تطور استخدام علامات الترقيم

6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:5yK
}[KCk1yl+k
Ȉqfʘ6SfWgfTl'k

k2_k
vk2/:xx5xȚm^ǻfkȗRrRcf5yvN222+ȕ51CȞ\g/
JyK/ȞxRyKȞcfȕTFyfwgRobȞv[Bxȕ\g/lbʘ6Sf Wgfȕ
ʘ5yb4Ȟ TFyȞ ȕ Ey/f $+f 4u ȕ qfx* wgRx ʘkȗSf t4u ey.1 h^
˄ffg:ȚrR&Ȝɪfx+k
ʚ6SfWgfȕx5xȚm^ǻ
fkȗRi2/: 2}k ΀
yu kx ʘmu1yv& ȟ m^ǻf kȗR i2/: z8S r4f 1 Ǣx6f mu rk ΁
ʚi2/:Ȗ4vf/5f5yKf
ʘRKfȉRh^JyK/Ȟȕ6Sfhl'fhC[f5> k2/:hu ΂
ʚ5>Ȝt4uukxʘx5xȚkȗSfey.1h^x
ȠRʘ6SfWgfQyKȞcfȟJyK/Ȟrke_pȖ<cSp\b ΃
ʚm^ǻfkȗRi2/:
yuw'vp~4fexȚ5;Ȟ˄D+[fȕr5;k$+fdg:g:Țt4urR&ȝf
5yK rR CC/Ȟ cfx !+Ț t6b4 kx ʘQyFyȞ 1 ȕ & k D+Z
rR hxȚ 1x6f b ȕ 15x k D+Zx ʘ6Sf Wgf ȕ m^ǻf kȗR i2/:
ȠRYy^ygfRyKȞxJyK/ȞcfD+ZwZm2_Zp#f5;Ȟk ˅QyFyȞ
5yK ȕ kSf v&yf rR \?cgfx ʘvZ m^ǻf kȗR i2/: `K [b
5;Ȟ4uqcg:2^x˅u2Sx6Oqfcfh^ʘ8'qȞ%3lqfeȗ.rk i2/:Ȗ
t4ui2/:ɪxʘm^ǻfkȗRrR6Oqfcfɪqk8fy'[f2;fɩ.Ț
΁Ϳ΀΅ʘΆ12Rʘ6SfWgfTl'k ͆ȋΒ͒ΖΑǷ
cfRJ 22_Zʘox6^z2kȠR2luxʘRyKȞAyCqfȕgSZkȗSf
ȟ m^ǻf rR cf 6. lq ʘȃR 91;f o6_f 2 ȕ x5x ȕ 6Sf
˅ȃRT:fo6_f
6SfcfȖxʘ6SfJyK/ȞTl&S&6kp5x2_l<fwpZ,Fxyulb
vgbv#pmfxʘvqkȞqS&5qqcfxʘ2lȞqk8f2Ȟt4uz2kȠR SJf
qqckʘQyFyȞ1 D+ZȟZFȜʘS&6Ȟt4u˅5C.ȗfT&6Ȟl^ȕ
h^6SfJyK/Ȟȕk2/;k pbfm^ǻfkȗRrkRyl'k2B5rk
m^ǻfkȗRi2/:2xʘ6SfRyKȞhx ȟvf_pxʘRKfȉR
˅_*Ȗg*6kȕv_gSȞ6Oqfcf2xʘx5xȚ

΀Έ΀΁q:b72l* f:62Ȗ
΀˅΀
Wgfrkm^ǻfkȗRi2/:h_pʘvlOSkȕʘm^ǻfkȗRxȗkȜb2S
ʘ˕΀Έ΂΃˝΀·΅Ά˖x6Sf0?_gȞb72l* 0?fȟʘ6SfWgfȟx5xȚ
rk\gcu2R fʘ6SfWgfȕwkȗRxm^ǻfwf:55x2Cdf4f-5x
i^x 1ʘf:6fȕɩ?lbʘa4pY5SȞ67xʘ˕1926˝΀·΄·˖ > l?* 2l*
Ǜ
lb ʘ_*Ȗ vZ 15yf m^ǻf kȗR Y5SȞ 57x q 2^x ˅΀Έ΀΁ q: uȃq
˅2SlZɪq:lb[[JɩWTk6u_fȕ6SfWgfTl'ku6^
yu m^ǻf kȗR i2/:Ȗ /5f 5yKf mvZ ȕ t'Ȗ 4u h#l rk ɩ. hSf
˄ey_~4f˕΀Έ··˝΀ΈͿΈ˖ox5uiȗ;f2R$*f
hl'f 8& h.2 wqR ?p lk hByZ ȗ 6Sf cf pb 2f ȕ
ˇ}qSȞEylVxʘHSȕvGS
ǙǙǙlqͰm^ǻfkȗRͰz 6Zɪ6WfbȕͰb72l* ͰkȗSf6Opx
˅ΈAʘ΁Ϳ΀΂ʘb7ʙΆAʘ˙΀Έ·΅˚ʘb7 1
>@
ˇvqk6Sfqb g.
dg h#l Q[pȗf o* 2^ ^yf o z 5 ȒȞ o6_f rk ΀Έ΀΁ iR ȕx
˙˅˅˅˚ ˅ͰwkȗRx m^ǻfͰ vpyqR f:5 52BZ ʘ6Sf qb ȕ kȗSf
ȕkȗSfdg
˞˕4p˖ȉȞY5SȞ57xȕoyZȃȞxoyv&yȞȑ5x
˅ux6^ xʘȉȞ952Ȟ
o Ͱ~yWgf Tl'ȞͰ ȕ cf ɩ; q'f 56^ i΀Έ΂΁ iR ob 3 }*
ǻfͰkylSfY5SȞ57xw6^ ~4fy+qfȠRm^ǻfkȗRhlS;
cfTl&ȕ4uq^x}*Ǜ5:vhlSfe7kxʘͰ2SlZmgSfx
2˅6 Sf

fVȕ56c yvZ ʘtȗR &kȠR/5f5yKfmvZ ȕw&yf4uȉ_Ȗ
1ySvk2/:2o z6fxʘ6SfWgfȕm^ǻfkȗR fxqfcf
3˅b72l* tȃpl 26.krk7ȟ
wfyB 6Sf ȕ m^ǻf rZ wb ȕ ey_ ʘ7yl+f 2l* )[f 2R o mV5
wp Ȗʘm^ǻfi_kiy_O[fkȗRTFxȕ6Wfy_:2^6Sfo wkȗRx
Ǜ ɩ?
> b7 2l* b hSfͰ ˄ey_Z b7 2l* ȟ r6.Ȟ 1q: ȟ G
tq*xwq" ȕTl&ʘ6Sfȕ\qCkex 2Ǣ S 6SfWgfȕwkȗRxm^ǻf
4˅ͰvZmv2lRoy_*ȗft4/3ʘǛ#2*x Ǜl2^˙m^ǻf˚f;Ȟt4udgZȕ5x2k
˄ɨk2'pʘ5yb4Ȟf:6fȟp2R3
˄ɨlb˝aquvl;˝uq& kȗRȃRȠRf:6fy* ˝
Tl'k56^lqʘ΀Έ΂Ϳq:kȗSf6^ Y5SȞ57xo T^yfx˅Ά΀˝ΆͿAʘ˅˅1ʘox5u 2

˅΀Έ΃΃ʘexȚ1ZTl'k˄G 6Op˅ɨlZɪq:lb6.k&6SfWgf
Ǜ
ʘT^ykʘl'qfʙ΂΄΄Aʘs΀΃΁΀ʘ~6l:Ț˄ȗ#k6Op 3
Aʘ΀Έ΅΅ʘ~x6fʙhttps://faculty.sau.edu.sa/a.anagmyy/lecture/lc0000002684
Ǜ
˅b72l* w&kHS2_qyuxʘ΄΁Aʘ΁ͿͿΆʘx^˄G 6Opʙ ΁ͿͿ΄ʘp&6[fʙ΅΂
˅΄Aʘ΀ΈΈ΄ʘ7yl+f 4
>@
iv[:Ȗ kȗRʘ˕˅˖K_qf ʘ˕ʙ˖ ˄Jy_qȞ fy?fʘ(ʘ) 4cu vkȗRx ˄fy?f
˄Jȃfʘ˕˅˅˅˖ ˄5lFȜx Y4+f L_pʘ˕˄˖ oK_qf ʘ˕ˇ˖ eS[pȖ kȗR 5ʘ˕?˖
ȕT';fhBy[B.kȗRYF 2^x˅˕˖˄o:y_fʘ˕ͰͰ˖Gfʘ˕˝˖
;fux6ʘ˕˅ˋ˅˖Ͱq#kfy>Ͱul: ʘ6SfWgf
7˅ɪq:lb6Sf!x5yȞȟ2q;vqcfxʘ,Fxyulbʘq& kȗR
8
˅kȗSft4uȠRfȖ2gfͰm^ǻfͰ,gKCkTFxyub72l* o ˝
Ǣ
Wgfȕ\^yf2Ry^ɪxq&ȚkȗSfɪwglRȕ`Zxwpcfey_ ˝
9
˅51CȞȟQy&6fvZ6Rlb6Sf
΀˅΁
ʘ΀Έ΀΂q:Y^xȚ57xȟY5SȞ57xrk> l?*2l* e_po qfx2
10
Ǣ 2^
ʘl:5 56^ 52C mfx ʘ6.k g*6k ȟ ʘm^ǻf kȗR QyFyk ȕ Ǣ f 6.
˅b72l* )ǻ^`gS
ʘQ_Ȝxm^ǻff:5˕΀Έ΅Ϳ˝΀·΅Έ˖~ȉȞYx 6f2R52B ΀Έ΁΀q:ȕ
11
hv;k ȕ lgcf ȕ b7 2l* 6" ȠR e2 k 6b4x ʘb7 2l* 4lg yu ~ȉȞx
2l* 1S:'+f"+fwgRqf1~4f(vqfȠRw52^x Ͱ˄ey_$*f:6f
13˅wf:6fT&6lbb72l*Țm^ǻfbȟ5> lb12ʘͰ>b7
Wgfulbvl:52^b72l* o T^yfxʘ6Riv[:kȗSb΁Ϳ΀΂ʘb7ȕ l:5 5

˅ɨk6Opxʘ΀΃Aʘ˙΀Έ·΅˚ʘb7˄6Op˅x5xȚ
˅΂ͿAʘ˙΀Έ·΅˚ʘb7 6
˅_*Ȗ΂˅΀˄6Op 7
˅΀΂Aʘ˅i˅o 8
˅·Aʘ˅i˅o 9
˅΀΀·Aʘ΀%ʘɨb58f˄6Op10
˅΁·΁Aʘ΀ΈΈΆʘpySfʙ΂ΆAʘ΀Έ΂Έʘ~ȉȞ˄6Op11
˅΂΅Aʘ΀Έ΂Έʘ~ȉȞ12
˅΃ΈAʘ˅i˅o13
>@
vp v[Cx14ʘͰb72l* ȠRfRͰf:6ft4uopySf5;f2R5yb2fey_

ɪq:lb`^1ɩV\Bxyux 15ʘͰ6Sfm^6ȕoȘȟɩ.Țxp#f2S_fͰ
˅ɨlZ
ux ʘ΀Έ΂Έ q: rk S6f SKf u ~ȉȞ f:5 rk q2 ɪ f /;qf
lbʘQ_Ȝxm^ǻfx,+CfȗkȜluwfɪbɪcfwZTl&brlF
16˅k2_Ȟȕ6b4
vf \Gx ʘb7 2l* v*ǻ^ f q&Ț ȃSf kȗSf ȠR cf ~y+
ZF 5yb4ȞSKfo 2'px 17ʘ˕Ͱ˖g"lȞkȗRxʘ˕Ζ˖SȞkȗR˄luɪkȗR
kȗR rR $2+f E6Sk ȕ ʘkȗSf rR $2+f hC[ 2qR ʘɪZy_SȞ ɪ:y_f
fy?f˄\^yfkȗR˄u˝aquvl;˞cfu6b4fkȗSfx18˅ȉ+f
Y4+f ʘ˕˄˖ ,Fyf ˄yCf Ǻqf kȗR ʙ˕˅˖ K_qf ʘ˕ʙ˖ Jy_qȞ fy?f ʘ˕ʘ˖
kȗR ˄kCf kȗSf ʙ˕ˇ˖ eS[pȖ ʘ˕q&Ț vl:6˖ ˕?˖ iv[:Ȗ ʘ˕˅˅˅˖
ʘ˕˝˖Jȃfx e2fkȗRʘ˕˕˖˖o:y_fx ȉ+fkȗRʘ˕ͰͰ˖6q?fx DCqf
˅˕Ͱ˖g"lȞkȗRʘ˕Ζ˖SȞkȗR
ʘb72l* vk2/:f+gKCȞHSȠR _ 2^f:6fo df3rk,G
˅tȗR ɪkyulbʘvfz6. l; ZF x ʘvGSɩVx

΀˅΂
r6k i_gf ȉȞ Y5SȞ 57yf Ǜv&y ˕΀Έ΂΅˝΀·΅·˖ exȚ 1Z dgȞ 52B
ɩVʘ'vfYx6+gf5yB6cǟ Ǡo xʘwhlSgfǛ2*ym^ǻgf2Ry^TFyo Ͱ˄lu
˅΁·΁Aʘ΀ΈΈΆʘpySf14
˅i˅o15
˅΁Aʘ˅i˅o16
˅΂ΆAʘ˅i˅o17
˅df3ȟpySf$+]6KȖxʘ΃·Aʘ˅i˅o18
>@
19˅Ͱq&ȚWgfɩcfYx6+fw1k~1ʘ1SfYx6+fw?f2S
k2_Z ʘ8[gf 8& CC.x ʘAyC/f 4v *ǻ^ m2_f _;k l^
vk2^f:5vgRp6#Rf*ǻ_Ȟrkx 20ʘv&5.rkxȉkrkɩ#b*ǻ^
+h':xʘ6SfWgfh:ȕul: 2^xʘ΀Έ΁Έq:˕ʚ˖hg.2l* 1yl+k
Ǜ
V6f__+vSFxʘw8qfyg:ȚxK/fxc+fxm^ǻfȕf:5Ͱ˄oyqSf
21˅ͰmOSȞȉkdgkfȗ'f*B
luxͰɪRȉȞͰ˄b72l* v*ǻ^fȃSfkȗSfȠRwf:5ȕhg.Y F
ʘͰ Ͱoqǲ;fxʘͰ{}ͰoZ6.8ko:y^luxͰɪȈ+fͰxʘͰ˙˚ͰoZy_SȞo:y_f
Z4*5Rx lgbTFykȕK/fcfȕi2/:ȗfvpkȗSft4urRey_x
,gKCki2/:hG[wp )ȈlbʘkȗSfHSf[g/kl;i2^xʘǛyv:
22˅Ͱm^ǻfͰ,gKCke2ʘͰ ^yfͰ
57yf 52B ʘwqkvV6Z2SxʘQxȃȞ4vEyvqgfq'fY5SȞ57x F ǢyZ
ȕ ǛS^ykʘ%fYx6*xm^ǻfkȗRȕ57yf56^ȠR~y+:6b Ǜ ΀Έ΂΀q:
2^xʘm^ǻfkȗRx%fYx6*oyqR +ʘ952ȞȠRwllRx 23ʘ΀Έ΂Ϳq:
kȗRx %f Yx6+ `gSȞ iy:6Ȟ vZ 2'p 24ʘ΀Έ΂΁ q: p" SK TJ
51CȞYȗǙ.:yu4uoyc2^xʘ΁Έ˅΂˅΀Έ΂΁05z6 . 6k ǛS^ykm^ǻf
˅΂Aʘ΀Έ΁Έʘhg.˄G 6Opʙ΂Aʘ΀Έ΂΁ʘ5y>R19
˅΃Aʘ΀Έ΂΁ʘ5y>R20
˅YȗWf+[Bʘ΀Έ΁Έʘhg.21
˅΀ͿAʘ˅i˅o22
˅ΆAʘ΀Έ΂΀ʘ5y>R23
˅΅΁΅˝΅΁΀Aʘ΀Έ΂΀ʘ6SflgSfTl'Ȟg'kȕ%fYx6*5yBxk2_Ȟȃp24
l: 2ȕɩcfYx6+fh_ȞKR ʘ96cfȕ6vOlbʘͰ%fYx6*Ͱ,gKCȞx
o 2S ȉk ȕ k2/: 2^x ʘ˕ ˖ ɧf hc?f ȠR llBx ʘ8g'pȜ Wgf ȕ iȗRȚ
ʘ,fB ˄6Op ˅ȉk ȕ ΀Έ΄΁ 5y" i_ Wf vflS: 56_f rcfx ʘY5SȞ 57x v6^
˅΁΁ΈAʘ΀ΈΈ΃
>@
˅m^ǻfkȗSf57yfqq:ɪSȕ
;*ȠRvflS:TFykxm^ǻfkȗRoycͰ˄iy:6Ȟrkp#f1Ȟȕ&
h:yfTl&Y5SȞ57x4/Ͱ˄S6f1Ȟȕx 25ʘͰ΁m^5`+gȞȕɪkyuk
ȕwf.1rk˄df34[qwG_kxʘm^ǻfkȗRxʘ%fYx6*elS:mlSf
26˅ͰTKȞȕvflS:ɩ;xʘ5yvl'fɪu8kȃpxʘ:52f(kǺf
˝aquvl;˝ux6^ fm^ǻfkȗR96cfȕ15yf΁m^5`+gȞhC[
iv[:Ȗ kȗR ʘ˕˄˖ oK_qf ʘ˕˅˖ [^yf ʘ˕ʙ˖ Jy_qȞ gC[f ʘ˕ʘ˖ gC[f ˄ɨ lb
ʘ˕˝˖ gByf x Jȃf ʘ˕Ͱ Ͱ˖ DCqf kȗR ʘ˕˖ o:y_f ʘ˕ˇ˖ 6"f kȗR ʘ˕?˖
ʘ6b4f`;fb72l* )ǻ^ q57yfo 4urk,G 27˅˕˅˅˅˖Y4+fkȗR
5yCfvqlGfȃSfx5xȚkȗSf6^ xʘͰm^ǻfͰ,gKCkdf3ȕl
Ǜ
ȗ2S 6& vqcf ʘq&Ț vl:6 6_Ȟ iv[:Ȗ kȗR vZ l ʘwZ 15x f
4.mfxʘ6SfWgfȕT';fȕ\^yfkȗRwZF4.mfvpȠ'ʘ[[J Ǜ
l;ɩVvp lbʘ_*ȗf*ǻ^Ȗȕ k2^fȃSfkȗSfȠRZFȜ
˅tȗR 6vOlbkȗSfHS

΀˅΃
TFyk 'fR2^xʘ6Sfcfɩ;fq'f6u_fȕ6SfWgfTl'ki^
t4uɪrko quqlvkrcfxʘt4uq:51e'krRvlOSkȕ&5.12Sk
˅m^ǻfkȗRQyFykTFyȞ
ǙByvqrkxʘ΁΄˅΀΁˅΀Έ΄·ȕ2_SqȞTl'Ȟ6lkȠRvByq'gf *6J
TǙk28ʘaqu6^Zʘ΀Έ΂Ϳq:Y5SȞ57xv6^ fm^ǻfǙǙkȗRi2/:
˅΅Aʘ΀Έ΂΁ʘ5y>R25
˅i˅o26
˅΀΀Aʘ΀Έ΂΁ʘ5y>R27
΀Έ΂΁q:kȗSf6^ Y5SȞ57xoey_yuxʘ΅Έ΂˝΅·ΈAʘ΀Έ΅Ϳʘv?f˄6Op28
˅΂΁΄Aʘ΀Έ·΃ʘɪk ʙ΀·΅Aʘ΀Έ·΃ʘ\F˄G 6Op˅˕΅Έ΁A˅i˅o˖
>@
29˅˕ʚ˖4cuʘcgfiv[:ȖkȗRw&xoyco yu2*xh2S
Tl'Ȟ 6lk ȕ df3x ʘ6.k g*6k ȕ m^ǻf QyFyk (fR 2_Z `?k1 Tl'k k
kȗSfȟYF wZxʘȗkȜ2Ry^96b6lȞ2S52B xʘ΁ͿͿΈq:rk#f
z6& x ʘ˕Ζ˖ x;Ȟx ʘ˕˙ ˚˖ ɪȈ+fx ʘ˕˝ ˝˖ ɪFǻSȞ ˄6u_f ȕ 6^ f
Ǜ
'Sfʘ[^yfe2K_qfʘgC[fe2gB[f˄yukȗSf l: ȕ[[JǛ ɩW
˅6"fe2
30
rkb6kkȗRHSfelS:ȟxʘcfy+piv[:ȖkȗRt'ȟ5> lb
31˅˕ˇʚ˖4cuʘSk'Sfxiv[:Ȗ
΀˅΄
kȗRi2/:ȕ_:Ȗx+Ȟ%yGpg*6kʘq 5ȕʘhc?tȗR 5yb4Ȟh*6Ȟ
Wgf ȕ wkȗRx m^ǻf f:5 5x2C ʘ2*x SZ1 U6Z rk ?q mfx ʘm^ǻf
ɪ ʘox6^ z2k ȠR 2k _: 5' gC* hc? vZ ʘ΀Έ΀΁ q: 6Sf
m^ǻfexqkvqkʘrȃSfo6_fhx xʘx5x ȕ6SfWgfRKf2
i2/: t6uOk cf O[* k vqkx ʘȂk iȗc 6Sf Wgf wk 2/:x
˅RyKȞAyCqfȕm^ǻfkȗR
Ǜ
ʘȉk vZ6R f h*6Ȟ ȠR ȉ_ ʘ_: Ǜ }[/ Ȗ
15yf 5yKf 5;k o G
hl? 4ux ʘ]ȃf ȕx 6Wf ȕ ɩ#b ex1 ȕ u1x2* %5. !2* k hu'x
ɨlZE6Sq:xʘ6.ȘHSf g[V xʘvGSȟ51CȞ5> ʘ12SkȖx +k
dgxʘ6Oqf*qfrkm^ǻfrR "2+fȖx+Ȟ˄vRypȠRȖx+Ȟt4u
˅wqRȂk$2*ox2RyKȞAyCqfȕwk2/:f
˅΅Έ΂Aʘ΀Έ΅Ϳʘv?f29
˅΁Ϳ΀΁ʘ\ȃf˄G 6Opʙ΂΂˝΁ΈAʘ΁Ϳ΀΃ʘ`?k26SfWgfTl'k˄6Op30
˅@kvfʘ΂΂Aʘ΁Ϳ΀΃ʘ`?k26SfWgfTl'k31
>@
AyCqfȕwk2/:xʘm^ǻfrRcf
˕΀··Ά˝΀·Ϳ΃˖]2?f95Z2l* ΁˅΀
Z_" ȟ 0;qf Z_" rk e_pȖx ]2?f rR wf f_k ȕ 6x5 ~6Zy& 5>
i2/:obxͰ˄ey_$*m^ǻfkȗRi2/:ȕ]2?f6'ȟ 32RKf
ʘJyK/ȞwfyB rRQyKȞ6Sfcf8lf˙˅˅˅˚,kȗȞrkm^ǻfkȗR
΀·΂ΈiRȕͰ˄\Gx 33˅Ͱh?[fvqcfxe'Ȟ4uȕ6']2?gfobx
ʘ\6J}qSkhbȕ\[gfyux6Sf6_fȕbex Kfkȕ˙]2?f˚ȃp
*5?fx Jȃfx gB[f ˄6Wf m^ǻf kȗR wZ i2/; o R'? 56^x
34˅ͰK_qfxDCqfkȗRxiv[:ȖkȗRx'SfkȗRx
˄ey_$*Ͱh?[fͰ6'fowfy^:$*f)ȃ
2^m^ǻfkȗRhbo TlZʙuȉSf_: pb6c[ft4uo x2rcfx

2Si2/;mf˝K_qfq#:˝vp Ȗʘ\[gfrkȟxȚSKfȕ6vN
Ǜ
˅vqRȖx;k]2?fobxKfkȕ52Bfcfȕ}*ʘ 51pȖdf3
Ǜ
y'f SKk rR eyqK: ȕ 52B f \[gf rk p#f SKf ȕx
ȕ v `gSȞ m;_f Y4* lb ʘm^ǻf kȗR Tl& Z4* ΀··΀ q:
o6_f ȕ Ȗ RyKȞ 6Sf cf ȕ kȗSf dg i2/; mfx ˅k2_Ȟ
35˅rȃSf
qC+Z2Srcfxʘv32+l^5>u]2?f6'ȟ$*f5>o d>Ȗ
Ǜ
˅΁ͿͿ΂ʘ6x5˄6SfWgfȟe_Ȟl&6G 6Opʙ Roper, 1995.32
˅΁Ϳ΁Aʘ΁ͿͿ΂ʘ6x533
l&6utȗR 15yf+gKCȞo ȟ5>Ȝ52'˅΁Ϳ΂Aʘ˅i˅o34
lbwbk2_kȕvlOSki2/;mf]2?fxʘ8g'pȜWgf6x5e_kȕ15yfl;f
˅:
˅i˅o35
>@
ex hc?m^ǻfkȗRrR]2?fbk2_kȕ&ko qf,GʘQyFylgf
yR2fȕ16f5x1wfh';o Wqxʘ5lGȞ4uȕ 6SfWgf _"yk6'
˅vk2/:ȕR'?fL_Z<fxʘq&Țm^ǻfkȗRi2/:ȟ
Ǜ
dgi2/;mfx˅˅˅Ͱ˄`;f9^Ȗȕwfy^ȕ$*fTk`[p Ȗqp ȟG ɩ?p
Ǜ
oZ _*Ȗ z6q: lcZ ʘͰrȃSf o6_f ȕ Ȗ RyKȞ 6Sf cf ȕ kȗSf
2SȃRT:fo6_fȕ\^ymfRyKȞcfȕ6Wfm^ǻfkȗRi2/:
kȗR i2/: obxͰ ˄h^ rk $*f wf^ k H^q ey_f 4u o lb ʘ]2?f
˅ͰJyK/ȞwfyB rRQyKȞ6Sfcf8lf,kȗȞrkm^ǻf
˄m^ǻfkȗRrR\6J}qSkhbȕ\[gfbk2_kȕ]2?fey_
36

˅΄˝΃Aʘ΀·΂Έʘ]2?f36
>@

Ǜ
:uʘey_lbʘͰ(p6ZȜͰrR ȗ_p]2?fvk2/;fkȗSfo qu6vO
Ǜ
i2/; mf ]2?f o ux ʘ6b4f 62& O*ȗk aqux ʘ_: 6b3 kȗR
e_Ȟ ȕ & kx l&ǻf ȕ 6b3 k <cR ȠR ʘm^ǻf kȗR ɪ rk ʘK_qf
ȕi2/; pbkȗRi2/:wp ȖʘtȗR k2_Ȟȕu6b4mfwp lb37ʘ8g'pȜ
2qRk2_Ȟȕu6b4yuxʘ6_[f6.x ȕxʘkfhl'fɪhC[gfKf kSKk
38˄vk2/;fkȗSgfwgC[

;fvp ȖʘK_qfi_kiy_ʘtȗR 9^Ȗrkmv[plbʘkȗSft4uo d>Ȗ
ȕ Q> lR 5yK ʘ2_Sp lb ʘkȗSf t4ux ʘ6Wf kȗSf rk ;fx ʘK_p
q#2*2qRu6b3ȟ1ySq:xʘ6_[fvpȕ\^yfȠRhf2gf6SfJyK/Ȟ
˅JyK/Ȟȕk2/;ȞkȗSfrR
m^ǻfkȗRrRw#2*2qRxʘͰm^ǻfͰ,gKCk]2?fi2/;mfʘe+fSK
vlǙǙ;hC[f2ǙqRx2ǙwqcǙfxʘ(p6ZȜvk2/;Ͱ5>Ͱvp ȠRu6b3
Roper, 1995, p.220.37

˅΄Aʘ΀Έ΂Έʘ]2?f38
>@
˅ͰkȗRͰ
Ǜ ʘ]2?f
6vO lb vgc> ȟ 5>Ȝ }[bx ʘkȗSf t4u mOSk mǢ ; mf ʘG
Ͱ'SfͰ lu ɪ+gKCk kȗSf [Nx 22+ ȕ i2/: wqcfx ʘtȗR
ɪf2f ɪkȗSf ɪpx6_k ɪ+gKCȞ i2/: rk ex oyc 4vx ʘͰiv[:ȖͰx
˅4uqky}*ɪk2/;koȖ8Ȗo+gKCȞxʘlvgR
Ǜ
˄tȗR 9^Ȗȕm^ǻfkȗRrRw#2*q" ȕ]2?fey^ȟG tpȖ [gp
r+pxʘi_Ȟ4uȕt6b3lkT:x 22'_*Ȗ:wp qSkʘͰ$Wfex 4uxͰ
ǡ mf ]2?f o mgSp
hxgf e'Ȟ ,;[ lk ʘǛ: df4f 6b4 Ȗx ʘ4u t2Ry \
˅F6[fm2_x
ǟ
39yqǠȂ2qRm^ǻf ΁˅΁
lZ h#l ʘq2 ɪ f 51CȞ vg[V 2^x ʘiluȖ 62& fx+k p2&x 2_f
Jacques Auguste Cherbonneau, ˖yqǠȂǟ ;Vx a&ȁp6[f]ȃ;Ȟw'p
˅˕1813-1882
yq: pl# ]2?f 2S RyKȞ AyCqf ȕ m^ǻf kȗR e.1 yqȂ 2
"ȗ"52B 2_Zʘwqk7}*6l;kxgkck6'6#b uʘq 5ȕʘw6'xʘǛ6_
yux ΀·΃΅ q: exȚ ˄x5x ȕ Zx6Sk u lb m^ǻf kȗR vZ i2/: b
5ypx r2f <l> C^ yux ΀·΄΂ q: p#fx ʘol_gf ˙4b˚ pSkx e#k
62&v32+6#Ȟt4uxʘf+Ȟgf2fC^ yux ΀·΄΅q:$f#fxʘr2f
˅u5x2Bɪ*ȟh#kvf<f3iluȖ
6cZȟǙ*Ȉol_gfpSkxe#k ǙǙǙcf;p6[fk2_ȞȕyqȂɩǙǙ?
˄wl&6key_$*6SfDqfȕx5xȚm^ǻfkȗRi2/:
ȕyuwg';lbwcpo p6"qqcfx ʘvqfȕ\f ȗʘͰypyȂͰ6Sfwl:51CȞc39

˅uqk2/:fcfȕ6Sf
>@
ʘ6SfWgfɧx mgSY2v3y.kDqffyv:6#b hg+ȟhBypcf

yS?f 2qR k2/;Ȟ m^ǻf kȗR wf h.2p o ʘp1_R ȕ ʘ'
ʘ6Sfgl'gf1x2*TFxȕg:yft4uȠR5_f1ySk2qSZ˅x5xȚ
TK_Ǡ Ȗ f ʘJyK/Ȟx lgSf52BȜ 6_ o ySB h^ TK;
2qR v )yl;k m^6 kȗR !ȗ" x ɪkȗS Ȗ eJ lvk Dqf vZ
40˅6Sf
˄ey_$*ʘ22'fw6cZȠRSKȞ_Zykȟ+[Cf<[pȕ@kvfȕɩ?x
k2/:Ȗx 2f_f ȠR OZ+Ȟ ˙vglR˚ 2Ry^ rk f 41cgȞ SKȞ oͰ
Ǜ
ȕ22'f4u}qo ʘɪZ5Sfɪ^ȃ;Ȟrk12R~ 6f_Jʘ`Zyʘ˙vZSȞ˚
42˅Ͱfx 6RbRJ
gB[fʘK_qf˄ffm^ǻfkȗRrȞȕi2/;t2'p5yb4ȞcfqS3
WgfȕgB[fxK_qfɪ8lfvZmfȟxȚ6Ȟ uxʘq&Țv5yBȕ˖
ȕ˖e;fkȗRʘoK_qfʘJy_qȞgB[fʘ˕ɪ[g/kɪ[NxlvKRʘ6Sf
E6Skȕlgcf56ce2F5Sfi2/;yux˅'SfkȗRʘ˕q&Țv5yB
ȕ vk2/; Ȗ wqcfx ʘͰ9yk_fͰ tl: lZ ʘ;p6[f ȟ 6Sf lgcf l&6
43˄ɧfe#ȞȕlbʘrȞ
˅Cherbonneau, 1846, p.8˄;p6[fk2_ȞrRl&640

˅ͰpKg;fͰyqȂvl;xʘͰroyale"41
˅i˅o42
Cherbonneau, 1846, p.·Ά.43
>@
Ǜ
AyCqfl&6ȕlvk2/;wqcfxʘrȞȕɪ&x18Ȟi2/;Ȗwp ȟG ɩ?p
44˄t2qRS?f ;fkȗSf6vOɧf9^Ȗȕ˅;p6[fȟ

Ǜ p2&x
ȕ lb ʘr2f 5ypx r2f <l> C^ ȕ Y4+f I_p i2/; wp G
45˄e#Ȟ
Cherbonneau, 1846, pp.33-34.44

T?f6WȞL/fcfȕi2/:2^cfo P*ȗ˅Cherbonneau,1853, p.48˄6Op45
K_q Y_fx v+ K_q [f c $*˖ ˅ɧf 9^Ȗ ȕx qu 6vO lb JyK/Ȟ ȕ
˅van den Bugert, 1989˄6OpT:ygfʘ˕v^yZ2*x
>@
46˄RyK_Ȟȕ}qSȞt2qRvqȖ~4f6S?f 2Svk2/;lb

!x5yȞ ȕ S> pb f hC[f kȗR i2/; mf yqȂ o ȟ 5>Ȝ 52'
wqcfxʘol_gfpSkxe#k yuxʘm^ǻfwZi2/:~4fexȚcfȕ6Sf
5ypxr2f<l>CôyqRZ6.7ȕ ʘ˕ ˖ʘ62gfS?fec>Ț2* i2/;
p6b4 4ux ʘf+Ȟ gf2f b rk ʘA. hc? ʘ6_[f vp ȕx ʘr2f
47˄ȗ#k6Op˅x5xȚm^ǻfkȗRȟ!x5yȞrkkȗRTl&ȕ]2?f

˕΀·ΈΆ˝΀·΄Ϳ˖p6yKfq;*r;*΁˅΂
hc?p6yKf6'Ͱm^ǻfȕ$*kͰwf_kȕ~6l:Ț2l+kr,fB6b4
˄6'ft4urR2Vy wf^kdf3eȗ.h_qxʘ6R
kIǡ 6ǣ Zǟ rǣ kͰp#f

ǡ frkp#f6K?filxʘhg.wZp#f fo P*ȗʘ΃ΈAʘ˅i˅o46
˅··Aʘ΁ͿͿ·ʘgfxgf\f ˄6Op˅Ͱ2^ͰlgbZFʘͰpcǣǟ pǼǣ
ǰ ǟ 2^ǟ
Cherbonneau, 1865, p.10.47
>@
ʘ˕m^ǻfkȗR˖QyFykȕf:5\f ȕ Ǜ2& [SF fx+k 6& 2^x
΀΁΅΅˖q: 1yfyȞʘhqf26&*Bp6ǣ ǟyK Ǳ fq;*r;*3:Țrk
˕s ΀΂΀Ϳ˖ q: ȕ TJ 2_Z ʘȟS wgf wl*5 ʘ˕s ΀΂΀΄˖ q: ȔyȞx ʘ˕s
+[B˕΀΅˖ȕʘ˕5>ȜL.b˖oyqSf:5 6u_fhqfSKl
Ǜ _p 5>Ȝx kȗSf hS& ȠR vZ 2lR ʘɩcf TK_f rk
[f x K
48˅vqk1[;ȖWgf[SFf:5 pcZʘuy+px

Ͱm^ǻfͰ k2_k ˄rkͰ ˄tȗR 9^Ȗ 52Ck ȟ ɩ? O*ȗk @kvf ȕ \Gx
49˅Ͱ`gS˕΃A˖
i^2_Z ʘ6SfWgfȕwkȗRxm^ǻfb72l* byu5yb4Ȟ m^ǻfb
2'p mf qp 6b4f 62'f rkx ʘwf k2_k TFxx tȃq 2V y )[f 2R 0?f
h';ȕK.T^x2^wpx ʘz6. SJȕǛ1y&ykoyc2_ZʘwZ5yb4Ȟ9^Ȗ
50˅52CȞ
ɪx5xȚ 2qR m^ǻf Y5R wp 2'p p6yKgf 5>Ȝ L. b ȟ p2R 3
˄ey_yvZmvqRh_qo ex+mfwqcfx
ȕ 62fx ~xǻf rk 2 Ȗ h _gfx 4.Ț 16'l [cp o qgR <f ˅˅˅
<f x p2qR kǛ ygSk <fx i8g kx wflS: 5yBx vqk ~5xȏf [b
o ,C\bxqlȗlk<fxmv2f1y&ykyux mu2qRkȗRwf ǛRyFyk
ȠRkȗRoyco :qf5yCfukxkȗSft4uQyl'krR$+p
51˅˅˅wg^xqK.ec> ;*
Ǜ
5>xʘmu[Ȟ5>ȟkȗSfm;_p6yKfi^6c[ft4urk^ȗKp
Ǜ
˅΄΁Aʘ΁ͿͿʘx^˄G 6Opʙ ΂΄΅˝΂΄΄Aʘ΀΃΁΀ʘ~6l:Ț48
˅΂΄΅Aʘ΀΃΁΀ʘ~6l:Ț49
˅΃˝΂Ak2_Ȟʘ˙΀Έ·΅˚ʘb7˄6Op50
˅ΆAʘ΀·Έ΁ʘp6yKf51
>@
ʘt2qRrkz6. ec> xIyK.xI_phc>ȠRu5 ǢyBxʘeSZȚ5>xʘyBȚ

f kȗSf Qyl'k hBxx ʘh^ rk AyCqf oyk ȕ 16 mfx ʘvgR `[k ɩV
vqkkȗRrk6#b Ql&xkȗSfh.2hl?Ȗ12Sf4uxʘkȗR·΃ȟv*ǻ^
˅hl'fil2S
o d>Ȗx 52ʘt2S&fcfȕz2B2'Ȗp6yKf)ǻô ,+B
hc?ʘz6plbʘwqcfxʘv4.Țw&xȕ_Rhc?*ǻ_ȞkȗSfrkhvf12Sf
mfox}*ʘm^ǻfkȗRȟ6Sfcf&*rRɩS fȕ_g* ^yf<[pȕ
ɩVx ʘ6Sf Wgf B. t4vb kȗR !2+: yu wv&y ~4f TZ2fx ʘh_
˅q& WfrRfy_qk
f:5 ȠR 15 ]: ȕ ȃp p6yKf f:5 o 2'p 5>Ȝ L. ȟ 1ySf
p6yKf ob f hqf 26& ȟ vg:5 ˕΀Έ΀΃˝΀·΃΃˖ 7yZ q7 cgf
ȕf:6fȃp2^xʘm^ǻfkȗRQyFykȕw 6ɧ2fwfw&yvZxʘv*B
lgSgfͰ v&yȞ vWC 54ʘq8f h:6f ȕ ȃp lb 53ʘ5>Ȝ L.
qRȖ f:6f ȕ )ǻ_ ux ʘA. w&y p6yKgf <fx ʘiR w&y ͰhFZȚ
˅vk2/:[b)ȂTkm^ǻgfkȗRQyFyl
Wgfȕm^ǻfǙǙkȗRQyǙFykexǙqǙrkex u7yZǙq7o EyRp1z6
ȕxʘm^ǻfkȗRi2/:ȕr6.`;fʘ`^1ɩV4uo qfɪ2^x 55ʘ6Sf
$*vqk7ȕvk2/:ȠR2v?f:6fbxʘ':lbxqlbʘvqRcf
˄ey_
vp Ȗʘq&ȚkȗSft4urkHSf glS:26'f˙ pbox˚mSp

ʘ2[fukxvqk1yC_Ȟ5_fmv[lg^3ʙlu 3ȖxZb ;f
˅΄΁A΁ͿͿΆʘʘx^˄6Op52
˅΂˝΁Aʘ΀·Έ΁ʘp6yKf53
˅Ά΃˝Ά΂Aʘ΁Ϳ΀΃ʘ7yZ54
˅Awad, 2015, p.121˄6Op55
>@
hg/ 5[BȚx L_qf Yȗ. ByC/k kȗR TFy 2 Ȗx ob 3Z
[b mvqk hǬ b )ȃ o 2S vf 5?Ȟ >Ț ȠR e2x ʘ6K:Ț
56˅vflS:
i2/: TFyk )G yux ͰhFZȚ lgSfͰ rk Ȁ:Ț vgKk ,Fy 4ux
˅m^ǻfkȗR
˄ɨkvZ2'pqpZ5yb4Ȟf:6gfp2R3
˅ͰkȗRx5>Ͱm:m^ǻfkȗRȠR`gK ˝΀
kȗR ʘof 17x )Gȝf 5> ˕˄˖ o6[Cf ˄u6b4 f kȗSf ˝΁
2^x˕Έ˖hc>ȠRaquRyFyk˖iv[:ȖkȗRʘ˕ˇ˖eS[pȖx 'Sf
ȕ l:5lqʘSKȞȕ6Zykrcmfiv[:ȖkȗRo df316koyc
&6.k,+Cdf3o rOpx˕ʚ˖iyfT?fvgc?q8fh:6f
y*ȖkȗRlvpey_xʘlvl;Ȗx˕˖ɪ:y_fTGʘ˕cfRJ2qR
f˙4b˚`gSf5[: Ͱ6b4xʘ}qSȞȏȖiȗcfrk Z4*3gl&
Ȗx u2fiyv[kwg+k g*~4fiȗcfoycfkgl&L:xȕTFy
2> r+pfzx2'fqf5>Ȝt4uh#krkdf3 ɩVx˙˅˅˅˅˚t6b3`g
57
Ͱ˅˅˅pɩVrkvf Ǜ&*
Wgf ȕ kȗR TFx ȠR 6kȚ ɪlvlgf $* u ʘq[g: lb ʘ7yZ q7 f:5
_6Kf )Ȃ Tk ʘx5xȚ Wgf m^ǻf kȗR rR wZ6S l y: 6Sf
q7f:5lu x ˅vk2/;Ȗxʘ12+km^6kȗR)ǻ_Ȗvqcfxʘvk2/:
ȕxʘm^ǻfȟ6SfWgf&*ȟtpȖ [fȕ_g*vpybȕuʘz6plbʘ7yZ
52CȞȕ6vOȖɪZy_SkɪTFxkxʘ΂Aʘs΀΂΀Ϳʘp6yKfʙΆ΃Aʘ΁Ϳ΀΃ʘ7yZ56
˅ɩ.Ț
˅Ͱ5[: Ͱe2Ͱ5[B Ͱlgb6vOquxʘΆ΃Aʘ΁Ϳ΀΃ʘ7yZʙ΂˝΁Aʘs΀΂΀Ϳʘp6yKf57
>@
Ǜ
˅6b4f_;fp6yKff:5ȃqf8[+kvpyb

b72l* ȟ1yR΁˅΃
f 6Sf Wgfȕ wkȗRx m^ǻff:5 o 2'p qpZ b7 2l* ȟ p2R 3
z6 lb ʘm^ǻf QyFyk ȕ w1v& ȕ ȟxȚ 51Ȟ rc mf ΀Έ΀΁ q: ȃp
t5Ǣ2Bxʘ<5ȕp2fb΀ΈͿͿq:ȃp2_Zʘuqk2/:f51CȞmOSk
2qR cf 4u ȟ 5> 15x 2^x ʘm^ǻf kȗR rR wZ !2+ 5_gf wq
5;f2R5yb2fwf5> lb 58ʘQyFyȞrR$2*$+ȕEyRp15yb2f
ʘb72l* 2_qɩ.Ț$+fo mV5x59˅m^ǻfkȗRrR/5fw#+ȕpySf
˄df3x ʘ6Sf iygR ɪJ: rS; mfx ʘm^ǻf kȗR ȠR hlSf 16[ wp ȠR
˝lgcgf}qSkm˞obx˙˅˅˅˚kR8fȟ ǛSgKx\BSf~x2f!2*ȕV5Ͱ
yvZʘey_lb 60ʘͰ+fx6c[f6uyNrk6uNhbȕw_:h';ȠRC6* Ǜ
ex ˙b7 2l* ˚ oyc Ȗ mfͰ ˄ey_ $* m^ǻf rR cf ȕ 16f wf x8S
Ȗ2* w^6Kmf6Sfȕ6ce'Ȟ4uo B.ʘ6Sfȕm^ǻf2Ry_fTFx
61˅Ͱˇʚ$2+fȉSfȕp&ȚrkȖxʘ6Sfrk

ZFȜxʘɨlZɪq:lbxqlbʘ,+BɩVɩ.ȚmlSf4uo ,G2_ f
wp3ʘhlSft16[ȠRb72l*Țt2_pȕ6&ob2^$*fo qfx2df3ȟ
Ǜ
ǺS ~4f yux ʘ6Sf Wgf ȕ wkȗRx m^ǻf 96b >* ȕ & k h[V
rȃRx ɪq" l: l^ b7 2l* # $* ʘY5SȞ 57yf l:6f
Ǣ w*ǻ^
l?*2l* ~ 5ȠRqʘwglRmvgRE6Rʘ;q'fxr2f$*rkyRyqʘ[_#k Ǜ
Awad, 2015, p. 124.58

q:52Bwp T^yfxʘ΀ΈͿ΀ucfTJq:o aqu6b4yux˅΁·ͿAʘ΀ΈΈΆʘpySf59
˅΀ΈͿͿ
˅΁·΅Aʘ˅i˅o60
˅i˅o61
>@
hC22>2_pt5x6&~4fe[VȜ4vf5Ǻk2'pȖx62ʘa4pY5SȞ67x>
˅ȍ/?fm'vf1x2*ȟ
˄<5ȕp2fbrk5_gfwqfȕ&
5>Ȝ ʘ6Sf q Y+ &y ʘ6c[fx cf ȕ ʘȉSf i2_ q 5
hg_fYy^yfT^ykȠR5_f1>5Ȝʘxx5xȚWgfgV ȕglS;Ȟ
t4u o i6& Ȗ ˅df3 y+px iv[:Ȗx ɩ+fx 'Sf TFykx hK;Ȟx
yulbʘvGSTkhl'fLg.i2Rxxȗfr;*ȕwf2>6kɩ.5>Ȝ
w;[p S&6ȞǛɩ#bo;pȜ6KG$+ʘ6Sf RyKȞ gV ȕ hB*
63˅u6.rkgl'fex Z6SȞ6_f1Rx
yu tȗR 5yb4Ȟ wqfx ʘvk2/; f m^ǻf kȗR wqf ȕ hC[ df3 2S
ȕ z6p lb cf rk ȕ ǛgSZ vk2/: f kȗSf QyFyk ȕ 5_gf 1>5
64˅΀·`+gȞ
˄ɨlZvgl'pI_p2Rcfm^6rkxwqfrk,G

12RTk5x?fxʘY5SȞ67xrk\gc m^ǻf96b\fob2_f ˝΀
o ɪquvfpȂ f1Ȟxʘp6b3lbʘȉkȕmgSfȖ&5rkɩb
67x \gc h^ kȗSf t4u i2/: ȠR qf 2_R 2^ ob b7 2l*
+gKCȞ e'k ȕ ɩ" mu5?: rȞ oyc 2^x ʘyq; Y5SȞ
w*ǻ^ rlF vSl& 15x ʘwqf ȕ 15yf kȗSf rcfx ʘ l;fx
mf u5?: f C/?fx Y5SȞ 57x o qS 4ux ʘ΀Έ΀΁ q:
t4u!2+:5x\_rkyub72l* o ȠR4uqf2lbʘvZe2
˅ǻ[fdgȕȉkȕkȗSf
˅΄΂Aʘx^ʙ΂A2Vy m2_G 6Op˅΃ΆAʘ˙΀Έ·΅˚ʘb762

˅Ͱ5_gfwqͰʘ΀ΈͿͿʘb763
˅΁Aʘ΀ΈͿͿʘb764
>@
ʘiv[:Ȗ kȗRx ʘK_qf ˄kȗSgf l: wqf ȕ cf KS ˝΁

Ǜ
ȕ_*Ȗwb52~4f6kȚʘkȗSf_ȠRl: `gKȖlqʘ9y^Țx
˅m^ǻf96b
ȕ6vOfȃSfq&ȚkȗSfɪrkkȗRT;wqfȕ6vO ˝΂
kȗSf t4u oȚ 6V 6k yux ʘo:y_f vqk D_qx ʘm^ǻf 96b
65˄ɧfe#Ȟȕlbʘwqfȕ6b4mfɪ*ȕʘǛgSZcfȕk2/;k

oyc2^xʘɪ&x18lgfxɪ:y_gfhk>m:b9y^Ț6b4}[b2^cfoyc2^
Ǜ
_*Ȗvk2^fȃSfkȗSf12*2î2/:Ȗ4vwp ivf6kȚrcfxʘvg[V 2^
˅Y5SȞ57yfw*ǻ^ȕ
mf6SfAyCqfȕm^ǻfi2/:rRcfoey_fTK;p`:khbrk
oxʘhyJ ^ydf3 _:hʘ7yZq8Ȗxʘoxɩ#b2_Slbʘb72l* 2
2qR \^y mfx ʘ΀·΂Έ q: ]2?f b 5x2B 4qk ^S 2^ _"yȞ 1v&Ȗ
57x 56^ ȟ gBx }* 6l: h ʘ~ȉȞ Yx 6f 2R 2qR Ȗx b7 2l*
˅6u_fȕ6SfWgfTl'kxʘȉkȕY5SȞ
ɪ 51 ʘvgR 6#Sp mf qp x ʘ_"yk ɩV z6. 1v& aqu o q2f d> Ȗ
ʘmvRyKk ȕ m^ǻgf kȗR yg.1 r4f ʘcf RKx TKȞ ?p ɪlvȞ
2ôyco 2Ǣ Ȗxʘ`:2Côx2o rclȖTKȞȕm^ǻfkȗRd;Z
˅΀ΈAʘ΀ΈͿͿʘb765
>@
2^x ʘz6. 1S:x kȗR 5. m vZx ʘwfy* 51 >_px $1* w_:
lZp'f4uexqq:xʘ6SfJyK/Ȟȕux2&xfkȗSfwgb4u _:
˅ɨ
RyKȞxJyK/ȞAyCqfȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:

6SfJyK/Ȟȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:΂˅΀
fȖ2gfJyK/Ȟȕȉ/Ȟx WgfYx6*i2/:ȟ$+f4uȕ]6Kprf
66ʘɩ#bT&6kȕu2'o 5_fTK;xʘE6VȚrktɩWfx 9^vpȠR
ȕ\^ygfkȗSb k2/:fWgfYx6*ȠR2lSȞɩV5>Ȝexqpqqcfx
˅JyK/Ȟ
6b3 lb m^ǻf kȗR rk f. pb l2_f JyK/Ȟ rk Ǜɩ#b o ,+B
\^ygfB.5>i2/;ɩ#bJyK/kp2&xqqcfxʘ_;f51CȞHS
u7Ǻ lk ʘ1R 6l*Ț oygf l:5 2^x ʘ6_[f vpȖx ʘhl'f ɪ hC[g fx
Ǣ
uȖxʘȃRT:fo6_f2fx ;fkȗSft4uxʘDqfm;_)Gȕmu;x
l2^ JyK/k ȕ u2'p qpZ ʘEyR p1 u4 lb q2f AyCqf B.
67
˄ɨlZvgRg#k 6b3ȠRq:xʘvRyFyk12S

ʘo6_f ɪ hC[gf kȗSb 62f i2/: ȟ 51CȞ ɩ? ˄62f ˝΀
69˅yqf $1*Ț ɪ hC[gf k2/: lb 68ʘvg.1 Ș m^5 h';fx
8lxlvqhC[51ɪ#2*hbɪhS'o WqͰ˄)ȗCfrey_x
ʘ7yl+f˄G 6Opʙɪ__+Ȟ2qRYx6+fi2/:rRZx1kʘ΀Έ·΄ʘyf2Rȕ2'66
˅΂΁˝΀·Aʘ΁ͿͿΆʘx^ʙ΀ΈΈ΁
Awad, 2015, p.120.67
˅΁ͿͿ΄ʘp&6[fʙ΁΀Aʘ΀ΈΈ΁ʘ7yl+f68
˅΀΂·Aʘ˙s΀΂΃Έ˚ʘ~ylgSfʙ΁΀Aʘ΀ΈΈ΁ʘ7yl+f69
>@
Ǜ
$2*hcZE5R3Zʘȗ[V52foyco PZ+fK/f+:x˙˅˅˅˚
˅Ͱ˅˅˅K.vK:xȕL/x K_pwgf52fȕL_qwF6RrkU6[
70
mg^ x ʘ52 ɪ#2* x ɪkȗb hǢ b ɪ hC[ o WqxͰ ˄~ylgSf ey_x

%6/: ǽR rk vZ Ȟ 2*x _6J ȠR vgb cf hC Ȗx PgV
4cuv5yBxʘɪ"2+ȞfVhlRvgRxʘuɩVȠR62fy+&5xʘ1yC_Ȟ
71˅˕ ˖
Ǜ
T6fo6_fȟ1ySʘm6cfo6_frk/;pȕvk2/:ȠRȖ#kq" 2_f
ɪ hCZ kȗSb 62f k2/: ʘy+qf ȕ 7y&5 rk 6. Ȗ#k Ǜ x 72ʘȃR
73˅ȃRT:fo6_frkJyK/kuxʘ8'Sfx52Cf
vl; 74ʘ:ylKk 6x1 hc> ȠR K Ǜ _p JyK/Ȟ k2/: ˄K_qf ˝΁
o6_fob˅˅˅Ͱ˄ey_$*_kȞt15x wqR9^ȕͰ5b Ǜ Ǜ _pͰɧ8Wf
K
w9Ȗ˄yf^xʘfxfȠRL_qfwZy"2* kexZʘ\*CȞȕǛ16'k
Y6Sw9Ȗyf_ZʘȘ}vqk2qR5b
Ǜ Ǜ _pt2Sy"2* m"ʘwf5ypyvZ
K
75˅Ͱ˅˅˅Ș9 5w
6Oqfw&ybu6b32^xʘͰyg_ȞxyfͰHSfvl;x˄gB[f ˝΂
K_p˙\^yfkȗR˚kȗSfhS'rkmvqkx˅˅˅Ͱ˄ey_$*6"ȚeyB ȟ
76Ͱ˅˅˅˕ʘ˖4cuyg_kǛxxkȗSfhS'rkmvqkxɩWB
5yK2^xʘiRw&yJyK/Ȟȕhl'fɪhC[fȕI_qf k2/:
m"ʘ61b6+vgkx62fmǙ:66SfgB[f5yBȟ2_Splb
˅΀·ΆAʘ΀Έ·΅ʘ)ȗCfr70
˅hBȚȕ;fo:y_fxʘ΀΂·Aʘ˙s΀΂΃Έ˚ʘ~ylgSf71
˅΀m^5`+gk˄6Op72
˅΁m^5`+gk˄6Op73
˅΂m^5`+gk˄6Op74
˅΀΅Aʘ_kȞ75
΂Έ΅Aʘ΀Έ΀Ϳʘ~68'f76
>@
5yK 2^ df3 oyc o 2S; Ȗx ʘȠRȚ ȟ u5; rk r+qk
Ǟ Ǣ . ZF
L
ʘJyK/Ȟrkɩ#bȕvk2/:2'px˅:ylKȞ62frRy[R5yC
77 Ǜ
˅:ylKȞ62ftq[Bxkx ɩcfK_qfɪxvqȖ12'plb
qpZʘl2_fJyK/ȞȕkȗSf1x5xɩxC*qS:y<fwp mV5
ɪ rk O Ǜ * 6ZxȚ ob ʘhl'f ɪ 8lgf ʘgB[f i2/: o 2_Sp
o˅˅˅Ͱ ˄ey_ $* df3 ȟ 6Oqf w&y b 5> 2^x ʘZx6SȞ kȗSf
78˅Ͱmu2qR ǛRy>6#bȚu˙yg_Ȟxyf˚kȗSft4u
kȗSb$g#kuȠRI_p!ȗ"JyK/ȞHSi2/;˄!ȗ#fI_qf ˝΃
lq80ʘ6S?fȕ8'Sfx52CfɪhCZkȗSb7yl+fu6b32^x79ʘ\^ygf
81
˅m6cfo6_fȕvk2/:ȟo6_fiygRȕo_Ȝbɩ?
$g#k u ȠR hByZ !ȗ" i2/; JyK/Ȟ HS ˄!ȗ#f hBy[f ˝΄
Ǜ
I_qfɪ Ȗ1JyK/Ȟȕ2'px 82˅2*yfgB[fe2ʘ\^ygfkȗSb
83˅$g#Ȟ9 5ȕgBZx2R_fȕɪK_p2'plbʘ!ȗ#fhBy[fx!ȗ#f
\^yf 2S ȟxȚ lgcf ]yZ L/f i2/: ȟ G Ǜ ɩ?p ˄~ygSf L/f ˝΅
rk mvqk ˅˅˅Ͱ ˄wfy_ kȗSf t4u ȟ 6Oqf w&y ɩ?x 84ʘwSFyk ɪSf
vqk exȚ Y6+f x ȟxȚ lgcf b r;+fx ȕcf ˙\^yf˚ kȗR hS'
dgo ȟ5>df4bK Ǜ .v^yZhS'x 6l*ȚǺ+fxyfobolǙ:Ȗ
˅΃x΂ɪ_+gȞ6Op77
˅΂Έ΅Aʘ΀Έ΀Ϳʘ~68'f78
˅΄`+gk˄6Op79
˅#g#ȞK_qfvl;xʘ΀ΈAʘ΀ΈΈ΁ʘ7yl+f80
˅΁΁΃΅˝΁΁΃΄Aʘs΀΃΁΅ʘJy;f˄6Op81
˅΅`+gk˄6Op82
TFykȕhC[gfv*ǻ^2^xʘͰǢq#Ȟfy?fͰb72l* ul: fkȗSfuxʘΆ`+gk˄6Op83
˅tȗR ΀˅΀ȕp6b3lbT';f
˅·`+gk˄6Op84
>@
˅ͰwgR\^yfUy;vg^ko xv2ȖUy;lklgcf
85
qpȚdf3xʘ$2+fbȕGfȟTFyȞ4uȕ5>Ȝ52'˄Gf ˝Ά
b72l* }l:˅lvfǛ;kb72l* oyc2^ʘ^1i2RxKg.wZp2&x
*ȗKBrkGfͰkȗSf)Ȃȕe^xʘͰGfkȗRͰɪ&x18Ȟ
ǢGfov?ɪkȗRɪ\ȃf$2+fTFxmu2qRtqSkx$2+flgR
86˅Ͱiȗcfrkt2RlR8lcf
m^ǻf kȗR ȟ yZF 2_Z $2+f lgR k Ͱ ˄wCp k pySf ey_x
lRmg:xwgRwgfȠBey:6fiȗbhC[fGfkȗR˙4b˚6b4f_:
6.2* iȗbx ʘw;[p\fȞiȗbrkycȞ6K;fȕ Ȗl>xǛ Ǜ qlw3+
kȗR rk 6q?f [Nx ~1 o3 GfZ ˄mvkȗc \fȞ 2v?; rlk
rOpqqcfxʘiȗcf4u252Ckȟɩ?Ȗyux87˅Ͱf*k2/;Ȟm^ǻf
ɩ?o ox1ʘfȖ2f<[p~1\g/kiȗcb72l* w&k<^wp
˅wf

rkT&6Ȟw#kɪxo#*fw&kɪ^ȗRȖ p2&xT&6Ȟȕ6Oqf2qR
˄)ȗCfrey_˅wkȗRxGgffȖ1

rk df4b t1x5x ,B k ȠR hS'Z H6lf G }l;x ˄Gf k x
oyco h#kʘD^px ʘ\SFx ʘ}qSkx ʘO Ǜ [f2:Zwp ɩVʘh_qfv&
Ǣ .wg:4ukȠR2lZ˙˅˅˅˚6Sf$*rk8&ɩV
Ȗx1Cfh#kwfx ʘL
ox1v2l,+Cf 1BwpbxʘǛȎrOȗbʘvgRmgSȞlgcf]8g
Ǜ
kɪxuɩVxx6fv&rk_gKk,Bkɪ]6[fdf4b bʘv*
D^pY6*bx,+ǙǙCfwgRhlcmgZuɩVox1x6fv&rk,B
˅΂Έ΅˝΂Έ΄Aʘ΀Έ΀Ϳʘ~68'f85
˅΀΄Aʘ˙΀Έ·΅˚ʘb786
˅΁ΆΆAʘ΀ΈΈΆʘpySf87
>@
88˅˅˅wx5xwg_p+BTkwF6kxwC_q5S>D^pY6*ȠR
Ǜ

iȗcfȉ*GfkȗRygS&-;qfHSo b72l* K.52Ckoyc2^
ZF WqZ 2 Ȗx ob oZ ʘɪ:y_f w? k yux ʘ61 [Cq hg. wZ ~4f
f1fʘ\ȃf~yqf$2+fB/fJyK/Ȟm^6kȗRȟ62f[Cp
Ǜ
5?Ȟ51CȞ6b4lbɪ61ɪ$2+fȉ+bz6. h:yG GfȠR
w3+lRmg:xwgRwgfȠBey:6fiȗbhC[fͰ<fey*ȚTl&ȕwqcfxʘvf
Ǜ
˅tȗR 9^Ȗȕ15xlbʘͰȖl>x Ǜ ql
Ǜ qO*Ȗ qp qu \Gp
hc> 4/Z ʘ6x2f m:5 ȕ yqq[ 2^ ɪ.;qf o G
yZF lbʘ62uyJ* m"ɩWB˕xx˖m:6 2vl:5o x ʘɩWB_5x
rk_?kz6. Ȗc> xʘ1ylSfɩWCfIyK/frk "ɩV12RvK+kȠR
rR x ʘ62f rR 5yK oyc 2^ ˕ ˖ ]2?f vk2/: f kȗSfx ʘ62f
ȠRxʘ6_[fvpȠRfȖ2gf˕ ˖hc?f4vJyK/Ȟȕi2/;ȞvfY6*
kȗSfoZwgRx 89ʘvfc> ȠR6x2fi2/:]:ȕk2/;kvZe*hb
2^xʘtȗR 5yb4Ȟ ;fkȗSfuiRhc?JyK/Ȟȕup2&xf::Ț
:2_ȞɩVcfȕK.T^x3xʘ$2+fcB.vpȚGfkȗRqq#:
˅SȞ]6Kfz2*wK>x wK?bm

RyKȞAyCqfȕm^ǻfi2/:΂˅΁
6Sf cf ȕ m^ǻf kȗR 5yvN 5yK ȟ pySf 5;f 2R $*f ]6K
˄ey_ZRyKȞ
0:qfwZK. iȗbȠRL.2Ǣ ktqSktȗR 5yb4Ȟȏfx˅΀ΈΆAʘ΀Έ·΅ʘ)ȗCfr88

ʙ΄΅Aʘ΀ΈΈ·ʘox5uʙΈ΀Aʘ˙s΀΃΁Ϳ˚ʘ^6Sf˄G 6Opʙ˕΀ΈΈA˅i˅o˄6Op˖
˅΀΅΃Aʘs΀΃΀΀ʘ_kȞ
˅Έ`+gkȕkȗSfi2/:6Opxʘ`:lZ]2?f6Op89
>@
oy^ȃ;Ȟ vSJ f ˙4b˚ o;gf 6R !ǻf b ȟx o iygSȞ rk

rk f. 52B 6Wf o2gf rk uɩVx pȞ ȃR rk#f o6_f eȗ.
rk exȚ \Cqf oyGV ȕ m" ʘe+f SK Ef 2R ʘm^ǻf kȗR
]ȃȞ ȕ RyKȞx __+Ȟ 6Sf cf vk ȟ g.1 ɧyȞ o6_f
ʘDqf m:_ ȟ 5> gB[f u 2*x m^6 kȗR Sl& 6WȞx
o6_f6.x ȕ6Sfcf'fm"˅gBȚwk6kxwF6V ȠRN[*x
[fȞm^6ȕx5xȚeyqȞ4*ȟ]6Sfxi?fxȉlȃRT:f
90˅˅˅l^6k˕<5ȕp2f˖iy:yȞwbb72l* ȃp΀ΈͿ΀q:ȕx
ʘdf3 \f/ k p2&x ]ȃȞ ex1x x5x ȕ RyKȞ 6Sf cgf qS&6k ȕ
˅ɨlZtp2&xkhC[px
m2^xʘRy;fȗBbyu6SfWgfȕTJbex o ȟ51CȞɩ?
91˅΀΄΀΃q:fKȕypZq2kȕwSJ
o 2bpo TK;pȃpkȟ6Oqfxʘ pǻpȜȠR12Sk+[Bcfrkȃp
HS ȕ hl'f ɪ hC[gf 6Sf gB[fx ɩcf K_qf i2/: 2^ cf
92˅TFyȞ
˕ȃR91;fo6_f2˖ʘRy;fȗBrk2ʘ6SfRyKȞqS3
Ȟku:: hc?5yb4Ȟcfȕ15yfm^ǻfo 2'pʘȃRT:fo6_f}*
ȕȀ: hc?hC[gfkȗSbK_qfx 6SfgB[f ǙǙk2/:2_Zʘt2S&
˅RyKȞt4u
b ȕ i2/:Ȗ ȕ O* 6Zx pb 6Sf gB[f o ux ZȖ 6uN aqu
ȕTKȞ6"lqʘfKq#:ʘiRhc?x5x ȕRyKȞȕʘɪ^ȃ;Ȟ
I_qfi2/ǙǙ:ȃRrk#fo6_f24qkvy?p2S6Sf1ȗfȕx ǙǙfK
˅΀ΈͿͿq:52B<5ȕp2fbo ȟpȂ 2^x˅΁·ͿAʘ΀ΈΈΆʘpySf90

G 6Op˅ͰRJͰʘ2cxʙ·ͿAʘ΀ΈͿͿʘy/>ʙKrek, 1979˄6Op91
http://phoenicia.org/zakhiraddthendelete.html#ixzz3T2CCiEuY˄T^yk
˅΀Ϳ`+gk˄6Op92
>@
˄mvbȕ6SfgB[fyk2/:r4fɪ^ȃ;Ȟrk 93˅hl'fɪhC[gf
(De Sacy, Ȁ: ~1x 94ʘ(Erpinii, Thomae, 1584-1624) 9yq5 9ky
~1x 96ʘ(Freytag, George, 1788-1861)%6Zx 95ʘSilvestre, 1758-1838)
˅ɪ^ȃ;ȞrkmuɩVx97ʘ(De Goeje, M. J., 1836-1909) wy.
ʘuɩV ȕx ʘtȗR r5yb4Ȟ RyKk <[p ȕ 2'p gB[f i2/: p& ȟx
101˅~ygSfL/fx100ʘ!ȗ#fI_qfx99ʘ!ȗ#fhBy[fx98ʘ62gfHSfi2/:
Ǜ ɩ?p
ȕ tx2&x k ȠR Ǜ6& 102ʘm^6 ȗ 6Sf Dqf }_ HSf o ȟ G
˅6SfJyK/Ȟ
6"2^ʘfWfȠRʘTKȞo 2'pqpZʘ]ȃȞȕxfKȕRyKȞȟqg_p3
fʘK_qfǺbȕɩWTkdf3xʘ\^yfTFykȕhl'fɪhC[gfK_qfi2/:
4uʘ:ylKȞ62fx ɩcfK_qfe21RK_p +B }*Ǜ'526 WB
K_qfi2/:ȠRg#kȚx˅[g/Ȟvfc> ȠR6x2fxiy'qfi2/:p&ȟ
kx5ʘ+;ȞmgSfȠRT:xɩ;[b˄kx5RJrkvqk6b4pʘǛ2&ɩ#b
ȕQyKȞAlphabetum Arabicum bxʘ΀΅Ά΀kx5ʘ92_Ȟcfxʘ΀΅΁Ά
103ʘ΀·Ϳ΁ kx5 ȕ QyKȞ ʘȁbx3y"5Ț olȜ 1_R bx ʘ΀Ά΀΄ q: kx5
ȠRdf3xʘAyC/fȠRi?f1ȗȕxfKȕ6SfRKfȕv?kv&y2'o 6V<f 93

˅΀΀΅Aʘ΀ΈΈ΅ʘ5x2^˄6Op˅fKȕ6SfRKfȕɪpqfp5yklu;kyF
˅΀΀`+gkʘErpinii, 1656˄ȗ#k6Op94
˅΀·΁΅ʘȀ:~1ʙ΀·΁΁ʘȀ:~1˄6Op95
˅Freytag, 1834, p.2ʙ΂΃ΈAʘ΀·΂΁ʘt>6Rr˄6Op96
˅΀Aʘ΂%ʘ΀··΄˝΀··΁ʘ~ǺKfʙ΀΁`+gk˄ȗ#k6Op97
˅΀·΁΃ʘL/u˄ȗ#k6Op98
˅΀΀`+gk˄6Op99
˅΀΂`+gkʘGorguos, 1865˄ȗ#k6Op100
˅΀΃`+gk˄6Op101
˅Caussin, 1804˄ȗ#k6Op102
˅΀΄`+gk˄6Op103
>@
vp ȕ ˕ ˖ 62f ec> 2* TGx ʘhl'f ɪ hC[gf K_qf i2/; ~4f
˅΀·΂Έq:kx5ȕQyKȞʘ&5ygfbxʘ6_[f
ʘgB[f Ȗx K_qf i2/; mf kx5 ȕ z6. RyKk aqu o ȟ 5>Ȝ 52'
ʘkx5ʘ&+frȖ Zcfh#kʘtȗR 15yf62fiȗcf8& ɪ gCZlpx
ɪpy_fxʘ΀΄ΈͿkx5ʘh'pȜh#kʘ62frR5yKvp 2_Spiy'qxʘ΀΄Έ΁
m^6 kȗR ox2 RyKk 2'p lb ʘ΀Ά΃΂ kx5 ʘȉ/Ȟ ȃqȞ pu6f
ȠRfȖ2gfvfY6*i2/:$*˖ʘ΀΅΀΃q:kx5ȕQyKȞʘ1x1ɩk8kh#k
˅˕5yk8Ȟvp
ɪhC[fQ>$*ʘ]ȃȞRyKkȠR`Kqkx5ȕRKfrRtȗR 6b3k
ʘ,ȉfouǺfbdf3ȠRg#kȚrkxʘrȃ Sfo6_f2}*I_qiȗcf
61ȕTJ~4fʘ5ǼȚxk4fmgRȕ5u7Ț\K^bxʘ΀Ά΁΀q:g*SJ
<l>ʘ΀·΃΃q:xɩȕQyKȞʘ+;Ȟ*: bxʘ΀ΆΈΆq:6y?f
b ʘ΀·Ά΅ ʘxɩ ʘp;gf Y5SȞ 61 ʘ΀·΅Ϳ ʘxɩ ʘ*x6f F6f
ʘ΀·΅΂ʘhByȞʘ1Ș`2*ȕfȚu8pʘ΀···ʘmg>5x ʘSk'f;qcf
ʘ΀·Ά΂ xɩ ʘmkȚ ]y_* ʘ΀·ΈΈ ȉk ʘK/f `* rR _qf \?b bx
ʘmg>5x ʘrk5Ț 05y ȉ/k ʘ΀··· ʘxɩ ʘ&7f \Bqf 2S;f TfKk
5.Ț6[:ʘ΀ΈͿ΄ʘ˙6u_f˚ʘɪg'pȜrȃȞȠR16fȕɪȞey_fʘ΀·΅·
˅΀·΅·ʘxɩʘ5*Ț6[:ȕ
ʘ]ȃȞȕRyKȞȕz6.Țec>Țxl'qfi2/:2'pI_qfhC[fp&ȟ
˅m^6kȗRox2RyKk2'plb
ȟZFȜʘyuxʘ6SfRyKȞȕQ>~4fm^ǻgf%3lphc?tȗR tp15x k
o ux ʘku __* ȟ qgBy ʘvgb vgC[f i_Ȟ T; Ȗ ɩ#b z6. %3lp
ȕ ǛS>ob~4fm^ǻf g_pʘ]ȃȞex1ȕxx5x ȕʘ6SfWgfRKf
i2/: df3 Ƞ'x ʘ6Wf m^ǻf kȗR rR wg_q mfx ʘ6Sf JyK/Ȟ
[[Kf ɩWf HS Tk ʘ_:Ǜ up6b3 fx ʘvZ R> f ;f kȗSf
˅::Ț2R_frRdf3v&6/o ox1ʘvfc> ȕǛp*
>@

˄x5xȚkȗSfey.1΂˅΂
HS o ʘ6Sf Wgf RKf 2 4qk RyKȞ cf ȕ p6Op q" p2&x
ɩV 16Z 51k 5yC ʘ6Sf RyKȞ h.2 2 ʘ6Wf m^ǻf kȗR
ȟ ʘ6#b x kȗSf t4u z2* ZF `6J rR ʘ[g/k RyKk ȕ ʘ16Kk
4. h^df3xʘq[g: lbgB[fxK_qfB.xʘJyK/ȞrR3y.ȞkȗSf
˅up6b3fkȗSf]2?f
q:kx5ȕQyKȞ 92_Ȟcfȕey_f2S˕˄˖ɪK_qf2'pe#Ȟh: ȠSZ
104˄ɧfe#Ȟȕlb΀΅Ά΀

q:kx5ȕQyKȞ1x15y7ȕ)+BȜm^5x5yk8Ȟm^5ɪhC[gfk2/:lb
˅΀Ά΁΄
kx5ȕ5y?qȞʘȉ/Ȟɪpy_fbȕ˕q&Țlvl:5ȕ˖ɪ&x18Ȟp2&xlb
105˄ɧfe#Ȟȕlb΀Ά΃΄q:

˄΀·΁΃iR<5ȕȃpkSfWgfrRbȕɪ1Rɪ&x18kp2&xx
106
˅΃΄Aʘ΀΅Ά΀ʘ92_Ȟcf104
˅΂΅΁Aʘ΀Ά΃΄ʘ9yg:105
Caussin, 1824, p. 25.106
>@

107
˄5l"Țxwby[fq&bȕY4+fI_pp2&xlb

˄2[Ȟ<pȚbȕʘɪ:y_fi2/:ȟZFʘup2&xx
108
˅˕6SfDqfrk˖΁΂Aʘ΀·΁΃ʘL/u107
˅΂Ά·Aʘ΀·΁΅ʘȀ:~1108
>@

rk<fkȟ5>ȜY2vʘJyK/Ȟ`_+ȕk2/:r4fɪZy_SȞp2&xx
q: ȃp 2Ry_f ȕ b rk ɧf e#Ȟ ȕ lb ʘwZ 15x k ,+Cf x ʘDqf
109˄΀·΀Ά

˄e#ȞȕlbA.hc?<ky_fȕk2/;kF5Sfp2&xlb
110

rk ];f 4u yF ȕ mv[ o ' ʘyqȂx ]2?f 6' o ey_f ȟ Dg/p
WgfRKf24qk6SfAyCqfoykȕ6Wfm^ǻfkȗRi2/:
Ǜ
ɪ6Wf2qRQ>kqflvyR1ȕ 6&6#b g_pȠRlvf8Z*hc>lkʘ6Sf
˅m^ǻfkȗRrk
Michaelisschen & Bernstein, 1817, p. 25.109

De Perceval, 1829, p.73.110
>@
2_Z <cSf ȠRx ʘypȂx ]2?f 2S 6Wf m^ǻf kȗR i2/: \^y mf
ȕ Z+Cfx RKf 5?p hG[ ʘlu2S Ǜ'52 mNSx i2/:Ȗ 4u }kq
˅rȃSfo6_f2xȃRT:fo6_fvpȕʘ6Sf1ȗf
ʘȃR T:f o6_f rk p#f \Cqf ȕ m^ǻf kȗR 5?pȖ 75f %3lqf rk
ȕ ˕΀Έ΀΁˝΀·΂Έ˖ QyqB y_S u52B f ʘ^57 5Op y [+B 6b4p
vp p2&x ȟxȚ q;f rk [g/Ȟ u12R ,[C eȗ.x ʘ ΀·Ά· q: 4qk <5
I_p ʘo&x18Ȟ ʘ9y^Ț ʘe;f kȗR ʘF5Sf 111˄ff kȗSf k2/:
4u ʘ΀··Ϳ q: 12R ȕ ɪF5Sf p2&x 2^x ˅K_qf ʘ'Sf kȗR ʘY4+f
Ǜ
vqk Ȗ2!ȗ#fI_qfxʘ6_[fɪxhl'fɪhC[gfl'qfi2/:ȟZFȜ
˅΀··΁q:_*Ȗ12R ȕ
yq:z2kȠR16Kkhc?m^ǻfkȗRi2/:wZ6vO~4fp#f%3ylqf
q: 4qk ʘ˕΀Έ΁Ά˝΀·΄Έ˖ y/> <yf u52B f ʘ]ȃȞ g'k yu Sk
Ǜ
ȕpqgf2g_fȕ56l:Ȗvqk Ȗ2xʘgB[fi2/:i2RvZ75fxʘ ΀·Έ·
ʘm^6kȗRȗ6_[fvpa6Tkʘhl'fɪhC[gfvqkȖ2K_qfi2/:
112˅6_[fvpȕEaǻu76x
ʘF5Sf ʘK_qf ˄ff kȗSf Qy> ʘ]ȃȞ rk ȟxȚ 12RȚ ȕ p2&x 2^x
I_p ʘo&x18Ȟ ʘoK_qf 113ʘ˕FǻSȞ gl'f ȠR hf2gf G k2/:˖ 9y^Ț
Jy_qȞgB[fǙǙp2&xǙlbʘ˕Ry>h^ ˖'ǙSfkȗRʘeǙ;fkȗRʘY4Ǚ+f
˅95v[fȕ˕q&Țvl:6˖
Ǜ
ȕf*Ȝm^5ɪlȟǛ2*x:yî2/; ]ȃȞp2&xkȗSft4uȟZFȜ
hC[gfq&ȚgB[f
Ǜ
k2/:lbʘ@kyvfȕm^6f5;ȟǛ2*x:y^xʘrȞ
ȟ Ȗ*Ȝ ɪ hC[gf Jy_qȞ q&Ț gB[fx ʘ95v[f ȕ +[Cf i^5 ɪ
˅[g/k51Ck
˅΀΅`+gk˄6Opʘ΀ΈΆ΃ʘ5Opy \+B111
˅΀Ά`+gk˄6Op112
˅΀΄΂Aʘ΀·Έ·ʘ]ȃȞ˄ȗ#k6Op113
>@
Ry;fSKȞȕQ>2g_yuʘtȗR 5yb4ȞkȗSfi2/:oey_fTK;p
]ȃȞ 52B h^ SKȞ t4u v52B 12Sk b ȕ k2/: 2^x ʘxɩ ȕ
ȉ/k ʘ΀··Ά ʘ6Sf ɩu?Ȟ 1Ț mgR ʘ΀··΃ ʘ1Ț p'k ˄h#k ʘt2Sx
ʘoy;k6[f S> ȕ oyCȞ ǽf ʘ΀ΈͿ΄ ʘ6KȞ b ʘ΀·ΈΆ ʘM[fȚ 4v
˅ɩ#buɩVx΀Έ΀΀ʘ8lvfbʘ΀Έ΀Ϳ
ʘ΀··΄q:Ry;fSKȞȕTJ~4fʘcfM[fȚbȟ5>Ȝ52'
ɪxvq8lfxʘ6SfgB[fi2/:SKȞwȃpkmOSkrR7lyvZ
˅cf_ȕSKȞȕT?mf~4f6kȚʘK_qf
Ș 2* w++Cx wKG }qRͰ ˄wgR h':x `_+Ȟ m: cf 6b4 mf
2RTJ2^cfrcfxʘͰxɩȕ\:y<2_fgbȕof952 Ǣ kʘɪRy;f
Ǜ
w;plbʘe#Ȟh:ȠR΀Έ΀΀SJh#kʘy/><yfm:vgR6vN_*ȖSJ
gB[f ɪ 8lf 4u p2&x 2^x 114˅wf 6SȞx 6Sf RyKȞ m'Sk
˅΀Έ΀΀q:tȃp~4f8lvfbȕʘ_*Ȗg*6kȕy/>2qRK_qfx
2^xʘm^ǻfkȗRi2/:0:6ȕ,GlbǛku5x1y/><ygfo d>Ȗ
Ǜ
Ǜ
ȟ \F ˅_*Ȗ b7 2l* b ȕ 15x f kȗSf Tl& wRyKk ȕ p2&x
Ș SKkvȃpf:52fcfxʘ6Sf1Țbxʘ ]ȃȞg'ko df3
v;b ~4f 6kȚ ʘhyJ qk7 z2k ȠR 6#kx ʘT:x 5?p vf ob ɪRy;f
˅m^ǻfkȗR0:6ȕɪWf6" xlu
Ǜ
ȟ5>q#:ʘy/><yf2qRm^ǻfrRiȗbȠR6#SpmfqpZdf3rkmV6f
lq 115ʘͰɪ[_R ɪK.Ͱlvl;$*~5Cpțf 8lvfbȕɪZy_SȞi2/:
ȕ `g^ ȠR e2 ~4f 6kȚ 116ʘͰɪ[cSkͰ Ny+gkx *ȗB ȕ lvl;
˅g*6Ȟt4uȕ,gKCȞi2/:
˅΀΀΅ΆAʘ΁%˅˅1ʘ<bǼ˄6Op114
˅΂Aʘ΀Έ΀΀ʘ~5CpȚ115
˅΂ΈAʘ˅i˅o116
>@
Țu52B f 6SfWfg'kȟɩ?pqpZʘrȃSfo6_f2ȟqg_p3

kȗRvZi2/:2^xʘ΀Έ΀΀q:4qk12Wȕ˕΀Έ΃Ά˝΀·΅΅˖ɨk6cf9;p
gBZ ˄u ΀Έ΀΀ 12R ȕ up2&x f kȗSfx 117˅m1x 16Kk hc? m^ǻf
I_pʘF5Rʘ6Re:kȗRʘoK_pʘo&x18kʘoZy_Skʘo:y^ʘK_pʘ6R
˅Jy_qkgBZʘ'SkȗRʘoFǻSkʘY4*
fkȗSfTl& ΀Έ΀΀q:ȕ k2/: 6SfWfo ȠRhf2gfdf3ȟɩ?px
˄luɪkȗR k2/:vfZFxʘY5SȞ57xȟ ΀Έ΀΁q:b72l* vk2^
lbʘ6.kg*6kȕlvZF 2^`?k1Tl'ko p6b32^xʘɪZy_SȞxɪF5Sf
˅yq;6u_fTl'kȕu56^h^6Sfe;fkȗR k2/:
ʘ6Sf/qȞbh#kȉkȕRyKkbȕm^ǻfi2/:ȟG ɩ?p Ǜ
ɪK_qfx gB[fx K_qf wZ p2&x 2^x ʘp" SJ ȕ ΀ΈͿΆ q: TJ ~4f
˅Y5.8fx6u8Ȟ9y^Țp&ȟF5Sfxɪ:y_fxɪ&x18Ȟx
57yfb72l* vk2^fm^ǻfkȗRo 'pȟhCpuqk2^fg#kȚrk

mfb72l* o xʘȃRT:fo6_fvp4qkk2/;k pbʘ ΀Έ΀΁q:Y5SȞ
b72l* o __+fx˅51CȞmOSku4lbʘ6SfWgfȟvg.1 rkex rc
ɪx ʘ6Sf 2Ry_f ɪ `Zyf ȟ +q& lpxͰ ˄ey_ yvZ df3 ɩV R2 Ȗ
Ǣ ByC.
t4u o Ǜ ˄h;f hv;x ʘ[gcf hg_x ʘhlSf 2*yf ʘq&Ț kȗSf
ȕ6SfǙǙǙǙǙJyK/ȞxRyKȞx952ȞȕvflS:Q>2^kȗSf
118˅Ͱ4upȉR
2_Z4vfx 119˅KF2Ry^ȗkȗSfi2/:Qy>ȟcf<[pȕ5> lb
df3ȟ5> 2^xʘm^ǻf96bȕʘkȗSfi2/:TFyk)Gw_RȠR4.
yuʘq 5ȕʘmvȞxȀ:Țb72l* 5x1rcfxʘq[g: lb <5ȕp2fk2_kȕ
˅΀Έ`+gk˄6Op117
˅hBȚȕ<f76Ȝxʘ΀΁Aʘ˙΀Έ·΅˚ʘb7118
˅΅Aʘ˅i˅o119
>@
ɩV;:ȞrkxʘwgR`[ȞɩV~1 6[fzy;Ȟrkm^ǻfkȗRi2/:h_pȕ
kȗSf6_mf˅t2vRȕȉȞY5SȞ57yg#lkʘl:6f;:Ȟȟʘl:6f
6kRyZ2kQyFyȞȟ1RY5SȞ57xrcfxʘwq*ȕb72l* v*ǻ^f
Ǜ
ʘwlgSkt 2kʘ~ȉȞYx 6 f2Rʘb72l* 4lgTxʘ_*ȖexȚ1ZdgȞrk
_g*tǺSpqpZwgRxʘv*ǻ^2^b72l* obfȃSfq&ȚkȗSf6^Z
;:Ȟ 8b6k ȟ @kvf rk kȗSf t4u i2/: ȕ e_pȖ q^x ȟxȚ hByf
<fx ʘivf ~ɩOqf t5x1 ȟ ZFȜ 4u ʘȉk ȕ yǻf˝Z_#fx :;f
ȕQyFyȞexqȕt6" wfob5x1yuxʘm^ǻfkȗRrRcfȕʘL_Z_Kf
kȗR i2/: ȕ ku g_p 6b3 f Z+Cf 6' h#l lq ʘ_*Ȗ ȉk
/5f5x2f$*rkv: 5ȠR\_ʘl:5ɩVrcfxgRZ;:kȕm^ǻf
Ǜ
SKȞt4uo ByC.ʘy/><yfI?qRyZ2kxɩȕɪRy;f ȘSKk

cfxʘ6Sf1Țbȃpȟv2Shʘq2fcfȃpȠRu1yv&ȉ_mf
˅t'Ȗ4uh#l%3lphc?tp6b3kxʘ:52Ȟ
ʘ6SfAyCqfȕ6Wfm^ǻfkȗRe.1ȕ26fyuxʘ]2?foZh_Ȟ
4uxʘɪZcfmR2fxT'?f`gmfʘ2_SplbʘwpȚʘkȗSft4u6yKwf,mf
rcmfpl#SfKg;f8b6koȚʘqKqK;_fȕy'fȕwglRq" A.hc?
˅p62_;*ʘ22'frkQyqf4uȠR Ǜ+[qk
Ǜ
m^ǻfȉ+qȖʘiRȕ_"w&yȠR Ȗ#khc?m^ǻfkȗRQyFyko z6pqp
;qfȀ;fxq2f@kvfȕ 2m^ǻfZʘ8b6Ȟx@kvff2'h#lʘt2*x
oyc2^xʘ2_SpkȠRɩWf! 2*ȜǛ12S:6#b @kvfxʘpl#SfKg;f8b6Ȟ
h_p wqkx ʘPZ+Ȟ l:6f 8b6Ȟ rk 6Wfx x5x ȖC 6#b @kvf 4u
˅l:6fɩVxvqkl:6fkSf;:Ȟȕ56_f8b6kh+fǛ'52

>@
Bȗ.
hC[fx\^ygfB.kȗRi2/;mf6RJyK/kaquo ,+B ˝΀
ʘq1 ɩVx q1 ʘɩ#b JyK/k aqu h_Ȟ rcfx ʘhl'f ɪ
˅:52fȕuqgCZ2^xʘkȗSft4uh#k k2/:
ȕ S?f kȗSf ʘ6Sf Wgf RKf 2 4qk RyKȞ cf g_p ˝΁
v[Nxɪ8lox1ʘ6#b x kȗSft4urk2*x_pʘJyK/Ȟ
˅fWfȠR
yu#2+fm^ǻfkȗRȕJyK/ȞrkgBȚw5yBȠR^f6"Ț ˝΂
ȠR2u> _fʘ˕Jy_qȞgB[fȕG k2/:˖6SfgB[f
˅ox6^z2kȠRq&ȚkȗSfx6SfkȗSfɪ*x6Ȟ
h.2 q&Ț m^ǻf kȗR HS 2 JyK/Ȟ kȗR p& ȟ ˝΃
vlR2 o ox1x ʘ16Kk ɩV 5yC ʘRKf 2 4qk RyKȞ cf
˅vgR`[kxyckɪpy^
ʘQyFyȞȕRypg_p "2*ȃRT:fo6_frkexȚ\Cqfvp4qk ˝΄
ʘ6SfRyKȞȟx5xȚm^ǻfkȗRi2/:h_p6' g#l
;Vx a&ȁp6[f]ȃ;Ȟtȗm"ʘ]2?f95Z2l* u25ob2^x
ʘZ+CfxRKf5?pTk117ʘ[g/kz6. 5'lvgxʘyqȂ
ȘSKkRyKkx ʘ]ȃȞg'kxʘ^575Opy [+Bvlu x
ȕ 6Sf Wf g'k ʘ΀Έ΀΀ q: ʘ_*Ȗ df3 g m" ʘxɩ ȕ ɪRy;f
kȗRHS_Tkx5xȚm^ǻfkȗR k2/:vSl&xʘ]6Sf
˅vp&ȟJyK/Ȟ
ʘm^ǻf kȗR rR b ~4f b7 2l* I?q 2 ff g*6Ȟ ˝΅
`gS *ǻ_k i2^ m" ʘ΀ΈͿͿ q: <5 ȕ p2f wb ȕ vk2/:x
b72l* 6'lu xʘ΀Έ΀΁q:ȉȞY5SȞ57yfm^ǻfkȗS
QyFykh_pȕq 5;*rlcvqcfxʘHSf2_Slbw15ȕ ;f
;:kx16Z 51krkxʘ8b6Ȟȟ@kvfrkm^ǻfkȗRi2/:
>@
S f ʘȉȞ Y5SȞ 57x u l:5 ;: k ȟ l:5 ɩV
*ǻ^ lg;x ʘexȚ 1Z dgȞ rk iy:6l RyZ2k _*Ȗ QyFyȞ
Yx 6f 2R f:5 vqlF rk ʘ%f Yx6*x m^ǻf QyFyk ȕ 12Sk
fȃSfq&ȚkȗSf6^Zʘb72l*Ț12kǺS~4fʘ~ȉȞ
ȕ vk2/: 2x ʘ΀Έ΂Ϳ q: df3x h^ rk v*ǻ^ 2^ b7 2l* ob
˅ȉkȕ952Ȟ
57x v6^ f kȗSf ΀Έ΄· q: 6u_f ȕ 6Sf Wgf Tl'k 6^ ˝Ά
6. 2_Z m^ǻf i2/:Ȗ `?k2 6Sf Wgf Tl'k 56^ k ʘY5SȞ
i2/: 5?p 2S & 2^ ɪSl'Ȟ 56^ oyc 4vx ʘ΁Ϳ΀Ϳ q: }*
˅RKfȕm^ǻfkȗR
ʘm^ǻfkȗRRJɪpy^ȟ5>Ȝrk g.2^51CȞo ɩ. 6b4p ˝·
WgfȕT>yulbʘDqfȕv_+gkxv_;kɪxvqZ;Ȟx
rk yg/ o 6Wf rk wpZ ʘ5x4Sk ȟxȚ Ȗx+Ȟ pb 3x ʘx5xȚ
6k 4ux ʘ6Sf Wgf Tk'k 56^x ʘ2lSȞ m^ǻfx ȗkȜ b df3
˅:52fxqSf62&

>@
`*ȗk
JyK/k ΄˅΀

˄L6fȠRʘɪfǺfx2fckrkJyK/kʘm6cfo6_fɪ6x2hC[f˄΀`+gk
http://digital.staatsbibliothekberlin.de/werkansicht/?PPN=PPN664021883&PHYSID=PHYS_0023&USE=800
>@

˅ȃRT:fo6_frkʘ4Aʘ΁΃΂˄JyK/k˄8'Sfx52CfɪhC[gf62fi2/:˄΁`+gk
˄L6fȠRʘybyJSk&
http://ricasdb.ioc.utokyo.ac.jp/daiber/db_ShowImg_I.php?ms=243&txtno=&size=m&page=4
>@

˅6_[fvpȕ!ȗ#fI_qfxʘgB[fxɩcfK_qfi2/:˄΂`+gk
˄L6f˅ɪfǺfx2fckrkJyK/kʘȃRrk#fo6_fʘ_?k2f˄rk+[B
http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB00014ABB00000000

>@

fx2fck˅΀΄Ϳ΁ʘouxr˄JyK/k˅K_qfɪxvqe1fxgB[fi2/:˄΃`+gk
http://resolver.staatsbibliothekberlin.de/SBB0000293E00000000 ˄L6f˅ɪfǺ
>@

9l>C^˄JyK/krk·A˕62fxK_qfȟZFȜ˖ʘI_p΂i2/:˄΄`+gk
˄L6f˅ɪf6˞fx2fckʘȃRT;fo6_fʘmc+f
http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB0000168500000000
>@

˅ɪf6˞fx2fckʘȃRT;fo6_fʘpr˄JyK/krk΃AʘhByZ΂i2/:˄6`+gk
http://resolver.staatsbibliothekberlin.de/SBB000073E700000000 ˄L6f
>@

T^yk˄rRs·΃΄q;fvb1ySm6cfo6_frk/;pȕ!ȗ#fhBy[fi2/:˄Ά`+gk
˄L6fȠR1yS:dgȞSk&
http://makhtota.ksu.edu.sa/makhtota/6689/30#.VnVDTX6rSfB
>@

˄T^ykrk˅\^yf2SȟxȚlgcf]yZL/fi2/;ʘ΀΅Έ΁0;pʘKg;frkΆA˄·`+gk
˄L6fȠRmanuscriptaCSIC
http://aleph.csic.es/imagenes/mad01/0006_PMSC/html/001349595.html#page/13/mode/2up
>@

ȠRʘɪf6˞fx2fckrkJyK/k˅]2?fvk2/:fkȗSfʘ΀΄Ϳ΁ʘouxr˄Έ`+gk
http://resolver.staatsbibliothekberlin.de/SBB0000293E00000000 ˄L6f
>@
RyKk΄˅΁

ʙKrek, 1979˄6OpɩcfK_qfxgB[flvZ6vOʘRy;fȗBrko+[B˄΀Ϳ`+gk
˄T^ykG 6OpʙͰRJͰʘ2cx
˄L6fȠREncyclopedia Phoeniciana
http://phoenicia.org/zakhiraddthendelete.html#ixzz3T2CCiEuY

>@

˅Erpinii, 1656, p. 200˄!ȗ#fhBy[fxgB[f˄΀΀`+gk
>@

˅΀΄Έ΁ʘ&+frʘZcfrkȟxȚ+[Cfʘ62fi2/:˄΀΁`+gk
>@

˅Gorguos, 1865˄rk΀A˄I_p!ȗ#hCZ˄΀΂`+gk

~1ʘ~66+gfk_Ȟbrkʘ΁Aʘgl'f2ȟ5>ȝf~ygSfL/fi2/:˄΀΃`+gk
˅΀·΁΁ʘȀ:
>@

˅΀·Ϳ΁ʘ92_ȞolȜTl'krk·A˅6_[fvpȕ62fxhC[gfK_qfi2/:˄΀΄`+gk
>@

΀·ΆΈʘ#f#fq;fʘ΀12Rʘ΀΃Aʘ5Opy ˄΀΅`+gk
˅l'qfxʘY4+fI_pʘ9y^Țʘ'Sfʘiv[:ȖʘF5Sf˄kȗSfvZ6vO
>@

ʘo&x18Ȟʘo:y_f˄kȗSfvZ6vO˄΁΀AʘȟxȚq;fʘ΀·Έ·ʘ]ȃȞg'k˄΀Ά`+gk
˅e;fʘY4+fI_pʘK_qf
>@

˅΁Aʘ<5ȕp2fʘ΀ΈͿͿʘb7˄ȕm^ǻfkȗRi2/:˄΀·`+gk
>@

ʘY4+fI_pʘK_qfʘ'SfkȗRʘoZy_SȞ˄kȗSf2'p˄Ά΄Aʘ΀Έ΀΀ʘ6SfWf˄΀Έ`+gk
˅o&x18kʘoK_pʘ6Re:kȗRʘgB[f
>@
˄T&6Ȟl^
˄Wgfq#fx6SfT&6Ȟ ¢

˄˙6u_f˚ʘK/f`*rR_qf\?bʘ˕΀·ΈΈ˖9x5yK;ʘmu6 ΀·ͿͿʘmu6
˅`ZyfSKk
˄˙6u_f˚ʘ6Sfcfȕm^ǻfxȗkȜʘ˕΀ΈΆ΄˖mgSf2Rʘmu6 ΀ΈΆ΄ʘmu6
˅6VSKk
˅ȇ2kSKk˄kx5ʘZcf˕΀΄Έ΁˖ol#Rx6lRy ʘ&+fr ΀΄Έ΁ʘ&+fr
(Filio Alhagibi (15Έ2), Grammatica Arabica, Romae:
Typographia Medicea.)
\^x ʘM[fȚ 4v ȉ/k ʘ˕΀·ΈΆ˖ y_S \:y y ʘ c;f r ΀·ΈΆʘ c;fr
˄xɩ ʘRy;f y/> <yf Ț w:5vZ `gSx wKFx wSJ ȠR
˅ɪRy;fșfcfy"cfSKȞ
ʘ$2+f iygR ʘ˕΀Έ·΅˖ ~5x76v?f rl*6f 2R r ol#R ʘ)ȗCf r ΀Έ·΅ʘ)ȗCfr
˅6c[f51˄`?k1ʘȈSȞ6c[f51˄xɩʘǻRr2f5yp`_+
ʘZ6Ofvb[kx[g+fvbZʘ˕΀·΂΁˖2l+kr2l* ʘt>6Rr ΀·΂΁ʘt>6Rr
˅p1SKk˄oyʘ%6ZmgvfxU5yV`_+
(Ebn - Arabschah (1832), seu Fructus Imperatorum et Iocatio Ingen-
iosorum, primum e codicibus editi et adnotationibus
criticis instructi a George Freytag, Bonnae: Typis regiis arabicis
in officina F.Baadeni.)
˅51B51˄xɩʘ2g'kS5 ʘ˕΀ΈΆ΃˖ʘ5Opy \+B ΀ΈΆ΃ʘ5Opy
`;qwSkxcfȕ2fmy_ʘ˕΁ͿͿ΅˖uyf2Rr~2'kʘ2l*Ț ΁ͿͿ΅ʘ2l*Ț
˅o6f;:k˄xɩʘm^ǻfkȗScf
ʘͰm^ǻfȕ$*kͰʘ˕s ΀΃΁΀˖ʘ˙΁ͿͿͿ˚r;*2l+kr,fBʘ~6l:Ț ΁ͿͿͿʘ~6l:Ț
˅΂·Ϳ˝΂΄΂Aʘ5yqȞq2Ȟʘ΁΀12Rʘlc+fg'k
˅51B51˄xɩʘ΀%ʘ˕΁ͿͿ·˖ʘgfxgf\f ΁ͿͿ·ʘgfxgf\f
Ryl'k ʘ˕΀Έ·΃˖˕S&6kx %6.˖ ~7ǻf mu6x ʘ^y> 2l+k ʘɪk ΀Έ·΃ʘ~7ǻfxʘɪk
TKȞ oy?f kSf vf ˄6u_f ʘkR ɪ;l. ȕ lgSf 56_f
˅ɩkȚ
˅ȇ2kSKk˄kx5ʘ˕΀΄ΈͿ˖ʘ92_Ȟh'pȜ ΀΄ΈͿʘ92_Ȟh'pȜ
>@
(Evangelium Sanctum (1590), Romae: Typographia Medicea.)
<yf Ț tȃq qR ʘ6KȞ b ʘ˕΀ΈͿ΄˖ 9x r 2S: ʘ~5CpȚ ΀ΈͿ΄ʘ~5CpȚ
˅ɪRy;fșfcfy"cfSKȞ˄xɩʘRy;fy/>
ȃpx 95vZx ,+C ʘ8lvf b ʘ˕΀Έ΀΀˖ 9x r 2S: ʘ~5CpȚ ΀Έ΀΀ʘ~5CpȚ
˅ɪRy;fșfcfy"cfSKȞ˄xɩʘy/><yf
˅xɩʘȁg6KfhZypl&6ʘmkȚ]y_*ʘ˕΀·Ά΂˖/g> ʘ5^yJx ΀·Ά΂ʘ5^yJx
˅xɩʘex 2g'kʘY5SȞ61ʘ˕΀·Ά΅˖96Kʘp;f ΀·Ά΅ʘp;f
l&6 ʘ+;Ȟ mgSf ȠR T:x ɩ;[ ʘ˕΀΅΁Ά˖ y6x5 ʘyqk6gǢ ΀΅΁Άʘyqk6gǢ
˅olȜȃqf 92_ȞTl'Ȟ˄kx5ʘpxȉ+fq*y
˅xɩʘ+;Ȟ*:bʘ˕΀·΃΃˖q*yʘoq ΀·΃΃ʘoq
ʘ6"ȚeyB ȟ6Oqfw&yʘ˕΀Έ΀Ϳ˖2l* r,fBr6uJʘ~68'f ΀Έ΀Ϳʘ~68'f
˅fl'fSKȞ˄˙6u_f˚
ʘ6Sf lgSf Tl'Ȟ g'k ʘ˕΀Έ΂΀˖ ʘͰm^ǻf kȗRx %f Yx6*Ͱ ΀Έ΂΀ʘ%fYx6*
lgSfTl'Ȟ˄`?k1ʘ΅΁΅˝΅΁΀Aʘ΀Έ΂΀I>˝p#foypbʘ΀΀2g'k
˅6Sf
˅r:x o[:51˄o2qfʘ#[qfʘ˕΀·΅Ά˖wgf]75ʘoy;* ΀·΅Άʘoy;*
˅kx5ʘ+;ȞmgSfȠRT:xɩ;[ʘ˕΀΅΁Ά˖q*yʘpxȉ+f ΀΅΁Άʘpxȉ+f
ʘwkȗRx wfyB ˄6Sf ȕ m^ǻf rZ ʘ˕΀ΈΈ΁˖ 2l* )[f 2R ʘ7yl+f ΀ΈΈ΁ʘ7yl+f
˅ȃqgf5lR51˄olR
Ș 61 ˄mg>5x ʘrk5Ț 05y ȉ/k ʘ˕΀·΅·˖ oyKp ʘ'p. ΀·΅·ʘ'p.
˅ɪpc;;p6[f
SKk ˄52qc:Ȝ ʘ6Sf Wgf h: ȕ ʘ˕΀Έ΁Έ˖ 2l* 1yl+k ʘhg. ΀Έ΁Έʘhg.
˅1>6f
SKȞ ˄xɩ ʘ5*Ț 6[: ȕ 5.Ț 6[: ʘ˕΀·΅·˖ \:y ʘ<2f ΀·΅·ʘ<2f
˅kylSf
˅cgȞSKȞ˄<5ʘk_Ȟbʘ˕΀·΁΁˖ǻ;[g:ʘȀ:~1 ΀·΁΁ʘȀ:~1
(De Sacy, Silvestre (1822), Les Seances de Hariri, Paris: Imprimerie
Royale.)
˄<5 ʘ2[;Ȟ fKgf 2[Ȟ <pȚ ʘ˕1826˖ ǻ;[g: ʘȀ: ~1 ΀·΁΅ʘȀ:~1
˅cgȞSKȞ
(De Sacy, Silvestre (1826), Chrestomathie Arabe, Paris: Imprimerie Royale)
>@
8'f ʘ΁Έ 2g'k ʘ22'f mgSȞ ʘͰm^ǻf kȗRͰ ʘ˕΀Έ΅΅˖ *ʘ~x6f ΀Έ΅΅ʘ~x6f
˅ǻf57x˄12WʘexȚ
Z_"ȟ0;qfZ_"rke_pȖx]2?f95ZͰʘ˕΁ͿͿ΂˖~6Zy&ʘ6x5 ΁ͿͿ΂ʘ6x5
mfSfȕcfʘ˕56+k˖ʘ%5y&ʘKR˄rlFʘͰL:xȚ]ȃfȕRKf
˝΀·ΈAʘ:;fTKk˄ ycfʘ&yg+f5;f2Rl&6ʘkȗ:Ȝ
˅΁ͿΈ
˅g*ʘ,;Ȟr1~ǼȠR,ȉfouǺf
Ǣ ʘ˕΀Ά΁΀˖wgf2Rʘ6.7 ΀Ά΁΀ʘ6.7
˅ɪȗlgfmgSf51˄xɩʘ΀%ʘiȗRȚʘ˕΁ͿͿ΁˖r2fɩ.ʘɨb58f ΁ͿͿ΁ʘɨb58f
)[f2Rm2_ʘ6SfWgfȕwkȗRxm^ǻfʘ˙΀Έ·΅˚2l* ʘb7 ˙΀Έ·΅˚ʘb7
˅kȗ:ȜRyKȞck˄g*ʘ2Vy
˅gSfJg'k˄˙6u_f˚ʘ<5ȕp2fʘ˕΀ΈͿͿ˖2l* ʘb7 ΀ΈͿͿʘb7
;:k˄6u_fʘ6SfWgfȕwkȗRxm^ǻfʘ˕΁Ϳ΀΂˖2l* ʘb7 ΁Ϳ΀΂ʘb7
˅Z_#fxmgSgf~x2qu
ʘ΁ % ʘ6SȞx 6Sf RyKȞ m'Sk ˕˅ ˅1˖ of \:y ʘ<bǼ ˅˅1ʘ<bǼ
˅q2fZ_#fck˄6u_f
˄hByȞ ʘ1Ș `2* ȕ fȚ w8q ʘ˕΀·΅΂˖ 1x1 \:y ʘpǽf ΀·΅΂ʘpǽf
˅ɪcqkx2fȘ61
ʘqfx dgȞ 5y7 b ʘ˕΀Ά΁΄˖ ˕l&6x 66+˖ ˙<_f ʘolg:˚ ΀Ά΁΄ʘolg:
˅˙+;ȞY5SȞȃpSl&˄o2qf˚
8b6k `_+ ʘo6_f iygR ȕ o_Ȝ ʘ˕s ΀΃΁΅˖ r2f eȗ& ʘJy;f s΀΃΁΅ʘJy;f
\+CȞRKf2vZdgȞTl'k˄1yS;f6SfcglȞʘp6_f:52f
˅\ȃf
ʘ\6J }qSk hb ȕ \[gf ʘ˕s ΀΁ΈΈ˖ 95Z 2l* ʘ]2?f s΀΁ΈΈʘ]2?f
˅y'fSKk˄qKqK;_f
˅Kfkʘ\6J}qSkhbȕ\[gfʘ˕΀·΂Έ˖95Z2l* ʘ]2?f ΀·΂Έʘ]2?f
SKȞ ˄<5 ʘol_gf pSkx e#k ʘ˕΀·΃΅˖ L:yVx a& ʘyqȂ ΀·΃΅ʘyqȂ
˅˙cgȞ˚pKg;f
(Cherbonneau, Jacques Auguste (1846), Fables de Lokman,
Paris: Imprimerie Royale.)
˄<5 ʘr2f 5ypx r2f <l> C^ ʘ˕΀·΄΂˖ L:yVx a& ʘyqȂ ΀·΄΂ʘyqȂ
˅˙cgȞ˚pKg;fSKȞ
>@
(Cherbonneau, Jacques Auguste (1853), Histoire de Chems Eddine et
de Nour-Eddine, Paris: Imprimerie Royale.)
SKȞ ˄<5 ʘf+Ȟ gf2f C^ ʘ˕΀·΄΅˖ L:yVx a& ʘyqȂ ΀·΄΅ʘyqȂ
˅˙cgȞ˚pKg;f
(Cherbonneau, Jacques Auguste (1856), Les Fourberies de
Dalilah, Paris: Imprimerie Royale.)
byfȚT^ykʘͰ΁`?k1Tl'kg'keȗNȕͰʘ˕΁Ϳ΀΁˖wgfɩ.ʘ\ȃf ΁Ϳ΀΁ʘ\ȃf
http://www.alukah.net/culture/0/46623˄L6fʘZ_#f
Έ˅΀˅΁Ϳ΀΃˄ey.2f05
˄6y?f ʘ5ǼȚx k4f mgR ȕ 5u7Ț \K^ ʘ˕΀ΆΈΆ˖ hyplR ʘQl> ΀ΆΈΆʘQl>
˅cgȞix6f[Jrkoyg:foypyp_fou6f
lgSfTl'Ȟg'kʘͰ6Sfcfɩ;Ͱʘ˕΀Έ΅Ϳ˖}[KCkʘv?f ΀Έ΅Ϳʘv?f
˅6SflgSfTl'Ȟ˄`?k1ʘ΅Έ΅˝΅·ΈAʘ΂΄2g'Ȟʘ6Sf
SKk ˄xɩ ʘ6Sf `2* ȕ 1Ț p'k ʘ˕΀··΃˖ ˙<yf ʘy/>˚ ΀··΃ʘy/>
˅ɪRy;fȘ
˄xɩʘ6Sfɩu?ȞȖ_kʘ1ȚmgRʘ˕΀··Ά˖˕Tl&˖<yfʘy/> ΀··Άʘy/>
˅ɪRy;fɪg:6ȞȘSKk
q;fʘ]ȃȞg'kʘͰ]ȃȞȕRKfrZ05Ͱ˕΀ΈͿͿ˖<yfʘy/> ΀ΈͿͿʘy/>
˅ɪRy;fșfcfy"cfSKȞ˄xɩ ʘ΁12Sfʘ#f#f
ʘexȚ96cfʘoy;k6[fS>ȕoyCȞǽfʘ˕΀Έ΀Ϳ˖<yfʘy/> ΀Έ΀Ϳʘy/>
˅ɪRy;fșfcfy"cfSKȞ˄xɩ
ʘbx ȗkx _Kpx 1 6Sf Wgf ʘ˕΀ΈΈ΃˖ 2l+k ~6/Z ʘ,fB ΀ΈΈ΃ʘ,fB
˅T7yfxȃqfxRKgfZyf51˄5yCqȞ
˅mg>5x ʘSk'f;qcfbʘ˕΀···˖%6Z<&6&ʘɩ[B ΀···ʘɩ[B
˄˙6u_f˚ʘkRɪ;l.ȕ6SfWgfTl'kʘ˕΀Έ·΃˖^y>ʘ\F ΀Έ·΃ʘ\F
˅o˅1
~1`_+ʘaygȞxh:6f05ʘ˕΀··΄˝΀··΁˖66&r2l+kʘ~ǺKf ΀··΄˝΀··΁ʘ~ǺKf
˅h6ʘwy.
(De Goeje, M. J. (1882-1885), Annales Qous Scripsit Abu Jafar Mo-
hammed ibn Djarir At-tabari, E. J. Brill.)
>@
ʘɪg'pȜ rȃȞ ȠR 16f ȕ ɪȞ ey_f ʘ˕΀ΈͿ΄˖ 2l+k ʘ SgJ ΀ΈͿ΄ʘ SgJ
˅i2_f51˄˙6u_f˚
˄˙6u_f˚ ʘ5>Ȝ L. b ʘ˕s ΀΂΀Ϳ˖ q;* r;* ʘp6yKf s΀΂΀Ϳp6yKf
˅hqfSKk
˄6u_f ʘm^ǻf kȗRx %f Yx6* ʘ˕΀Έ΂΀˖ 51_f 2R ʘ5y>R ΀Έ΂΀ʘ5y>R
˅ɩkȚSKȞ
ʘp#fSKfʘm^ǻfkȗRx%fYx6*ʘ˕΀Έ΂΁˖51_f2Rʘ5y>R ΀Έ΂΁ʘ5y>R
˅ȉȞ*;Ȟ+gCkSKk˄˙6u_f˚kylSfY5SȞ57xrk6k
}k2_f ɪ !ǻf `_+ (uqk ʘ˕΀Έ·΄˖ oGk5 ʘyf 2R ΀Έ·΄ʘyf2R
˅'p/fck˄6u_fʘɪ"2+Ȟx
51˄6u_fʘcfxȗkȜ2Ry^ȕȕcfʘ˕˅˅1˖ɪk rl ʘqWf2R ˕˅˅1˖ʘqWf2R
˅!ǻgf_Zyf
wgf2R`_+ʘ^6SfPZ+f[f rkʘ˙s ΀΃΁Ϳ˚PZ+fʘ^6Sf s΀΃΁Ϳʘ^6Sf
˅5/ȞlgSfoyȞg;g:˄˙E6f˚ʘlc+f2l+kr
SKk˄xɩʘ*x6fF6f<l>˕΀·΅Ϳ˖9y5yV6VyɩbʘKR ΀·΅ͿʘKR
˅ɪRy;fȘ
2[Ȟ 1 ȕ 2SȞ ʘ˙s ΀΂΃Έ˚ 2l+k r Ǿyk r L:f 2R ʘ~ylgSf s΀΂΃Έʘ~ylgSf
˅6SfcȞ˄`?k1ʘ2[;Ȟx
vfyB ˄6Sfcfȕm^ǻfkȗRͰʘ˕΁ͿͿ΄˖6uJhpʘp&6[f ΁ͿͿ΄ʘp&6[f
ʘz6_fi Sk&T^yk˄rRȗ_pʘ΀΅·12RʘZ_#f+fʘͰu2Ry^x
˄L6fʘ˕p&6[f 6uJ hp 5yb2f T^yk˖
˄ey.2f 05 ʘhttp://uqu.edu.sa/ntferjani/ar/18387
˅΀Έ˅΂˅΁Ϳ΀΄
ȃqf92_ȞTl'Ȟ˄kx5˚ʘvfȜ&5ygfʘ˕΀·΂Έ˖q*yʘu4fmZ ΀·΂Έʘu4fmZ
˅˙olȜ
(Chrysostomus, Johannes (1839), E theia leitourgia tou en agiois
patros emon Ioannaou tou Hrisostomou, [Rom :Propaganda].)
mgSgf ~x2qu ;:k ˄6u_f ʘq8f h:6f ʘ˕΁Ϳ΀΃˖ q7 ʘ7yZ ΁Ϳ΀΃ʘ7yZ
˅Z_#fx
51 ˄g* ʘ6Sf Wgf ȕ m^ǻf kȗR ʘ˕΁ͿͿΆ˖ r2f 6/Z ʘx^ ΁ͿͿΆʘx^
˅}_gȞ
>@
ʘͰi?f 1ȗx b6 ȕ 6Sf RyKȞ hx Ͱ ʘ˕΀ΈΈ΅˖ 2*x ʘ5x2^ ΀ΈΈ΅ʘ5x2^
AʘȃRT:f o6_fvp}*6SfRKf05x2p˄rlF
˅ȕ_#fTl'Ȟ˄Ny ʘ΀΂Έ˝΀ͿΈ
Tl'Ȟ˚ ˄˙kx5˚ ʘȉ/Ȟ ɪpy_f ʘ˕΀Ά΃΄˖ ɩcf 9yg: <2_f ΀Ά΃΄ʘ9yg:
˅˙olȜȃqf92_Ȟ
(Caesariensis Basilius (174΄) KitĈb al-QawĈnƯn ar-rahbĈnƯya al-
̶̵̢̢̢̮̯͕̪̳̭-mukhtasara, [Rom]: [Congr. de Prop. Fide].)
˅~5[:SKk˄kx5ʘ˕΀΅΀΃˖1xx1ɩk8kb ΀΅΀΃ʘɩk8Ȟb
(Scialac, Victorio & Gabriel Zionita (1614), Liber Psalmorum Davidis
regis et prophetae, Ex Arabico idiomate in Latinum, Romae: Typ.
Savariana.)
˅olȜȃqf92_ȞTl'Ȟ˄kx5ʘ˕΀΅Ά΀˖92_Ȟcf ΀΅Ά΀ʘ92_Ȟcf
(Chiesa Cattolica, (1671), Biblia sacra Arabica Sacrae, Santa
Sede: Congregazione de propaganda fide.)
61 ˄mg>5x ʘSk'f ;qcf b ʘ˕΀···˖ cfy"cf ;qcf ΀···cfy"cf;qcf
˅ɪpc;;p6[fȘ
62k˄12W ʘȟxȚ q;f ʘexȚ 8'fʘ6Sf Wf ʘ˕΀Έ΀΀˖ʘ6Sf Wf ΀Έ΀΀ʘ6SfWf
˅Z_#f
1yfyk˄m^ʘ#2*xl2^m^ǻfkȗRʘ˕s΀΂ΆΈ˖F52l+kʘ_kȞ s΀΂ΆΈʘ_kȞ
˅Sb
˅6vk˄m^ʘ5>Ȝx7yk6fm'Skʘ˕s΀΃΀΀˖F52l+kʘ_kȞ s΀΃΀΀ʘ_kȞ
6lk ʘ6Sf cf ɩ; ʘ˕΀Έ΃΃˖ 6Sf Wgf exȚ 1Z Tl'k ΀Έ΃΃ʘexȚ1ZTl'k
˅ɩkȚSKȞ˄6u_fʘ΀Έ΃΃q:Tl'Ȟ
ʘ΁ I ʘȗkȜ 2Ry^ ʘ˕΁Ϳ΀΃˖ `?k2 6Sf Wgf Tl'k ΁Ϳ΀΃ʘ`?k26SfWgfTl'k
˅`?k26SfWgfTl'kRyKk˄˙`?k1˚
olȜ 1_R ʘ˕΀·Ϳ΁˖ olȜ ȃqf 92_Ȟ Tl'Ȟ ΀·Ϳ΁ʘolȜȃqf92_ȞTl'Ȟ
ȃqf92_ȞTl'ȞSKk˚˄kx5ʘ]ȃȞhu ȠR&yf ȁbx3y"5Ț
˅˙olȜ
/qȞ b ʘ˕΀ΈͿΆ˖ ~5y&f 6lR ɪk x r;* 1yl+k ʘ2l+k΀ΈͿΆʘ~5y&fxʘ2l+k
˅exȚ9R2fx:52kSKk˄6u_fʘ΁Iʘ6Sf
SKȞ˄xɩʘȟxȚq;fʘ˕΀·Έ·˖ʘ]ȃȞg'kʘ˕΀·Έ·˖]ȃȞg'k ΀·Έ·ʘ]ȃȞ
˅ɪRy;fșfcfy"cf
>@
2Rrolg:Sk&T^ykʘͰm^ǻfkȗRͰʘ2S:2l* ʘl'qf ˕˅˅1˖ʘl'qf

https://faculty.sau.edu.sa/a.anagmyy/lecture/lc0000002684˄L6fʘ88Sf
˅΁΀˅΁˅΁Ϳ΀΄˄ey.2f05
Tl& ȕ 5l"Țx wby[f q& b ʘ˕΀·΁΃˖ 9ypgl;bk ʘL/u ΀·΁΃ʘL/u
SKk˄xȗ:6ʘ5K^ x5Ck 2Rrk56*Ț*ȚckHS
˅:52Ȟ
(Habacht, Maximilianus (1824), Epistolae Quaedam arabicae, Yrati-
slaviae: Typis Universitatis Regiis.)
51˄6u_fʘm^ǻfkȗRxȗkȜ2Ry^ʘ˕˅˅1˖iȗ;f2Rʘox5u ˕˅˅1˖ʘox5u
˅TȗKf
ck ˄6u_f ʘuȃpx AyCqf `_+ ʘ˕΀ΈΈ·˖ iȗ;f 2R ʘox5u ΀ΈΈ·ʘox5u
˅'p/f
LF ʘcf M[fȚ ʘ˕΀··΄˖ ǿR r ol*6f 2R ʘp4lvf ΀··΄ʘp4lvf
Ș SKk ˄xɩ ʘ˙y/> <yf˚ ɪRy;f Ș 2* ,+Cx
˅ɪRy;f
˅ͰRJͰ1kʘ6+fRy:yȞ2cx 2cx
ʘ΂ I ʘ16[f 6uy'f TfKȞ 2S;f TfKk ʘ˕΀···˖ \Bp ʘ&7f ΀···ʘ&7f
˅1ȚSKȞ˄xɩ

˄z6. WgT&6k §

Alphabetum Arabicum Alphabetum Arabicum, (1715), Romae: Typis Sacrae Cong. de
Propag.Fide.
Awad, 2015 Awad, Dana (2015), "The Evolution of Arabic Writing Due to Euro-
pean Influence: The case of punctuation", Journal of Arabic and Is-
lamic Studies, 15, pp. 117-136.
Caussin, 1804 Caussin, Citoyen (1804), Le Livre de la Grande Table Hakemite, Par-
is: Imprimerie de la Republique.
De Perceval, 1824 De Perceval, Caussin (1824), Grammaire Arabe Vulgaire, Paris: l'im-
primirie d'everat.
De Perceval, 1829 De Perceval, Caussin (1829), Dictionnaire Francais-Arabe, Paris:
chez Firmin Didot frères.
Erpinii, 1656 Erpinii, Thomae (1656), Arabicae linguae Tyrocinium, typis & impen-
fis Ioannis Maire.
Freytag, 1834 Freytag, George (1834), Chrestomathia Arabica Grammatica Histori-
ca, Bonnae: Typis regiis arabicis in officina F. Baadeni.
>@
Gorguos, 1865 Gorguos, A. (1865), Cours de'Arabe Vulgaire, Paris: Librairie de
L. Hachette et Cie.
Krek, 1979 Krek, Miroslav (1979), "The Enigma of the First Arabic Book Printed
from Movable Type", J. Near East. Stud., no. 3 (1979) 203-212.
Michaelisschen & Georg, 1817 Michaelisschen J. D. & Georg Heinrich Bernstein (1817),
Arabische Grammatik und Chrestomathie, Gottingen und Leyden:
Vanderhoek und Ruprecht.
Roper, 1995 Roper, Geoffrey (1995), "Faris Al-Shidyaq and the Transition from
Scribal to Print Culture in the Middle East", In: Atiyeh, George (ed.),
The Book in the Islamic World, Albany: State University of New York
Press, pp. 209-231.
van den Bugert, 1989 van den Bugert, N. (1989), "Some Notes on Maghribi script", Manu-
scrips of the middle east, 4, Lieden: Ter Lugt Press, pp. 30-43.
Encyclopedia Phoeniciana "Abdallah Zakher, the Gutenberg of the East", Encyclopedia
Phoeniciana, Link:
http://phoenicia.org/zakhiraddthendelete.html#ixzz3T2CCiEuY

˄JyK/k ©
T;f o6_f ȕ 0;p˚ 2l+k r r2f el& ʘp r ˙ȃRT;fo6_fȕ0;p˚ʘpr
m^5 JyK/k˚ ʘ6cȞ [f rR ǺSȞ y&Ț ʘ˙ȃR
˄L6fʘɪfǺfx2fck˅˙Wetzstein II 1473
http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB000073E700000000
mOpx2ȃf2^ʘ˙΀΄Ϳ΁˚"5+f2l* ruyf2Rʘouxr ˙΀΄Ϳ΁˚ʘouxr
ʘɪfǺ fx2f ck ˅˙Landberg 975 m^5 JyK/k˚ ʘ2y[f
˄L6f
http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB0000293E00000000
i2R ȕ ol'f 1y_R ʘ˕ȃR rk#f o6 _f˖ 5'qf 2l+k ʘ_?k2f ˕ȃRrk#fo6_f˖ʘ_?k2f
˄L6f˅ɪfǺfx2fckrkJyK/kʘok8fq +B
http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB00014ABB00000000
2u )Ȃ k6Ȟ )G ʘ˕΀΅Έ΁ 0;p˖ r2f +k ʘKg;f ˕΀΅Έ΁0;p˖ʘKg;f
˄L6f ˅manuscriptaCSIC ˄T^yk rk JyK/k ʘk6f
http://manuscripta.bibliotecas.csic.es/buscar
˄L6fȠRʘɪfǺfx2fckrkJyK/kʘm6cfo6_f ʘm6cfo6_f
http://digital.staatsbibliothekberlin.de/werkansicht
/?PPN=PPN664021883&PHYSID=PHYS_0023&USE=800
>@
˅1yS: dgȞ Sk& T^yk ˄rR ˕s ·΃΄ q: 0;p˖ m6cf o6_f ʘm6cfo6_f
˄L6f
http://makhtota.ksu.edu.sa/makhtota/6689/30#.VnVDTX6rSfB
ȕo.15xdgȞTkmc+f9l>C^ ˙ȃRT;fo6_fȕ0;p˚ʘmc+f9l>C^
˄L6f˅ɪfǺfx2fckʘ˙ȃRT;fo6_fȕ0;p˚ʘ2qvf1ȗ
http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB0000168500000000
˅ybyJSk& T^yk˅ȃRT:fo6_frkʘ΃Aʘ΁΃΂JyK/k ΁΃΂JyK/k
˄L6f
http://ricasdb.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/daiber/db_ShowImg_I.php?ms=243
&txtno=&size=m&page=4
>@

تطور استخدام علامات الترقيم

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

تطور استخدام علامات الترقيم

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

تطور استخدام علامات الترقيم

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tl'k56^lqʘ΀Έ΂Ϳq:kȗSf6^ Y5SȞ57xo T^yfx˅Ά΀˝ΆͿAʘ˅˅1ʘox5u 2

Wgfulbvl:52^b72l* o T^yfxʘ6Riv[:kȗSb΁Ϳ΀΂ʘb7ȕ l:5 5

vp v[Cx14ʘͰb72l* ȠRfRͰf:6ft4uopySf5;f2R5yb2fey_

2^m^ǻfkȗRhbo TlZʙuȉSf_: pb6c[ft4uo x2rcfx

Roper, 1995, p.220.37

ȕyuwg';lbwcpo p6"qqcfx ʘvqfȕ\f ȗʘͰypyȂͰ6Sfwl:51CȞc39

ʘ6SfWgfɧx mgSY2v3y. kDqffyv:6#b hg+ȟhBypcf

˅Cherbonneau, 1846, p.8˄;p6[fk2_ȞrRl&640

Cherbonneau, 1846, pp.33-34.44

kIǡ 6ǣ Zǟ rǣ kͰp#f

ʘt2qRrkz6. ec> xIyK.xI_phc>ȠRu5 ǢyBxʘeSZȚ5>xʘyBȚ

vp Ȗʘq&ȚkȗSft4urkHSf glS:26'f˙ pbox˚mSp

Awad, 2015, p. 124.58

˅΄΂Aʘx^ʙ΂A2Vy m2_G 6Op˅΃ΆAʘ˙΀Έ·΅˚ʘb762

ʘiv[:Ȗ kȗRx ʘK_qf ˄kȗSgf l: wqf ȕ cf KS ˝΁

˄ɨlZvgRg#k 6b3ȠR q:xʘvRyFyk12S

mg^ x ʘ52 ɪ#2* x ɪkȗb hǢ b ɪ hC[ o WqxͰ ˄~ylgSf ey_x

0:qfwZ K. iȗbȠRL.2Ǣ ktqSktȗR 5yb4Ȟȏfx˅΀ΈΆAʘ΀Έ·΅ʘ)ȗCfr88

oy^ȃ;Ȟ vSJ f ˙4b˚ o;gf 6R !ǻf b ȟx o iygSȞ rk

˅΀ΈͿͿq:52B<5ȕp2fbo ȟpȂ 2^x˅΁·ͿAʘ΀ΈΈΆʘpySf90

ȠRdf3xʘAyC/fȠRi?f1ȗȕxfKȕ6SfRKfȕv?kv&y2'o 6V<f 93

Michaelisschen & Bernstein, 1817, p. 25.109

Țu52B f 6SfWfg'kȟɩ?pqpZʘrȃSfo6_f2ȟqg_p3

57yfb72l* vk2^fm^ǻfkȗRo 'pȟhCpuqk2^fg#kȚrk

2Rrolg:Sk&T^ykʘͰm^ǻfkȗRͰʘ2S:2l* ʘl'qf ˕˅˅1˖ʘl'qf

You might also like

Tl'k56^lqʘ΀Έ΂Ϳq:kȗSf6^ Y5SȞ57xo T^yfx˅Ά΀˝ΆͿAʘ˅˅1ʘox5u 2

Wgfulbvl:52^b72l* o T^yfxʘ6Riv[:kȗSb΁Ϳ΀΂ʘb7ȕ l:5 5

vp v[Cx14ʘͰb72l* ȠRfRͰf:6ft4uopySf5;f2R5yb2fey_

2^m^ǻfkȗRhbo TlZʙuȉSf_: pb6c[ft4uo x2rcfx

ȕyuwg';lbwcpo p6"qqcfx ʘvqfȕ\f ȗʘͰypyȂͰ6Sfwl:51CȞc39

ʘ6SfWgfɧx mgSY2v3y.kDqffyv:6#b hg+ȟhBypcf

˅Cherbonneau, 1846, p.8˄;p6[fk2_ȞrRl&640

kIǡ 6ǣ Zǟ rǣ kͰp#f

ʘt2qRrkz6. ec> xIyK.xI_phc>ȠRu5 ǢyBxʘeSZȚ5>xʘyBȚ

vp Ȗʘq&ȚkȗSft4urkHSf glS:26'f˙ pbox˚mSp

˅΄΂Aʘx^ʙ΂A2Vy m2_G 6Op˅΃ΆAʘ˙΀Έ·΅˚ʘb762

ʘiv[:Ȗ kȗRx ʘK_qf ˄kȗSgf l: wqf ȕ cf KS ˝΁

˄ɨlZvgRg#k 6b3ȠRq:xʘvRyFyk12S

mg^ x ʘ52 ɪ#2* x ɪkȗb hǢ b ɪ hC[ o WqxͰ ˄~ylgSf ey_x

0:qfwZK. iȗbȠRL.2Ǣ ktqSktȗR 5yb4Ȟȏfx˅΀ΈΆAʘ΀Έ·΅ʘ)ȗCfr88

oy^ȃ;Ȟ vSJ f ˙4b˚ o;gf 6R !ǻf b ȟx o iygSȞ rk

˅΀ΈͿͿq:52B<5ȕp2fbo ȟpȂ 2^x˅΁·ͿAʘ΀ΈΈΆʘpySf90

ȠRdf3xʘAyC/fȠRi?f1ȗȕxfKȕ6SfRKfȕv?kv&y2'o 6V<f 93

Țu52B f 6SfWfg'kȟɩ?pqpZʘrȃSfo6_f2ȟqg_p3

57yfb72l* vk2^fm^ǻfkȗRo 'pȟhCpuqk2^fg#kȚrk

2Rrolg:Sk&T^ykʘͰm^ǻfkȗRͰʘ2S:2l* ʘl'qf ˕˅˅1˖ʘl'qf