“PRODUCTION OF SPEECH”

Course Subject : Psycholinguistics

Lecturer : Dian Shinta Sari, M.Pd

Made By Group : 3

Blicia Altari Gome (322010107)

Randa Aprio Pratama (322010173)
Siti Zahwa Aisyah (322010181)
Veronika Farina Sari (322010173)

Class B Afternoon
6TH SEMESTER

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY

OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION TEACHER AND TEACHER
INSTITUTE EDUCATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHER UNION OF THE
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

PONTIANAK

APRIL 2023
 Foreword

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, Most Merciful, we offer our
adoration and gratitude for His presence, who has bestowed His mercy,
guidance and love on us, so that we can complete a scientific paper on
production of speech.
We have prepared this scientific paper to the maximum and received
assistance from various parties so that it can facilitate the preparation of
this paper. For that we express many thanks to all parties who have
contributed in the preparation of this paper.
Apart from all that, we are fully aware that there are still shortcomings
both in terms of sentence structure and grammar. Therefore, we accept all
suggestions and criticisms from readers with open arms so that we can
improve this scientific paper.
Finally, we hope that this scientific paper on waste and its benefits for
society can provide benefits and inspiration to readers.

Pontianak, 03 April 2023

Compiler

TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER .......................................................................................................i

FOREWORD...........................................................................................................ii

TABLE OF CONTENT...............................................................................3

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .................................................................4

1.2 Formulation of problem......................................................................4

1.2 Objective............................................................................................4

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION.......................................................................5

2.1 What is Production of Speech............................................................5

2.2 General Steps of Speech Production..................................................5

2.3 The Details of Speech Production......................................................5

2.4 The Relationship of Comprehension and Production.........................6

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION....................................................................7

REFERENCES.............................................................................................8
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background

Production rate, in the construction industry, is the rate at which

workers are expected to complete a certain segment, such as a road or building.
The production rate will depend on the speed at which workers are expected to
operate, which is typically categorized as slow, average, or fast. Being able to
manufacture more products in a day results in better economies of scale as the
marginal cost of production is significantly reduced. Reducing the
manufacturing costs allows a business to competitively price its products and/or
increase their profit margins. Production rate is calculated simply by dividing
your weekly output by the number of hours used to produce them. If a standard
50-hour week produces 10,000 units, then this would mean your production rate
is 200 units per hour (10,000 / 50), including a few faulty units. A study done
by Cambridge University found that when people type faster they become more
productive because they can complete tasks quicker.

1.2 Formulation of problem

 Is the speed of production very influential for psycholinguistics ?
 What will happen if the speed of production is removed from
psycholinguistics?

1.2 Objective
 To determine the effect of speed of production in everyday life
 To find out the relationship between speed of production and
psycholinguistics
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 What is Production of Speech

Speech production is the process of uttering articulated sounds or words,
i.e., how humans generate meaningful speech. It is a complex feedback process
in which hearing, perception, and information processing in the nervous system
and the brain are also involved. Speaking is in essence the by-product of a
necessary bodily process, the expulsion from the lungs of air charged with
carbon dioxide after it has fulfilled its function in respiration. Most of the time,
one breathes out silently; but it is possible, by contracting and relaxing the
vocal tract, to change the characteristics of the air expelled from the lungs.

2.2 General Steps of Speech Production

It involves four processes: Initiation, phonation, oro-nasal process and
articulation.

The initiation process is the moment when the air is expelled from the lungs. In
English, speech sounds are the result of “a pulmonic egressive air stream”
(Giegerich, 1992) although that is not the case in all languages (ingressive
sounds). The phonation process occurs at the larynx.

1. Phonation is the production and utterance of speech sounds. Phonation, or

voicing, begins when air is pushed from the lungs through the glottis,
which is the opening between the vocal folds located in the larynx.

2. Oro-nasal Process in most speech, the velum (soft palate) is raised, it closes
the entrance between the nasal cavity and the rest of the vocal tract, and
thus it directs the air through the oral cavity (mouth) to produce oral
sounds. That is most sounds are made by air passing through the mouth.

3. Articulation is the formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech. The

production of sounds involves the coordinated movement of your lips,
tongue, teeth, palate, and your respiratory system. Children will develop
articulation skills as they grow up. However, some children may need extra
support with articulation.

2.3 The Details of Speech Production

Speech production is the process of translating thoughts into speech.
This includes the selection of words, the arrangement of the relevant
grammatical forms, and then the articulation of the sounds produced by the
motor system using the vocal apparatus. Speech production can be spontaneous
as when someone creates conversational words, reactive as when they name
pictures or recite written words, or imitative, as in repetition of utterances.
Speech production is not the same as language production because language
can also be produced manually by signs.

In normal fluent speech, people speak about four syllables, ten or twelve
phonemes, and two to three words from their vocabulary (which can contain 10
to 100 thousand words) every second. Errors in speech production are relatively
rare at a rate of about once in every 900 words in spontaneous speech.Words
that are commonly spoken or learned early in life or are easy to imagine are
said more quickly than words that are rarely spoken, learned later, or are
abstract. Usually speech is made by compression of the lungs which produce
sounds by phonation through the glottis in the larynx which are then modified
by the vocal tract into distinct vowels and consonants. However, speech
production can occur without using the lungs and glottis in laryngeal speech by
using the upper part of the vocal tract. An example of such alaryngeal speech is
Donald Duck's way of speaking.

The vocal production of speech may be related to the production of

hand gestures which act to enhance comprehension of what is said. The
development of speech production throughout a person's life begins with the
first babbling of an infant and turns into fully developed speech by the age of
five. The first stage of speech does not occur until about one year of age (the
holophrastic phase). Between the ages of one and a half and two and a half,
babies can produce short sentences (telegraphic phase). After two and a half
years, infants develop an input system that is used in speech production.
Around four or five the child's input mostly increases, this increases the child's
correct speech production and they are now able to produce speech like adults.
Adults now develop speech in four stages: Activate lexical concepts, select the
required entry, morphologically and phonologically encode speech, and
phonetically encode words.

2.4 The Relationship of Comprehension and Production

Surely you are already familiar with the term production? However, do
you understand correctly what is meant by production activities Production
activity is an activity to create or add value to an item to meet needs. Where,
activities add to the usability of an object without changing its shape is called
the production of services. While the activity of increasing the usefulness of an
object by changing its nature and shape is called the production of goods. From
the above understanding it can be concluded that production contains two
important things, namely creating use values such as building houses, making
clothes, making bags, making bicycles, and so on.

Also adding use value such as repairing televisions, repairing shoes,

repairing or modifying cars or motorbikes, and so on. Basically, production
aims to meet human needs in achieving prosperity. Prosperity can be achieved
if goods and services are available in sufficient quantities. People or entities
that carry out production activities are called producers. Based on this
understanding, production contains two main things, namely creating use values
such as building houses, making clothes, making bags and making bicycles and
adding use values such as repairing televisions, repairing shoes and repairing or
modifying cars/motorcycles. To add value to goods and/or services, of course
there must be supporting factors. It aims to achieve the desired use value. Then,
what factors support this production process? There are at least 4 (four)
influencing factors such as Natural Resources (SDA), Human Resources (HR),
Capital Resources, and Expertise.

CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

Speech production is the process by which thoughts are translated into speech.
This includes the selection of words, the organization of relevant grammatical
forms, and then the articulation of the resulting sounds by the motor system
using the vocal apparatus. Speech production can be spontaneous such as when
a person creates the words of a conversation, reactive such as when they name a
picture or read aloud a written word, or imitative, such as in speech repetition.
Speech production is not the same as language production since language can
also be produced manually by signs.

REFERENCES

T. Hewett, R. Baecker, S. Card, T. Carey, J. Gasen, M. Mantei, G.

Perlman, G. Strong, W. Verplank, Chapter 2: Human-computer interaction, in
ACM SIGCHI Curricula for Human-Computer Interaction ed. by B. Hefley
(ACM, 2007)

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4899-
7488-4_199
 https://www.google.com/search?
q=speed+of+production&oq=speed+of+production&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i22
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https://www.google.com/search?
q=General+Steps+of+Speech+Production&oq=General+Steps+of+Speech+
Production&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i22i30l3j0i390i650l2.2243j0j15&sourceid=c
hrome&ie=UTF-8

https://www.britannica.com/topic/vocal-fry

https://www.scribd.com/document/259110367/Speech-Production-
Paper