:xwgRwgfȠBey:6fiȗbhC[fGfkȗR˙4b˚6b4f_:
6.2* iȗbx ʘw;[p\fȞiȗbrkycȞ6K;fȕ Ȗl>xǛ Ǜ qlw3+
kȗR rk 6q?f [Nx ~1 o3 GfZ ˄mvkȗc \fȞ 2v?; rlk
rOpqqcfxʘiȗcf4u252Ckȟɩ?Ȗyux87˅Ͱf*k2/;Ȟm^ǻf
ɩ?o ox1ʘfȖ2f<[p~1\g/kiȗcb72l* w&k<^wp
˅wf
rkT&6Ȟw#kɪxo#*fw&kɪ^ȗRȖ p2&xT&6Ȟȕ6Oqf2qR
˄)ȗCfrey_˅wkȗRxGgffȖ1
rk df4b t1x5x ,B k ȠR hS'Z H6lf G }l;x ˄Gf k x
oyco h#kʘD^px ʘ\SFx ʘ}qSkx ʘO Ǜ [f2:Zwp ɩVʘh_qfv&
Ǣ .wg:4ukȠR2lZ˙˅˅˅˚6Sf$*rk8&ɩV
Ȗx1Cfh#kwfx ʘL
ox1v2l,+Cf 1BwpbxʘǛȎrOȗbʘvgRmgSȞlgcf]8g
Ǜ
kɪxuɩVxx6fv&rk_gKk,Bkɪ]6[fdf4b bʘv*
D^pY6*bx,+ǙǙCfwgRhlcmgZuɩVox1x6fv&rk,B
˅Έ΅˝Έ΄AʘΈͿʘ~68'f85
˅΄Aʘ˙Έ·΅˚ʘb786
˅ΆΆAʘΈΈΆʘpySf87
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
88˅˅˅wx5xwg_p+BTkwF6kxwC_q5S>D^pY6*ȠR
Ǜ
iȗcfȉ*GfkȗRygS&-;qfHSo b72l* K.52Ckoyc2^
ZF WqZ 2 Ȗx ob oZ ʘɪ:y_f w? k yux ʘ61 [Cq hg. wZ ~4f
f1fʘ\ȃf~yqf$2+fB/fJyK/Ȟm^6kȗRȟ62f[Cp
Ǜ
5?Ȟ51CȞ6b4lbɪ61ɪ$2+fȉ+bz6. h:yG GfȠR
w3+lRmg:xwgRwgfȠBey:6fiȗbhC[fͰ<fey*ȚTl&ȕwqcfxʘvf
Ǜ
˅tȗR 9^Ȗȕ15xlbʘͰȖl>x Ǜ ql
Ǜ qO*Ȗ qp qu \Gp
hc> 4/Z ʘ6x2f m:5 ȕ yqq[ 2^ ɪ.;qf o G
yZF lbʘ62uyJ* m"ɩWB˕xx˖m:6 2vl:5o x ʘɩWB_5x
rk_?kz6. Ȗc> xʘ1ylSfɩWCfIyK/frk "ɩV12RvK+kȠR
rR x ʘ62f rR 5yK oyc 2^ ˕ ˖ ]2?f vk2/: f kȗSfx ʘ62f
ȠRxʘ6_[fvpȠRfȖ2gf˕ ˖hc?f4vJyK/Ȟȕi2/;ȞvfY6*
kȗSfoZwgRx 89ʘvfc> ȠR6x2fi2/:]:ȕk2/;kvZe*hb
2^xʘtȗR 5yb4Ȟ ;fkȗSfuiRhc?JyK/Ȟȕup2&xf::Ț
:2_ȞɩVcfȕK.T^x3xʘ$2+fcB.vpȚGfkȗRqq#:
˅SȞ]6Kfz2*wK>x wK?bm
RyKȞAyCqfȕm^ǻfi2/:˅
6Sf cf ȕ m^ǻf kȗR 5yvN 5yK ȟ pySf 5;f 2R $*f ]6K
˄ey_ZRyKȞ
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
ʘdf3 \f/ k p2&x ]ȃȞ ex1x x5x ȕ RyKȞ 6Sf cgf qS&6k ȕ
˅ɨlZtp2&xkhC[px
m2^xʘRy;fȗBbyu6SfWgfȕTJbex o ȟ51CȞɩ?
91˅΄q:fKȕypZq2kȕwSJ
o 2bpo TK;pȃpkȟ6Oqfxʘ pǻpȜȠR12Sk+[Bcfrkȃp
HS ȕ hl'f ɪ hC[gf 6Sf gB[fx ɩcf K_qf i2/: 2^ cf
92˅TFyȞ
˕ȃR91;fo6_f2˖ʘRy;fȗBrk2ʘ6SfRyKȞqS3
Ȟku:: hc?5yb4Ȟcfȕ15yfm^ǻfo 2'pʘȃRT:fo6_f}*
ȕȀ: hc?hC[gfkȗSbK_qfx 6SfgB[f ǙǙk2/:2_Zʘt2S&
˅RyKȞt4u
b ȕ i2/:Ȗ ȕ O* 6Zx pb 6Sf gB[f o ux ZȖ 6uN aqu
ȕTKȞ6"lqʘfKq#:ʘiRhc?x5x ȕRyKȞȕʘɪ^ȃ;Ȟ
I_qfi2/ǙǙ:ȃRrk#fo6_f24qkvy?p2S6Sf1ȗfȕx ǙǙfK
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
˄mvbȕ6SfgB[fyk2/:r4fɪ^ȃ;Ȟrk 93˅hl'fɪhC[gf
(De Sacy, Ȁ: ~1x 94ʘ(Erpinii, Thomae, 1584-1624) 9yq5 9ky
~1x 96ʘ(Freytag, George, 1788-1861)%6Zx 95ʘSilvestre, 1758-1838)
˅ɪ^ȃ;ȞrkmuɩVx97ʘ(De Goeje, M. J., 1836-1909) wy.
ʘuɩV ȕx ʘtȗR r5yb4Ȟ RyKk <[p ȕ 2'p gB[f i2/: p& ȟx
101˅~ygSfL/fx100ʘ!ȗ#fI_qfx99ʘ!ȗ#fhBy[fx98ʘ62gfHSfi2/:
Ǜ ɩ?p
ȕ tx2&x k ȠR Ǜ6& 102ʘm^6 ȗ 6Sf Dqf }_ HSf o ȟ G
˅6SfJyK/Ȟ
6"2^ʘfWfȠRʘTKȞo 2'pqpZʘ]ȃȞȕxfKȕRyKȞȟqg_p3
fʘK_qfǺbȕɩWTkdf3xʘ\^yfTFykȕhl'fɪhC[gfK_qfi2/:
4uʘ:ylKȞ62fx ɩcfK_qfe21RK_p +B }*Ǜ'526 WB
K_qfi2/:ȠRg#kȚx˅[g/Ȟvfc> ȠR6x2fxiy'qfi2/:p&ȟ
kx5ʘ+;ȞmgSfȠRT:xɩ;[b˄kx5RJrkvqk6b4pʘǛ2&ɩ#b
ȕQyKȞAlphabetum Arabicum bxʘ΅Άkx5ʘ92_Ȟcfxʘ΅Ά
103ʘ·Ϳ kx5 ȕ QyKȞ ʘȁbx3y"5Ț olȜ 1_R bx ʘΆ΄ q: kx5
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
vp ȕ ˕ ˖ 62f ec> 2* TGx ʘhl'f ɪ hC[gf K_qf i2/; ~4f
˅·Έq:kx5ȕQyKȞʘ&5ygfbxʘ6_[f
ʘgB[f Ȗx K_qf i2/; mf kx5 ȕ z6. RyKk aqu o ȟ 5>Ȝ 52'
ʘkx5ʘ&+frȖ Zcfh#kʘtȗR 15yf62fiȗcf8& ɪ gCZlpx
ɪpy_fxʘ΄ΈͿkx5ʘh'pȜh#kʘ62frR5yKvp 2_Spiy'qxʘ΄Έ
m^6 kȗR ox2 RyKk 2'p lb ʘΆ kx5 ʘȉ/Ȟ ȃqȞ pu6f
ȠRfȖ2gfvfY6*i2/:$*˖ʘ΅q:kx5ȕQyKȞʘ1x1ɩk8kh#k
˅˕5yk8Ȟvp
ɪhC[fQ>$*ʘ]ȃȞRyKkȠR`Kqkx5ȕRKfrRtȗR 6b3k
ʘ,ȉfouǺfbdf3ȠRg#kȚrkxʘrȃ Sfo6_f2}*I_qiȗcf
61ȕTJ~4fʘ5ǼȚxk4fmgRȕ5u7Ț\K^bxʘΆq:g*SJ
<l>ʘ·q:xɩȕQyKȞʘ+;Ȟ*: bxʘΆΈΆq:6y?f
b ʘ·Ά΅ ʘxɩ ʘp;gf Y5SȞ 61 ʘ·΅Ϳ ʘxɩ ʘ*x6f F6f
ʘ·΅ʘhByȞʘ1Ș`2*ȕfȚu8pʘ···ʘmg>5x ʘSk'f;qcf
ʘ·Ά xɩ ʘmkȚ ]y_* ʘ·ΈΈ ȉk ʘK/f `* rR _qf \?b bx
ʘmg>5x ʘrk5Ț 05y ȉ/k ʘ··· ʘxɩ ʘ&7f \Bqf 2S;f TfKk
5.Ț6[:ʘΈͿ΄ʘ˙6u_f˚ʘɪg'pȜrȃȞȠR16fȕɪȞey_fʘ·΅·
˅·΅·ʘxɩʘ5*Ț6[:ȕ
ʘ]ȃȞȕRyKȞȕz6.Țec>Țxl'qfi2/:2'pI_qfhC[fp&ȟ
˅m^6kȗRox2RyKk2'plb
ȟZFȜʘyuxʘ6SfRyKȞȕQ>~4fm^ǻgf%3lphc?tȗR tp15x k
o ux ʘku __* ȟ qgBy ʘvgb vgC[f i_Ȟ T; Ȗ ɩ#b z6. %3lp
ȕ ǛS>ob~4fm^ǻf g_pʘ]ȃȞex1ȕxx5x ȕʘ6SfWgfRKf
i2/: df3 Ƞ'x ʘ6Wf m^ǻf kȗR rR wg_q mfx ʘ6Sf JyK/Ȟ
[[Kf ɩWf HS Tk ʘ_:Ǜ up6b3 fx ʘvZ R> f ;f kȗSf
˅::Ț2R_frRdf3v&6/o ox1ʘvfc> ȕǛp*
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
˄x5xȚkȗSfey.1˅
HS o ʘ6Sf Wgf RKf 2 4qk RyKȞ cf ȕ p6Op q" p2&x
ɩV 16Z 51k 5yC ʘ6Sf RyKȞ h.2 2 ʘ6Wf m^ǻf kȗR
ȟ ʘ6#b x kȗSf t4u z2* ZF `6J rR ʘ[g/k RyKk ȕ ʘ16Kk
4. h^df3xʘq[g: lbgB[fxK_qfB.xʘJyK/ȞrR3y.ȞkȗSf
˅up6b3fkȗSf]2?f
q:kx5ȕQyKȞ 92_Ȟcfȕey_f2S˕˄˖ɪK_qf2'pe#Ȟh: ȠSZ
104˄ɧfe#Ȟȕlb΅Ά
q:kx5ȕQyKȞ1x15y7ȕ)+BȜm^5x5yk8Ȟm^5ɪhC[gfk2/:lb
˅Ά΄
kx5ȕ5y?qȞʘȉ/Ȟɪpy_fbȕ˕q&Țlvl:5ȕ˖ɪ&x18Ȟp2&xlb
105˄ɧfe#ȞȕlbΆ΄q:
˄·iR<5ȕȃpkSfWgfrRbȕɪ1Rɪ&x18kp2&xx
106
˅΄Aʘ΅Άʘ92_Ȟcf104
˅΅AʘΆ΄ʘ9yg:105
Caussin, 1824, p. 25.106
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
107
˄5l"Țxwby[fq&bȕY4+fI_pp2&xlb
˄2[Ȟ<pȚbȕʘɪ:y_fi2/:ȟZFʘup2&xx
108
˅˕6SfDqfrk˖Aʘ·ʘL/u107
˅Ά·Aʘ·΅ʘȀ:~1108
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
rk<fkȟ5>ȜY2vʘJyK/Ȟ`_+ȕk2/:r4fɪZy_SȞp2&xx
q: ȃp 2Ry_f ȕ b rk ɧf e#Ȟ ȕ lb ʘwZ 15x k ,+Cf x ʘDqf
109˄·Ά
˄e#ȞȕlbA.hc?<ky_fȕk2/;kF5Sfp2&xlb
110
rk ];f 4u yF ȕ mv[ o ' ʘyqȂx ]2?f 6' o ey_f ȟ Dg/p
WgfRKf24qk6SfAyCqfoykȕ6Wfm^ǻfkȗRi2/:
Ǜ
ɪ6Wf2qRQ>kqflvyR1ȕ 6&6#b g_pȠRlvf8Z*hc>lkʘ6Sf
˅m^ǻfkȗRrk
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
2_Z <cSf ȠRx ʘypȂx ]2?f 2S 6Wf m^ǻf kȗR i2/: \^y mf
ȕ Z+Cfx RKf 5?p hG[ ʘlu2S Ǜ'52 mNSx i2/:Ȗ 4u }kq
˅rȃSfo6_f2xȃRT:fo6_fvpȕʘ6Sf1ȗf
ʘȃR T:f o6_f rk p#f \Cqf ȕ m^ǻf kȗR 5?pȖ 75f %3lqf rk
ȕ ˕Έ˝·Έ˖ QyqB y_S u52B f ʘ^57 5Op y [+B 6b4p
vp p2&x ȟxȚ q;f rk [g/Ȟ u12R ,[C eȗ.x ʘ ·Ά· q: 4qk <5
I_p ʘo&x18Ȟ ʘ9y^Ț ʘe;f kȗR ʘF5Sf 111˄ff kȗSf k2/:
4u ʘ··Ϳ q: 12R ȕ ɪF5Sf p2&x 2^x ˅K_qf ʘ'Sf kȗR ʘY4+f
Ǜ
vqk Ȗ2!ȗ#fI_qfxʘ6_[fɪxhl'fɪhC[gfl'qfi2/:ȟZFȜ
˅··q:_*Ȗ12R ȕ
yq:z2kȠR16Kkhc?m^ǻfkȗRi2/:wZ6vO~4fp#f%3ylqf
q: 4qk ʘ˕ΈΆ˝·΄Έ˖ y/> <yf u52B f ʘ]ȃȞ g'k yu Sk
Ǜ
ȕpqgf2g_fȕ56l:Ȗvqk Ȗ2xʘgB[fi2/:i2RvZ75fxʘ ·Έ·
ʘm^6kȗRȗ6_[fvpa6Tkʘhl'fɪhC[gfvqkȖ2K_qfi2/:
112˅6_[fvpȕEaǻu76x
ʘF5Sf ʘK_qf ˄ff kȗSf Qy> ʘ]ȃȞ rk ȟxȚ 12RȚ ȕ p2&x 2^x
I_p ʘo&x18Ȟ ʘoK_qf 113ʘ˕FǻSȞ gl'f ȠR hf2gf G k2/:˖ 9y^Ț
Jy_qȞgB[fǙǙp2&xǙlbʘ˕Ry>h^ ˖'ǙSfkȗRʘeǙ;fkȗRʘY4Ǚ+f
˅95v[fȕ˕q&Țvl:6˖
Ǜ
ȕf*Ȝm^5ɪlȟǛ2*x:y^i2/; ]ȃȞp2&xkȗSft4uȟZFȜ
hC[gfq&ȚgB[f
Ǜ
k2/:lbʘ@kyvfȕm^6f5;ȟǛ2*x:y^xʘrȞ
ȟ Ȗ*Ȝ ɪ hC[gf Jy_qȞ q&Ț gB[fx ʘ95v[f ȕ +[Cf i^5 ɪ
˅[g/k51Ck
˅΅`+gk˄6OpʘΈΆʘ5Opy \+B111
˅Ά`+gk˄6Op112
˅΄Aʘ·Έ·ʘ]ȃȞ˄ȗ#k6Op113
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
Ry;fSKȞȕQ>2g_yuʘtȗR 5yb4ȞkȗSfi2/:oey_fTK;p
]ȃȞ 52B h^ SKȞ t4u v52B 12Sk b ȕ k2/: 2^x ʘxɩ ȕ
ȉ/k ʘ··Ά ʘ6Sf ɩu?Ȟ 1Ț mgR ʘ·· ʘ1Ț p'k ˄h#k ʘt2Sx
ʘoy;k6[f S> ȕ oyCȞ ǽf ʘΈͿ΄ ʘ6KȞ b ʘ·ΈΆ ʘM[fȚ 4v
˅ɩ#buɩVxΈʘ8lvfbʘΈͿ
ʘ··΄q:Ry;fSKȞȕTJ~4fʘcfM[fȚbȟ5>Ȝ52'
ɪxvq8lfxʘ6SfgB[fi2/:SKȞwȃpkmOSkrR7lyvZ
˅cf_ȕSKȞȕT?mf~4f6kȚʘK_qf
Ș 2* w++Cx wKG }qRͰ ˄wgR h':x `_+Ȟ m: cf 6b4 mf
2RTJ2^cfrcfxʘͰxɩȕ\:y<2_fgbȕof952 Ǣ kʘɪRy;f
Ǜ
w;plbʘe#Ȟh:ȠRΈSJh#kʘy/><yfm:vgR6vN_*ȖSJ
gB[f ɪ 8lf 4u p2&x 2^x 114˅wf 6SȞx 6Sf RyKȞ m'Sk
˅Έq:tȃp~4f8lvfbȕʘ_*Ȗg*6kȕy/>2qRK_qfx
2^xʘm^ǻfkȗRi2/:0:6ȕ,GlbǛku5x1y/><ygfo d>Ȗ
Ǜ
Ǜ
ȟ \F ˅_*Ȗ b7 2l* b ȕ 15x f kȗSf Tl& wRyKk ȕ p2&x
Ș SKkvȃpf:52fcfxʘ6Sf1Țbxʘ ]ȃȞg'ko df3
v;b ~4f 6kȚ ʘhyJ qk7 z2k ȠR 6#kx ʘT:x 5?p vf ob ɪRy;f
˅m^ǻfkȗR0:6ȕɪWf6" xlu
Ǜ
ȟ5>q#:ʘy/><yf2qRm^ǻfrRiȗbȠR6#SpmfqpZdf3rkmV6f
lq 115ʘͰɪ[_R ɪK.Ͱlvl;$*~5Cpțf 8lvfbȕɪZy_SȞi2/:
ȕ `g^ ȠR e2 ~4f 6kȚ 116ʘͰɪ[cSkͰ Ny+gkx *ȗB ȕ lvl;
˅g*6Ȟt4uȕ,gKCȞi2/:
˅΅ΆAʘ%˅˅1ʘ<bǼ˄6Op114
˅AʘΈʘ~5CpȚ115
˅ΈAʘ˅i˅o116
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
˅Έ`+gk˄6Op117
˅hBȚȕ<f76ȜxʘAʘ˙Έ·΅˚ʘb7118
˅΅Aʘ˅i˅o119
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
ɩV;:ȞrkxʘwgR`[ȞɩV~1 6[fzy;Ȟrkm^ǻfkȗRi2/:h_pȕ
kȗSf6_mf˅t2vRȕȉȞY5SȞ57yg#lkʘl:6f;:Ȟȟʘl:6f
6kRyZ2kQyFyȞȟ1RY5SȞ57xrcfxʘwq*ȕb72l* v*ǻ^f
Ǜ
ʘwlgSkt 2kʘ~ȉȞYx
6 f2Rʘb72l* 4lgTxʘ_*ȖexȚ1ZdgȞrk
_g*tǺSpqpZwgRxʘv*ǻ^2^b72l* obfȃSfq&ȚkȗSf6^Z
;:Ȟ 8b6k ȟ @kvf rk kȗSf t4u i2/: ȕ e_pȖ q^x ȟxȚ hByf
<fx ʘivf ~ɩOqf t5x1 ȟ ZFȜ 4u ʘȉk ȕ yǻf˝Z_#fx :;f
ȕQyFyȞexqȕt6" wfob5x1yuxʘm^ǻfkȗRrRcfȕʘL_Z_Kf
kȗR i2/: ȕ ku g_p 6b3 f Z+Cf 6' h#l lq ʘ_*Ȗ ȉk
/5f5x2f$*rkv: 5ȠR\_ʘl:5ɩVrcfxgRZ;:kȕm^ǻf
Ǜ
SKȞt4uo ByC.ʘy/><yfI?qRyZ2kxɩȕɪRy;f ȘSKk
cfxʘ6Sf1Țbȃpȟv2Shʘq2fcfȃpȠRu1yv&ȉ_mf
˅t'Ȗ4uh#l%3lphc?tp6b3kxʘ:52Ȟ
ʘ6SfAyCqfȕ6Wfm^ǻfkȗRe.1ȕ26fyuxʘ]2?foZh_Ȟ
4uxʘɪZcfmR2fxT'?f`gmfʘ2_SplbʘwpȚʘkȗSft4u6yKwf,mf
rcmfpl#SfKg;f8b6koȚʘqKqK;_fȕy'fȕwglRq" A.hc?
˅p62_;*ʘ22'frkQyqf4uȠR Ǜ+[qk
Ǜ
m^ǻfȉ+qȖʘiRȕ_"w&yȠR Ȗ#khc?m^ǻfkȗRQyFyko z6pqp
;qfȀ;fxq2f@kvfȕ 2m^ǻfZʘ8b6Ȟx@kvff2'h#lʘt2*x
oyc2^xʘ2_SpkȠRɩWf! 2*ȜǛ12S:6#b @kvfxʘpl#SfKg;f8b6Ȟ
h_p wqkx ʘPZ+Ȟ l:6f 8b6Ȟ rk 6Wfx x5x ȖC 6#b @kvf 4u
˅l:6fɩVxvqkl:6fkSf;:Ȟȕ56_f8b6kh+fǛ'52
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
Bȗ.
hC[fx\^ygfB.kȗRi2/;mf6RJyK/kaquo ,+B ˝
ʘq1 ɩVx q1 ʘɩ#b JyK/k aqu h_Ȟ rcfx ʘhl'f ɪ
˅:52fȕuqgCZ2^xʘkȗSft4uh#k k2/:
ȕ S?f kȗSf ʘ6Sf Wgf RKf 2 4qk RyKȞ cf g_p ˝
v[Nxɪ8lox1ʘ6#b x kȗSft4urk2*x_pʘJyK/Ȟ
˅fWfȠR
yu#2+fm^ǻfkȗRȕJyK/ȞrkgBȚw5yBȠR^f6"Ț ˝
ȠR2u> _fʘ˕Jy_qȞgB[fȕG k2/:˖6SfgB[f
˅ox6^z2kȠRq&ȚkȗSfx6SfkȗSfɪ*x6Ȟ
h.2 q&Ț m^ǻf kȗR HS 2 JyK/Ȟ kȗR p& ȟ ˝
vlR2 o ox1x ʘ16Kk ɩV 5yC ʘRKf 2 4qk RyKȞ cf
˅vgR`[kxyckɪpy^
ʘQyFyȞȕRypg_p "2*ȃRT:fo6_frkexȚ\Cqfvp4qk ˝΄
ʘ6SfRyKȞȟx5xȚm^ǻfkȗRi2/:h_p6' g#l
;Vx a&ȁp6[f]ȃ;Ȟtȗm"ʘ]2?f95Z2l* u25ob2^x
ʘZ+CfxRKf5?pTk117ʘ[g/kz6. 5'lvgxʘyqȂ
ȘSKkRyKkx ʘ]ȃȞg'kxʘ^575Opy [+Bvlu x
ȕ 6Sf Wf g'k ʘΈ q: ʘ_*Ȗ df3 g m" ʘxɩ ȕ ɪRy;f
kȗRHS_Tkx5xȚm^ǻfkȗR k2/:vSl&xʘ]6Sf
˅vp&ȟJyK/Ȟ
ʘm^ǻf kȗR rR b ~4f b7 2l* I?q 2 ff g*6Ȟ ˝΅
`gS *ǻ_k i2^ m" ʘΈͿͿ q: <5 ȕ p2f wb ȕ vk2/:x
b72l* 6'lu xʘΈq:ȉȞY5SȞ57yfm^ǻfkȗS
QyFykh_pȕq 5;*rlcvqcfxʘHSf2_Slbw15ȕ ;f
;:kx16Z 51krkxʘ8b6Ȟȟ@kvfrkm^ǻfkȗRi2/:
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
S f ʘȉȞ Y5SȞ 57x u l:5 ;: k ȟ l:5 ɩV
*ǻ^ lg;x ʘexȚ 1Z dgȞ rk iy:6l RyZ2k _*Ȗ QyFyȞ
Yx
6f 2R f:5 vqlF rk ʘ%f Yx6*x m^ǻf QyFyk ȕ 12Sk
fȃSfq&ȚkȗSf6^Zʘb72l*Ț12kǺS~4fʘ~ȉȞ
ȕ vk2/: 2x ʘΈͿ q: df3x h^ rk v*ǻ^ 2^ b7 2l* ob
˅ȉkȕ952Ȟ
57x v6^ f kȗSf Έ΄· q: 6u_f ȕ 6Sf Wgf Tl'k 6^ ˝Ά
6. 2_Z m^ǻf i2/:Ȗ `?k2 6Sf Wgf Tl'k 56^ k ʘY5SȞ
i2/: 5?p 2S & 2^ ɪSl'Ȟ 56^ oyc 4vx ʘͿͿ q: }*
˅RKfȕm^ǻfkȗR
ʘm^ǻfkȗRRJɪpy^ȟ5>Ȝrk g.2^51CȞo ɩ. 6b4p ˝·
WgfȕT>yulbʘDqfȕv_+gkxv_;kɪxvqZ;Ȟx
rk yg/ o 6Wf rk wpZ ʘ5x4Sk ȟxȚ Ȗx+Ȟ pb 3x ʘx5xȚ
6k 4ux ʘ6Sf Wgf Tk'k 56^x ʘ2lSȞ m^ǻfx ȗkȜ b df3
˅:52fxqSf62&
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
`*ȗk
JyK/k ΄˅
˄L6fȠRʘɪfǺfx2fckrkJyK/kʘm6cfo6_fɪ6x2hC[f˄`+gk
http://digital.staatsbibliothekberlin.de/werkansicht/?PPN=PPN664021883&PHYSID=PHYS_0023&USE=800
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
˅ȃRT:fo6_frkʘ4Aʘ˄JyK/k˄8'Sfx52CfɪhC[gf62fi2/:˄`+gk
˄L6fȠRʘybyJSk&
http://ricasdb.ioc.utokyo.ac.jp/daiber/db_ShowImg_I.php?ms=243&txtno=&size=m&page=4
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
˅6_[fvpȕ!ȗ#fI_qfxʘgB[fxɩcfK_qfi2/:˄`+gk
˄L6f˅ɪfǺfx2fckrkJyK/kʘȃRrk#fo6_fʘ_?k2f˄rk+[B
http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB00014ABB00000000
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
fx2fck˅΄Ϳʘouxr˄JyK/k˅K_qfɪxvqe1fxgB[fi2/:˄`+gk
http://resolver.staatsbibliothekberlin.de/SBB0000293E00000000 ˄L6f˅ɪfǺ
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
9l>C^˄JyK/krk·A˕62fxK_qfȟZFȜ˖ʘI_pi2/:˄΄`+gk
˄L6f˅ɪf6˞fx2fckʘȃRT;fo6_fʘmc+f
http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB0000168500000000
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
˅ɪf6˞fx2fckʘȃRT;fo6_fʘpr˄JyK/krkAʘhByZi2/:˄6`+gk
http://resolver.staatsbibliothekberlin.de/SBB000073E700000000 ˄L6f
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
T^yk˄rRs·΄q;fvb1ySm6cfo6_frk/;pȕ!ȗ#fhBy[fi2/:˄Ά`+gk
˄L6fȠR1yS:dgȞSk&
http://makhtota.ksu.edu.sa/makhtota/6689/30#.VnVDTX6rSfB
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
˄T^ykrk˅\^yf2SȟxȚlgcf]yZL/fi2/;ʘ΅Έ0;pʘKg;frkΆA˄·`+gk
˄L6fȠRmanuscriptaCSIC
http://aleph.csic.es/imagenes/mad01/0006_PMSC/html/001349595.html#page/13/mode/2up
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
ȠRʘɪf6˞fx2fckrkJyK/k˅]2?fvk2/:fkȗSfʘ΄Ϳʘouxr˄Έ`+gk
http://resolver.staatsbibliothekberlin.de/SBB0000293E00000000 ˄L6f
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
RyKk΄˅
ʙKrek, 1979˄6OpɩcfK_qfxgB[flvZ6vOʘRy;fȗBrko+[B˄Ϳ`+gk
˄T^ykG 6OpʙͰRJͰʘ2cx
˄L6fȠREncyclopedia Phoeniciana
http://phoenicia.org/zakhiraddthendelete.html#ixzz3T2CCiEuY
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
˅Erpinii, 1656, p. 200˄!ȗ#fhBy[fxgB[f˄`+gk
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
˅΄Έʘ&+frʘZcfrkȟxȚ+[Cfʘ62fi2/:˄`+gk
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
˅Gorguos, 1865˄rkA˄I_p!ȗ#hCZ˄`+gk
~1ʘ~66+gfk_ȞbrkʘAʘgl'f2ȟ5>ȝf~ygSfL/fi2/:˄`+gk
˅·ʘȀ:
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
˅·Ϳʘ92_ȞolȜTl'krk·A˅6_[fvpȕ62fxhC[gfK_qfi2/:˄΄`+gk
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
·ΆΈʘ#f#fq;fʘ12RʘAʘ5Opy ˄΅`+gk
˅l'qfxʘY4+fI_pʘ9y^Țʘ'Sfʘiv[:ȖʘF5Sf˄kȗSfvZ6vO
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
ʘo&x18Ȟʘo:y_f˄kȗSfvZ6vO˄AʘȟxȚq;fʘ·Έ·ʘ]ȃȞg'k˄Ά`+gk
˅e;fʘY4+fI_pʘK_qf
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
˅Aʘ<5ȕp2fʘΈͿͿʘb7˄ȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:˄·`+gk
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
ʘY4+fI_pʘK_qfʘ'SfkȗRʘoZy_SȞ˄kȗSf2'p˄Ά΄AʘΈʘ6SfWf˄Έ`+gk
˅o&x18kʘoK_pʘ6Re:kȗRʘgB[f
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
˄T&6Ȟl^
˄Wgfq#fx6SfT&6Ȟ ¢
˄˙6u_f˚ʘK/f`*rR_qf\?bʘ˕·ΈΈ˖9x5yK;ʘmu6 ·ͿͿʘmu6
˅`ZyfSKk
˄˙6u_f˚ʘ6Sfcfȕm^ǻfxȗkȜʘ˕ΈΆ΄˖mgSf2Rʘmu6 ΈΆ΄ʘmu6
˅6VSKk
˅ȇ2kSKk˄kx5ʘZcf˕΄Έ˖ol#Rx6lRy ʘ&+fr ΄Έʘ&+fr
(Filio Alhagibi (15Έ2), Grammatica Arabica, Romae:
Typographia Medicea.)
\^x ʘM[fȚ 4v ȉ/k ʘ˕·ΈΆ˖ y_S \:y y ʘ c;f r ·ΈΆʘ c;fr
˄xɩ ʘRy;f y/> <yf Ț w:5vZ `gSx wKFx wSJ ȠR
˅ɪRy;fșfcfy"cfSKȞ
ʘ$2+f iygR ʘ˕Έ·΅˖ ~5x76v?f rl*6f 2R r ol#R ʘ)ȗCf r Έ·΅ʘ)ȗCfr
˅6c[f51˄`?k1ʘȈSȞ6c[f51˄xɩʘǻRr2f5yp`_+
ʘZ6Ofvb[kx[g+fvbZʘ˕·˖2l+kr2l* ʘt>6Rr ·ʘt>6Rr
˅p1SKk˄oyʘ%6ZmgvfxU5yV`_+
(Ebn - Arabschah (1832), seu Fructus Imperatorum et Iocatio Ingen-
iosorum, primum e codicibus editi et adnotationibus
criticis instructi a George Freytag, Bonnae: Typis regiis arabicis
in officina F.Baadeni.)
˅51B51˄xɩʘ2g'kS5 ʘ˕ΈΆ˖ʘ5Opy \+B ΈΆʘ5Opy
`;qwSkxcfȕ2fmy_ʘ˕ͿͿ΅˖uyf2Rr~2'kʘ2l*Ț ͿͿ΅ʘ2l*Ț
˅o6f;:k˄xɩʘm^ǻfkȗScf
ʘͰm^ǻfȕ$*kͰʘ˕s ˖ʘ˙ͿͿͿ˚r;*2l+kr,fBʘ~6l:Ț ͿͿͿʘ~6l:Ț
˅·Ϳ˝΄Aʘ5yqȞq2Ȟʘ12Rʘlc+fg'k
˅51B51˄xɩʘ%ʘ˕ͿͿ·˖ʘgfxgf\f ͿͿ·ʘgfxgf\f
Ryl'k ʘ˕Έ·˖˕S&6kx %6.˖ ~7ǻf mu6x ʘ^y> 2l+k ʘɪk Έ·ʘ~7ǻfxʘɪk
TKȞ oy?f kSf vf ˄6u_f ʘkR ɪ;l. ȕ lgSf 56_f
˅ɩkȚ
˅ȇ2kSKk˄kx5ʘ˕΄ΈͿ˖ʘ92_Ȟh'pȜ ΄ΈͿʘ92_Ȟh'pȜ
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
(Evangelium Sanctum (1590), Romae: Typographia Medicea.)
<yf Ț tȃq qR ʘ6KȞ b ʘ˕ΈͿ΄˖ 9x r 2S: ʘ~5CpȚ ΈͿ΄ʘ~5CpȚ
˅ɪRy;fșfcfy"cfSKȞ˄xɩʘRy;fy/>
ȃpx 95vZx ,+C ʘ8lvf b ʘ˕Έ˖ 9x r 2S: ʘ~5CpȚ Έʘ~5CpȚ
˅ɪRy;fșfcfy"cfSKȞ˄xɩʘy/><yf
˅xɩʘȁg6KfhZypl&6ʘmkȚ]y_*ʘ˕·Ά˖/g> ʘ5^yJx ·Άʘ5^yJx
˅xɩʘex 2g'kʘY5SȞ61ʘ˕·Ά΅˖96Kʘp;f ·Ά΅ʘp;f
l&6 ʘ+;Ȟ mgSf ȠR T:x ɩ;[ ʘ˕΅Ά˖ y6x5 ʘyqk6gǢ ΅Άʘyqk6gǢ
˅olȜȃqf 92_ȞTl'Ȟ˄kx5ʘpxȉ+fq*y
˅xɩʘ+;Ȟ*:bʘ˕·˖q*yʘoq ·ʘoq
ʘ6"ȚeyB ȟ6Oqfw&yʘ˕ΈͿ˖2l* r,fBr6uJʘ~68'f ΈͿʘ~68'f
˅fl'fSKȞ˄˙6u_f˚
ʘ6Sf lgSf Tl'Ȟ g'k ʘ˕Έ˖ ʘͰm^ǻf kȗRx %f Yx6*Ͱ Έʘ%fYx6*
lgSfTl'Ȟ˄`?k1ʘ΅΅˝΅AʘΈI>˝p#foypbʘ2g'k
˅6Sf
˅r:x o[:51˄o2qfʘ#[qfʘ˕·΅Ά˖wgf]75ʘoy;* ·΅Άʘoy;*
˅kx5ʘ+;ȞmgSfȠRT:xɩ;[ʘ˕΅Ά˖q*yʘpxȉ+f ΅Άʘpxȉ+f
ʘwkȗRx wfyB ˄6Sf ȕ m^ǻf rZ ʘ˕ΈΈ˖ 2l* )[f 2R ʘ7yl+f ΈΈʘ7yl+f
˅ȃqgf5lR51˄olR
Ș 61 ˄mg>5x ʘrk5Ț 05y ȉ/k ʘ˕·΅·˖ oyKp ʘ'p. ·΅·ʘ'p.
˅ɪpc;;p6[f
SKk ˄52qc:Ȝ ʘ6Sf Wgf h: ȕ ʘ˕ΈΈ˖ 2l* 1yl+k ʘhg. ΈΈʘhg.
˅1>6f
SKȞ ˄xɩ ʘ5*Ț 6[: ȕ 5.Ț 6[: ʘ˕·΅·˖ \:y ʘ<2f ·΅·ʘ<2f
˅kylSf
˅cgȞSKȞ˄<5ʘk_Ȟbʘ˕·˖ǻ;[g:ʘȀ:~1 ·ʘȀ:~1
(De Sacy, Silvestre (1822), Les Seances de Hariri, Paris: Imprimerie
Royale.)
˄<5 ʘ2[;Ȟ fKgf 2[Ȟ <pȚ ʘ˕1826˖ ǻ;[g: ʘȀ: ~1 ·΅ʘȀ:~1
˅cgȞSKȞ
(De Sacy, Silvestre (1826), Chrestomathie Arabe, Paris: Imprimerie Royale)
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
8'f ʘΈ 2g'k ʘ22'f mgSȞ ʘͰm^ǻf kȗRͰ ʘ˕Έ΅΅˖ *ʘ~x6f Έ΅΅ʘ~x6f
˅ǻf57x˄12WʘexȚ
Z_"ȟ0;qfZ_"rke_pȖx]2?f95ZͰʘ˕ͿͿ˖~6Zy&ʘ6x5 ͿͿʘ6x5
mfSfȕcfʘ˕56+k˖ʘ%5y&ʘKR˄rlFʘͰL:xȚ]ȃfȕRKf
˝·ΈAʘ:;fTKk˄ ycfʘ&yg+f5;f2Rl&6ʘkȗ:Ȝ
˅ͿΈ
˅g*ʘ,;Ȟr1~ǼȠR,ȉfouǺf
Ǣ ʘ˕Ά˖wgf2Rʘ6.7 Άʘ6.7
˅ɪȗlgfmgSf51˄xɩʘ%ʘiȗRȚʘ˕ͿͿ˖r2fɩ.ʘɨb58f ͿͿʘɨb58f
)[f2Rm2_ʘ6SfWgfȕwkȗRxm^ǻfʘ˙Έ·΅˚2l* ʘb7 ˙Έ·΅˚ʘb7
˅kȗ:ȜRyKȞck˄g*ʘ2Vy
˅gSfJg'k˄˙6u_f˚ʘ<5ȕp2fʘ˕ΈͿͿ˖2l* ʘb7 ΈͿͿʘb7
;:k˄6u_fʘ6SfWgfȕwkȗRxm^ǻfʘ˕Ϳ˖2l* ʘb7 Ϳʘb7
˅Z_#fxmgSgf~x2qu
ʘ % ʘ6SȞx 6Sf RyKȞ m'Sk ˕˅ ˅1˖ of \:y ʘ<bǼ ˅˅1ʘ<bǼ
˅q2fZ_#fck˄6u_f
˄hByȞ ʘ1Ș `2* ȕ fȚ w8q ʘ˕·΅˖ 1x1 \:y ʘpǽf ·΅ʘpǽf
˅ɪcqkx2fȘ61
ʘqfx dgȞ 5y7 b ʘ˕Ά΄˖ ˕l&6x 66+˖ ˙<_f ʘolg:˚ Ά΄ʘolg:
˅˙+;ȞY5SȞȃpSl&˄o2qf˚
8b6k `_+ ʘo6_f iygR ȕ o_Ȝ ʘ˕s ΅˖ r2f eȗ& ʘJy;f s΅ʘJy;f
\+CȞRKf2vZdgȞTl'k˄1yS;f6SfcglȞʘp6_f:52f
˅\ȃf
ʘ\6J }qSk hb ȕ \[gf ʘ˕s ΈΈ˖ 95Z 2l* ʘ]2?f sΈΈʘ]2?f
˅y'fSKk˄qKqK;_f
˅Kfkʘ\6J}qSkhbȕ\[gfʘ˕·Έ˖95Z2l* ʘ]2?f ·Έʘ]2?f
SKȞ ˄<5 ʘol_gf pSkx e#k ʘ˕·΅˖ L:yVx a& ʘyqȂ ·΅ʘyqȂ
˅˙cgȞ˚pKg;f
(Cherbonneau, Jacques Auguste (1846), Fables de Lokman,
Paris: Imprimerie Royale.)
˄<5 ʘr2f 5ypx r2f <l> C^ ʘ˕·΄˖ L:yVx a& ʘyqȂ ·΄ʘyqȂ
˅˙cgȞ˚pKg;fSKȞ
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
(Cherbonneau, Jacques Auguste (1853), Histoire de Chems Eddine et
de Nour-Eddine, Paris: Imprimerie Royale.)
SKȞ ˄<5 ʘf+Ȟ gf2f C^ ʘ˕·΄΅˖ L:yVx a& ʘyqȂ ·΄΅ʘyqȂ
˅˙cgȞ˚pKg;f
(Cherbonneau, Jacques Auguste (1856), Les Fourberies de
Dalilah, Paris: Imprimerie Royale.)
byfȚT^ykʘͰ`?k1Tl'kg'keȗNȕͰʘ˕Ϳ˖wgfɩ.ʘ\ȃf Ϳʘ\ȃf
http://www.alukah.net/culture/0/46623˄L6fʘZ_#f
Έ˅˅Ϳ˄ey.2f05
˄6y?f ʘ5ǼȚx k4f mgR ȕ 5u7Ț \K^ ʘ˕ΆΈΆ˖ hyplR ʘQl> ΆΈΆʘQl>
˅cgȞix6f[Jrkoyg:foypyp_fou6f
lgSfTl'Ȟg'kʘͰ6Sfcfɩ;Ͱʘ˕Έ΅Ϳ˖}[KCkʘv?f Έ΅Ϳʘv?f
˅6SflgSfTl'Ȟ˄`?k1ʘ΅Έ΅˝΅·ΈAʘ΄2g'Ȟʘ6Sf
SKk ˄xɩ ʘ6Sf `2* ȕ 1Ț p'k ʘ˕··˖ ˙<yf ʘy/>˚ ··ʘy/>
˅ɪRy;fȘ
˄xɩʘ6Sfɩu?ȞȖ_kʘ1ȚmgRʘ˕··Ά˖˕Tl&˖<yfʘy/> ··Άʘy/>
˅ɪRy;fɪg:6ȞȘSKk
q;fʘ]ȃȞg'kʘͰ]ȃȞȕRKfrZ05Ͱ˕ΈͿͿ˖<yfʘy/> ΈͿͿʘy/>
˅ɪRy;fșfcfy"cfSKȞ˄xɩ ʘ12Sfʘ#f#f
ʘexȚ96cfʘoy;k6[fS>ȕoyCȞǽfʘ˕ΈͿ˖<yfʘy/> ΈͿʘy/>
˅ɪRy;fșfcfy"cfSKȞ˄xɩ
ʘbx ȗkx _Kpx 1 6Sf Wgf ʘ˕ΈΈ˖ 2l+k ~6/Z ʘ,fB ΈΈʘ,fB
˅T7yfxȃqfxRKgfZyf51˄5yCqȞ
˅mg>5x ʘSk'f;qcfbʘ˕···˖%6Z<&6&ʘɩ[B ···ʘɩ[B
˄˙6u_f˚ʘkRɪ;l.ȕ6SfWgfTl'kʘ˕Έ·˖^y>ʘ\F Έ·ʘ\F
˅o˅1
~1`_+ʘaygȞxh:6f05ʘ˕··΄˝··˖66&r2l+kʘ~ǺKf ··΄˝··ʘ~ǺKf
˅h6ʘwy.
(De Goeje, M. J. (1882-1885), Annales Qous Scripsit Abu Jafar Mo-
hammed ibn Djarir At-tabari, E. J. Brill.)
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
ʘɪg'pȜ rȃȞ ȠR 16f ȕ ɪȞ ey_f ʘ˕ΈͿ΄˖ 2l+k ʘ SgJ ΈͿ΄ʘ SgJ
˅i2_f51˄˙6u_f˚
˄˙6u_f˚ ʘ5>Ȝ L. b ʘ˕s Ϳ˖ q;* r;* ʘp6yKf sͿp6yKf
˅hqfSKk
˄6u_f ʘm^ǻf kȗRx %f Yx6* ʘ˕Έ˖ 51_f 2R ʘ5y>R Έʘ5y>R
˅ɩkȚSKȞ
ʘp#fSKfʘm^ǻfkȗRx%fYx6*ʘ˕Έ˖51_f2Rʘ5y>R Έʘ5y>R
˅ȉȞ*;Ȟ+gCkSKk˄˙6u_f˚kylSfY5SȞ57xrk6k
}k2_f ɪ !ǻf `_+ (uqk ʘ˕Έ·΄˖ oGk5 ʘyf 2R Έ·΄ʘyf2R
˅'p/fck˄6u_fʘɪ"2+Ȟx
51˄6u_fʘcfxȗkȜ2Ry^ȕȕcfʘ˕˅˅1˖ɪk rl ʘqWf2R ˕˅˅1˖ʘqWf2R
˅!ǻgf_Zyf
wgf2R`_+ʘ^6SfPZ+f[f rkʘ˙s Ϳ˚PZ+fʘ^6Sf sͿʘ^6Sf
˅5/ȞlgSfoyȞg;g:˄˙E6f˚ʘlc+f2l+kr
SKk˄xɩʘ*x6fF6f<l>˕·΅Ϳ˖9y5yV6VyɩbʘKR ·΅ͿʘKR
˅ɪRy;fȘ
2[Ȟ 1 ȕ 2SȞ ʘ˙s Έ˚ 2l+k r Ǿyk r L:f 2R ʘ~ylgSf sΈʘ~ylgSf
˅6SfcȞ˄`?k1ʘ2[;Ȟx
vfyB ˄6Sfcfȕm^ǻfkȗRͰʘ˕ͿͿ΄˖6uJhpʘp&6[f ͿͿ΄ʘp&6[f
ʘz6_fi Sk&T^yk˄rRȗ_pʘ΅·12RʘZ_#f+fʘͰu2Ry^x
˄L6fʘ˕p&6[f 6uJ hp 5yb2f T^yk˖
˄ey.2f 05 ʘhttp://uqu.edu.sa/ntferjani/ar/18387
˅Έ˅˅Ϳ΄
ȃqf92_ȞTl'Ȟ˄kx5˚ʘvfȜ&5ygfʘ˕·Έ˖q*yʘu4fmZ ·Έʘu4fmZ
˅˙olȜ
(Chrysostomus, Johannes (1839), E theia leitourgia tou en agiois
patros emon Ioannaou tou Hrisostomou, [Rom :Propaganda].)
mgSgf ~x2qu ;:k ˄6u_f ʘq8f h:6f ʘ˕Ϳ˖ q7 ʘ7yZ Ϳʘ7yZ
˅Z_#fx
51 ˄g* ʘ6Sf Wgf ȕ m^ǻf kȗR ʘ˕ͿͿΆ˖ r2f 6/Z ʘx^ ͿͿΆʘx^
˅}_gȞ
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
ʘͰi?f 1ȗx b6 ȕ 6Sf RyKȞ hx Ͱ ʘ˕ΈΈ΅˖ 2*x ʘ5x2^ ΈΈ΅ʘ5x2^
AʘȃRT:f o6_fvp}*6SfRKf05x2p˄rlF
˅ȕ_#fTl'Ȟ˄Ny ʘΈ˝ͿΈ
Tl'Ȟ˚ ˄˙kx5˚ ʘȉ/Ȟ ɪpy_f ʘ˕Ά΄˖ ɩcf 9yg: <2_f Ά΄ʘ9yg:
˅˙olȜȃqf92_Ȟ
(Caesariensis Basilius (174΄) KitĈb al-QawĈnƯn ar-rahbĈnƯya al-
̶̵̢̢̢̮̯͕̪̳̭-mukhtasara, [Rom]: [Congr. de Prop. Fide].)
˅~5[:SKk˄kx5ʘ˕΅˖1xx1ɩk8kb ΅ʘɩk8Ȟb
(Scialac, Victorio & Gabriel Zionita (1614), Liber Psalmorum Davidis
regis et prophetae, Ex Arabico idiomate in Latinum, Romae: Typ.
Savariana.)
˅olȜȃqf92_ȞTl'Ȟ˄kx5ʘ˕΅Ά˖92_Ȟcf ΅Άʘ92_Ȟcf
(Chiesa Cattolica, (1671), Biblia sacra Arabica Sacrae, Santa
Sede: Congregazione de propaganda fide.)
61 ˄mg>5x ʘSk'f ;qcf b ʘ˕···˖ cfy"cf ;qcf ···cfy"cf;qcf
˅ɪpc;;p6[fȘ
62k˄12W ʘȟxȚ q;f ʘexȚ 8'fʘ6Sf Wf ʘ˕Έ˖ʘ6Sf Wf Έʘ6SfWf
˅Z_#f
1yfyk˄m^ʘ#2*xl2^m^ǻfkȗRʘ˕sΆΈ˖F52l+kʘ_kȞ sΆΈʘ_kȞ
˅Sb
˅6vk˄m^ʘ5>Ȝx7yk6fm'Skʘ˕s˖F52l+kʘ_kȞ sʘ_kȞ
6lk ʘ6Sf cf ɩ; ʘ˕Έ˖ 6Sf Wgf exȚ 1Z Tl'k ΈʘexȚ1ZTl'k
˅ɩkȚSKȞ˄6u_fʘΈq:Tl'Ȟ
ʘ I ʘȗkȜ 2Ry^ ʘ˕Ϳ˖ `?k2 6Sf Wgf Tl'k Ϳʘ`?k26SfWgfTl'k
˅`?k26SfWgfTl'kRyKk˄˙`?k1˚
olȜ 1_R ʘ˕·Ϳ˖ olȜ ȃqf 92_Ȟ Tl'Ȟ ·ͿʘolȜȃqf92_ȞTl'Ȟ
ȃqf92_ȞTl'ȞSKk˚˄kx5ʘ]ȃȞhu ȠR&yf ȁbx3y"5Ț
˅˙olȜ
/qȞ b ʘ˕ΈͿΆ˖ ~5y&f 6lR ɪk x r;* 1yl+k ʘ2l+kΈͿΆʘ~5y&fxʘ2l+k
˅exȚ9R2fx:52kSKk˄6u_fʘIʘ6Sf
SKȞ˄xɩʘȟxȚq;fʘ˕·Έ·˖ʘ]ȃȞg'kʘ˕·Έ·˖]ȃȞg'k ·Έ·ʘ]ȃȞ
˅ɪRy;fșfcfy"cf
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
>@
Ϳ΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
Gorguos, 1865 Gorguos, A. (1865), Cours de'Arabe Vulgaire, Paris: Librairie de
L. Hachette et Cie.
Krek, 1979 Krek, Miroslav (1979), "The Enigma of the First Arabic Book Printed
from Movable Type", J. Near East. Stud., no. 3 (1979) 203-212.
Michaelisschen & Georg, 1817 Michaelisschen J. D. & Georg Heinrich Bernstein (1817),
Arabische Grammatik und Chrestomathie, Gottingen und Leyden:
Vanderhoek und Ruprecht.
Roper, 1995 Roper, Geoffrey (1995), "Faris Al-Shidyaq and the Transition from
Scribal to Print Culture in the Middle East", In: Atiyeh, George (ed.),
The Book in the Islamic World, Albany: State University of New York
Press, pp. 209-231.
van den Bugert, 1989 van den Bugert, N. (1989), "Some Notes on Maghribi script", Manu-
scrips of the middle east, 4, Lieden: Ter Lugt Press, pp. 30-43.
Encyclopedia Phoeniciana "Abdallah Zakher, the Gutenberg of the East", Encyclopedia
Phoeniciana, Link:
http://phoenicia.org/zakhiraddthendelete.html#ixzz3T2CCiEuY
˄JyK/k ©
T;f o6_f ȕ 0;p˚ 2l+k r r2f el& ʘp r ˙ȃRT;fo6_fȕ0;p˚ʘpr
m^5 JyK/k˚ ʘ6cȞ [f rR ǺSȞ y&Ț ʘ˙ȃR
˄L6fʘɪfǺfx2fck˅˙Wetzstein II 1473
http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB000073E700000000
mOpx2ȃf2^ʘ˙΄Ϳ˚"5+f2l* ruyf2Rʘouxr ˙΄Ϳ˚ʘouxr
ʘɪfǺ fx2f ck ˅˙Landberg 975 m^5 JyK/k˚ ʘ2y[f
˄L6f
http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB0000293E00000000
i2R ȕ ol'f 1y_R ʘ˕ȃR rk#f o6 _f˖ 5'qf 2l+k ʘ_?k2f ˕ȃRrk#fo6_f˖ʘ_?k2f
˄L6f˅ɪfǺfx2fckrkJyK/kʘok8fq +B
http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB00014ABB00000000
2u )Ȃ k6Ȟ )G ʘ˕΅Έ 0;p˖ r2f +k ʘKg;f ˕΅Έ0;p˖ʘKg;f
˄L6f ˅manuscriptaCSIC ˄T^yk rk JyK/k ʘk6f
http://manuscripta.bibliotecas.csic.es/buscar
˄L6fȠRʘɪfǺfx2fckrkJyK/kʘm6cfo6_f ʘm6cfo6_f
http://digital.staatsbibliothekberlin.de/werkansicht
/?PPN=PPN664021883&PHYSID=PHYS_0023&USE=800
>@
6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
˅1yS: dgȞ Sk& T^yk ˄rR ˕s ·΄ q: 0;p˖ m6cf o6_f ʘm6cfo6_f
˄L6f
http://makhtota.ksu.edu.sa/makhtota/6689/30#.VnVDTX6rSfB
ȕo.15xdgȞTkmc+f9l>C^ ˙ȃRT;fo6_fȕ0;p˚ʘmc+f9l>C^
˄L6f˅ɪfǺfx2fckʘ˙ȃRT;fo6_fȕ0;p˚ʘ2qvf1ȗ
http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB0000168500000000
˅ybyJSk& T^yk˅ȃRT:fo6_frkʘAʘJyK/k JyK/k
˄L6f
http://ricasdb.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/daiber/db_ShowImg_I.php?ms=243
&txtno=&size=m&page=4
>@