ARITHMETIC AND

GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
MAT112 : BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

Muhammad Shahimi Bin Ariffin

Pensyarah
Fakulti Sains Komputer & Matematik
Cawangan Sarawak
Kampus Mukah

+601128708507
mshahimi@uitm.edu.my
Contents

01
Arithmetic Sequence

02
Geometric Sequence
 Sequence
a particular order in which related things follow each other.
 Sequence
What is the meaning of sequence in mathematics?

“ In mathematics, a sequence is an enumerated collection of objects in which“

repetitions are allowed and order matters. Like a set, it contains members
(also called elements, or terms). The number of elements (possibly infinite) is
called the length of the sequence.

Definition
 Arithmetic
Type of Sequences

Geometric
 Arithmetic Sequence
What is Arithmetic Sequence?

Pattern Suppose;
01 At least three consecutive terms
are available. 𝑎 𝑇1 = the first term
𝑑 = common difference
One term to another
02 The number added to each term is
𝑇𝑛 = the nth term
constant (always the same). 𝑛 = number of term
Common Difference 𝑆𝑛 = sum of the first nterms
03 Common difference (d) is called
the fixed amount. Formula 1 : 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
General Term Formula 2 : 𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
04 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 , . . . , 𝑇𝑛−1 , 𝑇𝑛 𝑛
Formula 3 : 𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
2
𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, . . . , 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
 Example and Exercise
1) Find common difference for the following arithmetic's sequence;

a) 24,20,16,12, . . .
𝑑 = 20 − 24 = 16 − 20 Formula
𝑑 = −4 = −4
𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2

b) −5, −1,3,7, . . . 𝑑 = 𝑇𝑛 − 𝑇𝑛−1 = 𝑇𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑛

𝑑 = −1 − (−5) = 3 − (−1)
𝑑 = −1 + 5 = 3 + 1
𝑑=4=4
 Example and Exercise

c) 6,3,0, −3, . . .

7 1
Formula
d) 5, , 2, . . .
2 2
7 7 𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑑 = −5=2−
2 2
3 3 𝑑 = 𝑇𝑛 − 𝑇𝑛−1 = 𝑇𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑛
𝑑=− =−
2 2

1 7 11
e) , , ,...
2 6 6
 Example and Exercise
3) The 7th term of an arithmetic sequence is 27 and the 12 th term is 47.
a) Find the first term of the sequence and the common difference.
b) List of the sequence.

Solution;
from (1) Formula
𝑇7 = 27 27 = 𝑎 + 6𝑑 → (3)
𝑇12 = 47 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
from (2)
𝑇7 = 𝑎 + 7 − 1 𝑑 47 = 𝑎 + 11𝑑 → 4
27 = 𝑎 + 7 − 1 𝑑 → (1)

𝑇12 = 𝑎 + 12 − 1 𝑑
47 = 𝑎 + 12 − 1 𝑑 → (2) Simultaneous Equation
from (3) and (4) (6) and (5)
27 = 𝑎 + 6𝑑 → 3 𝑎 = 27 − 6(4)
47 = 𝑎 + 11𝑑 → 4 𝑎 = 27 − 24

a or d as a subject 𝑎=3
𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 , . . .
Formula
𝑎 = 27 − 6𝑑 → (5)

(5) into (4) 𝑇1 = 𝑎 = 3 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

47 = (27 − 6𝑑) + 11𝑑 𝑇2 = 3 + (2 − 1)4
47 = 27 + 5𝑑 𝑇2 = 3 + (1)4 = 3 + 4 = 7
47 − 27 = 5𝑑 𝑇3 = 3 + 3 − 1 4
20 = 5𝑑
𝑇3 = 3 + 2 4 = 3 + 8 = 11
204
1 = 4 = 𝑑 → (6) 3, 7, 11, . . .
5
 Example and Exercise
4) Find the 15th term and the sum of the first 15 terms of the arithmetic
sequence -1, 2, 5, 8 …

Solution;
Formula
𝑑 = 2 − (−1) = 5 − 2 15
𝑆15 = 2(−1) + 15 − 1 3 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑑=3=3 2
15 𝑛
𝑇15 = 𝑎 + 15 − 1 𝑑 𝑆15 = −2 + 14 3 𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2 2
𝑇15 = −1 + 15 − 1 (3) 15
𝑆15 = −2 + 42
𝑇15 = −1 + 14 (3) 2

𝑇15 = −1 + 42 15
𝑆15 = 4020 = 300
𝑇15 = 41 2
 Example and Exercise
5) Find the sum of the first 12 terms of the arithmetic sequence -1, 2, 5, 8 …

Formula
𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑑 = 𝑇𝑛 − 𝑇𝑛−1 = 𝑇𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑛

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2
 Example and Exercise
6) An arithmetic sequence has T1=7, Tn=77, Sn=420. Find the number of
terms and the common difference.

Formula
𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑑 = 𝑇𝑛 − 𝑇𝑛−1 = 𝑇𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑛

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2
 Example and Exercise
7) The sum of the first 20 terms of an arithmetic sequence is 840. If the
common difference is 4, find
a)The first term.
b)The sum of the first 30 terms. Formula
𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑑 = 𝑇𝑛 − 𝑇𝑛−1 = 𝑇𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑛

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2
 Example and Exercise
8) The first term of an arithmetic sequence is -5 and the last term is 40. If
the common difference is 3, find
a) The number of terms is the sequence.
b) The sum of the terms in the sequence. Formula
𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑑 = 𝑇𝑛 − 𝑇𝑛−1 = 𝑇𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑛

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2
 Example and Exercise
9) Find the sum of the first 50 even positive integers.

Formula
𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑑 = 𝑇𝑛 − 𝑇𝑛−1 = 𝑇𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑛

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2
 Example and Exercise
10) Find the minimum number of terms that must be taken from the
following sequence so that the sum is more than 380.
2, 10, 18, …
Formula
𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑑 = 𝑇𝑛 − 𝑇𝑛−1 = 𝑇𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑛

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2
 Geometric Sequence
What is Geometric Sequence?

Suppose;
Pattern 𝑎 𝑇1 = the first term
01 At least three consecutive terms 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
are available.
𝑇𝑛 = the nth term
One term to another
𝑛 = number of term
02 A sequence of number is which
each term is fixed multiple of the 𝑆𝑛 = sum of the first nterms
previous term.
Common Ratio
𝑇2 𝑇3
Formula 1 : 𝑟 = =
03 The sequence is separated by a f 𝑇1 𝑇2
ixed value called common ratio.
Formula 2 : 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
General Term 𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
04 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 , . . . , 𝑇𝑛−1 , 𝑇𝑛 Formula 3 : 𝑠𝑛 =
1−𝑟
, for 𝑟 < 1 or

𝑎, 𝑎𝑟1 , 𝑎𝑟 2 , . . . , 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)

𝑠𝑛 = , for 𝑟 > 1
𝑟−1
 Example and Exercise
1) Find common ratio for the following geometrics' sequence;

a) 1, 2, 4, 8, . . .
𝑟 = 2/1 = 4/2 Formula
𝑟=2=2
𝑇2 𝑇3
𝑟= =
𝑇1 𝑇2
b) 4, −8, 16, −32, . . . 𝑇𝑛 𝑇𝑛+1
𝑟= =
𝑟 = −8/4 = (16/−8) 𝑇𝑛−1 𝑇𝑛
𝑟 = −2 = −2
 Example and Exercise
c) 144, 72, 36, 18, . . .

Formula
𝑇2 𝑇3
𝑟= =
𝑇1 𝑇2
d) 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, . . . 𝑇𝑛 𝑇𝑛+1
𝑟= =
𝑇𝑛−1 𝑇𝑛
 Example and Exercise
2) Find the 10th term and 18th term of the sequence 4, 8, 16, 32,…;

Formula
𝑇2 𝑇3
𝑟= =
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑇𝑛 𝑇𝑛+1
𝑟= =
𝑇𝑛−1 𝑇𝑛

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
 Example and Exercise
3) Find the 10th term and the sum of the first 10 terms of the geometric sequence Formula
as below:

1, 3, 9, 27, … 𝑇2 𝑇3
𝑟= =
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑇𝑛 𝑇𝑛+1
𝑟= =
𝑇𝑛−1 𝑇𝑛

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑠𝑛 = , for 𝑟 < 1 or
1−𝑟
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑠𝑛 = , for 𝑟 > 1
𝑟−1
 Example and Exercise
4) Find the sum of the first 7 terms of the geometric sequence of 4, 8, 16, 32, … Formula
𝑇2 𝑇3
𝑟= =
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑇𝑛 𝑇𝑛+1
𝑟= =
𝑇𝑛−1 𝑇𝑛

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑠𝑛 = , for 𝑟 < 1 or
1−𝑟
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑠𝑛 = , for 𝑟 > 1
𝑟−1
 Example and Exercise
5) Find the sum of the following geometric sequence: Formula
528, 264, 132, …, 33/64
𝑇2 𝑇3
𝑟= =
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑇𝑛 𝑇𝑛+1
𝑟= =
𝑇𝑛−1 𝑇𝑛

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑠𝑛 = , for 𝑟 < 1 or
1−𝑟
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑠𝑛 = , for 𝑟 > 1
𝑟−1
 Example and Exercise
1 3
6) A geometric sequence has 𝑇1 = 12, 𝑟 = , 𝑇𝑛 = . Find:
2 8
Formula
a) The number of terms in the sequence.
𝑇2 𝑇3
𝑟= =
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑇𝑛 𝑇𝑛+1
𝑟= =
𝑇𝑛−1 𝑇𝑛
b) The sum of all terms in the sequence.

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑠𝑛 = , for 𝑟 < 1 or
1−𝑟
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑠𝑛 = , for 𝑟 > 1
𝑟−1
 Example and Exercise
7) How many terms in geometric sequence 4, 3.6, 3.24, … will be needed, so that Formula
the sum exceed 35.

𝑇2 𝑇3
𝑟= =
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑇𝑛 𝑇𝑛+1
𝑟= =
𝑇𝑛−1 𝑇𝑛

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑠𝑛 = , for 𝑟 < 1 or
1−𝑟
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑠𝑛 = , for 𝑟 > 1
𝑟−1
 Example and Exercise
8) The sum of the first 8 terms in a progression is 765 and the common ratio is 2. Formula
Find:

a) The first term. 𝑇2 𝑇3

𝑟= =
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑇𝑛 𝑇𝑛+1
𝑟= =
𝑇𝑛−1 𝑇𝑛
b) The 15th term of the progression.
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑠𝑛 = , for 𝑟 < 1 or
1−𝑟
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑠𝑛 = , for 𝑟 > 1
𝑟−1
 Thank you
Sequence : Arithmetic and Geometric
 TUTORIAL
1. The common difference is -10, and the first term of an arithmetic sequence
is equal to 200. Determine the 20th term's value.

2. A sequence with a common difference of 10 and a 6th term is 52.

Locate the 15th term.

3. If T1 = 10 and the common ratio r = - 1, find the terms T2, T3, T4, and T5
of a sequence.

4. The fifth and fifteenth terms of an sequence are 22 and 62, respectively.
Find the 100th term.

5. Find the total of all integers between 1 and 1000.

6. Find the exact value of the sequence’s term T30 given the values T10 = 3 / 512
and T15 = 3 / 16384.