The problem and it's setting

The quality of protein in Africa is one of the reason why malnutrition is a problem. Apart from
protein quantity, protein quality including bioavailability and digestibility, from different food
sources, are currently on the worldwide agenda. The first international symposium on dietary
protein for human health, held in Auckland in March 2011, and the subsequent FAO Expert
Consultation on Dietary Protein Quality both emphasized the significance of determining the
amino acid content when evaluating the quality of protein from various food sources.
Throughout the developed world, animal products and cereals are the two most important
sources of protein; in underdeveloped countries this order is reversed. Only 3% of total
dietary energy, a measure of food composition, is consumed in low-income countries.is
made up of 6% legumes, nuts, and oilseeds, 11% roots and tubers, and 4% meat and offal.
The remaining dietary energy is primarily sourced from basic foods with a cereal base.
Although animal output has expanded in developing nations, the intake of protein in these
nations, where people consume the least protein, is steadily declining. Although many diets
in these developing nations fall short of the recommended levels of protein, the quality of the
protein also comes into sharp focus. Undernutrition, including the consumption of insufficient
amounts of protein, is still a problem in the developing world.

In the Philippines, poverty is the main cause of malnutrition. The undernourishment of the
7100 islands here in the Philippines is increasing. The majority of intestinal parasites and
gastrointestinal diseases estimated by health workers is the lack of young people consuming
at least 5-10% of the nutritional value in food. Because of this problem, children or adults in
rural villages eat their hands because of hunger because of the low nutritional value of the
food they pass. Malnutrition is so bad that half the population of the Philippines suffers from
malnutrition. According to the Philippine Ministry of Health, nearly half of infants and children
aged 4 years are malnourished, while the number of deaths among children aged 5 and
under continues to rise due to malnutrition, which with a combination of diarrhea, measles,
and malaria, returning to areas where this problem was nearly eradicated. Despite the fact,
many reasons still remain that have good contributions and can help to eradicate this
problem. Undernutrition is still a serious problem from then until now that no one can ignore.

In Davao City, severely acute malnutrition has dropped by 2.1% from 3.5% in 2013 to 1.4%
this year. 372 city kids who were diagnosed with severe acute malnutrition in 2014 received
treatment in 88% of the cases. 15% of individuals who did not finish therapy in 2014 were
Badjaos and Muslims who moved frequently. This year, 154 children were diagnosed with
severe acute malnutrition, and 75% of them have already received treatment. Genite claims
that parental unemployment and poverty are causes of children's malnutrition.

The Community Management for Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) program can be used to treat
kids who are severely acutely malnourished (SAMC). For three months, kids receive RUTF
(ready to use therapeutic food) every day.
Review of Related literature

Important data that will support the researchers' chosen investigation can be found in the
literature listed below.

The importance of a feeding program. Others suffer from what we refer to as malnutrition,
which is characterized by hunger and a slender frame. Many of us are in this scenario
because we don't have enough money. Therefore, it's crucial to establish a nutrition program
to support the wellbeing and care of those who encounter it. especially in schools where a
large percentage of youngsters suffer from malnutrition.

In their 2019 study in Legazpi City, Philippines, Richard N. Monreal and Thelma D.
Palaoag found that pervasive malnutrition, particularly among younger individuals, is caused
by poverty. Therefore, this predicament arises as a result of poverty or a lack of funds to
purchase food for the youngsters who, although having cocoa, bite them out of hunger.

Malnutrition is a result of poverty. Hunger is both a cause of poverty and a result of it.
Nearly two billion people worldwide are impacted by micronutrient deficiencies, and there are
still about 805 million people who experience chronic hunger. A quarter of children under the
age of five are chronically undernourished (stunted), 99 million are underweight, and close to
55 million are acutely undernourished (wasted). An examination of the current situation is
conducted using an integrated strategy that includes agricultural development, which is
essential for eradicating poverty and lowering the prevalence of hunger and malnutrition. A
workable solution to combat malnutrition is the biofortification of food crops. (2016)
Purushottam Sharma, Sudhakar Dwivedi, and Deepak Singh

According to Damanpreet Kaur, Prasad Rasane, Jyoti Singh, Sawinder Kaur, Vikas
Kumar, Dipendra Kumar Mahato, Anirban Dey, Kajal Dhawan, and Sudhir Kumar (2019),
Aging has a negative impact on physical, mental, and social health, as well as life quality.
Nutritional deficits are a key risk factor for chronic diseases and declining aging-related
health, so dietary intervention can help address the current deficiency and encourage a
healthy lifestyle.

According to Wang, D., Fawzi (2020) School feeding programs have been and will
continue to be essential for the provision of nutrients, improvement of academic
performance, and the promotion of a healthy lifestyle in LMICs. Therefore, there is a strong
political will to continue to fund new programs and to expand on existing programs [28]. The
design and implementation of school feeding programs in LMICs should be based on the
established benefits of such programs on specific educational and health outcomes of
children and adolescents, for which an updated evidence base is needed. School years
represent a critical period not only for physical and mental development but also for the
formation of long-term dietary and lifestyle habits. This systematic review and meta-analysis
will provide a comprehensive evidence base for the development and refinement of future
school feeding programs targeted toward children and adolescents in LMICs.
This study aimed to determine the issues faced by School Based Feeding Program
participants and their academic performance at a particular Subic public school. Only the
three hundred forty (340) primary school kids in grades 4-6 from the District of Subic who
received the SBFP were included in this study. The study's design was a descriptive survey
method. The following are the main conclusions: The academic performance of students
before and after the implementation of the school-based feeding program differed
significantly. The impact of social, behavioral, and economic issues on beneficiaries'
academic performance both before and after implementation was little negative. Daren Joy
D. Vizcocho (2022).

A school's food program's beneficial effects. We definitely need the feeding program,
especially in schools. It is incredibly beneficial for kids who struggle with food insecurity,
underweight, or malnutrition to get lunch at school. Even if there isn't money set aside for
feeding, it is still necessary and has a beneficial impact.

• Decrease the occurrence of anemia among kids in school - One of the issues that arises
from a child's malnutrition is anemia. Especially among younger children, having a school
feeding program helps to lower the number of kids who get anemia.

• There will be a decrease in the number of persons who are underweight - Due to the
feeding program, there are fewer children that are underweight. This enables them to
achieve a healthy body.

• Academic performance - Having a healthy body and being healthy has an impact on a
student's success in school, especially their academic performance, since they are able to
concentrate better on their work due of their physical well-being.

Lawson, Ty M.(2012), claims that the school feeding program has gained popularity in
underdeveloped nations as a social safety net for reaching the Millennium Development
Goals. These initiatives usually focus on people who lack access to food and live in
neighborhoods with a high proportion of low-income families or on educational institutions
with low student enrollment and attendance rates. The effects of school nutrition have been
examined in numerous studies. This demonstrates how crucial it is to have school meals
available so that children who are hungry can get the help they need. Due to low earnings
and the difficulties fitting in the income from earning a living, a large portion of our population
suffers from malnutrition. Therefore, having feeding is quite beneficial because it
concentrates on feeding hungry kids.

Advantages of school lunches. In addition to providing food transfers to motivate kids

to go to school, FFE programs try to boost academic achievement by feeding them
wholesome, frequently micronutrient-fortified meals. Even while the advantages of FFE
programs for education are well known, their impact on nutrition is hotly debated. The use of
school-based treatments to enhance adolescents' nutritional and physical health has been
studied recently (Sarah Adelman, Daniel O. Gilligan, Joseph Konde-Lule, Harold Alderman,
2019). One of the best strategies to simultaneously increase nutrition and educational results
for schoolchildren in underdeveloped nations is commonly regarded as school lunch
programs. Children who participate in school lunch programs experience less acute hunger,
which improves their focus and capacity to learn while they are in class. These initiatives
boost enrollment, attendance, and retention rates for students. These elements work
together to promote both child health and academic outcomes (Rachana Manandhar
Shrestha, Pepijn Schreinemachers, Ray-Yu Yang, 2020).

The benefits of school feeding go far beyond a school meal and include increased
enrolment and sustained attendance in school, particularly for girls. By providing healthy
balanced meals, school feeding programmes can improve overall micronutrient status and
reduce the prevalence of anaemia in primary school-aged children and adolescent girls.
They may also reduce vulnerability and boost family incomes, particularly in times of crisis.
In humanitarian contexts specifically, school feeding can limit the negative consequences on
health, nutrition and education thus lowering the barriers to accessing and completing
education, especially for girls. Including local food sources in school meals also promotes
the consumption of diversified diets while enhancing local economic development (M
Bouterakos, 2021).

This factor contributes to enhancing the feeding plans:

• Political leadership that is strong and local support- Successful school feeding
integration into the national educational system requires strong political leadership and
genuine local ownership. In particular, local groups like parents' associations and school
management committees should support school nutrition, which is mostly based on local
production, since it should be completely integrated into national public policy.

• Ensure efficient planning- A effective school feeding program must be carefully

planned and budgeted. The nation should start by conducting a thorough contextualized
analysis that takes into account the nutritional needs of students, educational challenges,
community engagement opportunities, and local food production and implementation
modalities (food production and transformation, collection and storage, school canteens,
vegetable gardens).

• Promoting small-scale agriculture and farming- School meals programs must to be

closely tied to and customized for the regional economic and agricultural environment. To
supply schools with wholesome, regionally grown food, they should collaborate with regional
actors and champion regional livestock and agricultural products.

• Using a multi-sectoral strategy- A multisectoral strategy is necessary for successful

school feeding programs, with full participation and support from numerous actors from
various sectors, including education, health, agriculture, local governments, etc. This
necessitates a strong political will, if possible from the highest-level authorities, and a
particularly strong coordination by public authorities.

A study conducted by Mitsue Yamaguchi, Ayaka Takagi (2020). The SBFP seeks to
increase target beneficiaries' levels of school attendance and nutritional status, to promote
group activities like as hand cleaning and tooth brushing, and to support the feeding program
by encouraging backyard vegetable planting. The target population consists of all
kindergarten through sixth grade students enrolled in public educational institutions who are
either severely or very underweight as determined by nutritional assessment. The SBFP
might be considered a "well managed program" in terms of increased school attendance,
vegetable growth, and documented favorable health habits and behaviors. In the meantime,
there are no dietitians or nutritionists assigned to the schools, and the SBFP does not
appear to have any recommended nutritional intake guidelines. Additionally, the number of
overweight or obese children has continuously increased while the number of
undernourished children has not altered.

Hypothesis

- there is no significant difference between feeding program and malnutrition.

- there is no significant difference between feeding program and poverty.

- there is no significant difference between feeding program

and academic performances.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored by Maslow's hierarchy of needs, developed by maslow

abraham (1943).Wherein all motivations arise from a hierarchy of needs, ranging from 'basic'
physiological demands through security and love to aesthetic desires for self-
actualization(The Longman Enclopaedia, 1989:482).People who are malnourished cannot
articulate their needs (The New Enclopaedia Britannica vol-7, 2005). According to this
theory, there are certain minimum requirements that are essential for human needs to
facilitate standards of living. These are known to as basic bodily needs, encompassing
nourishment, housing, and well-being. In practical application, this theory suggests that
providing meals to children in schools can lead to increased attendance, longer retention in
school, and improved concentration by addressing short-term hunger.Therefore, the
implementation of Supplementary Feeding Programs (SFPs) has a positive impact on school
enrollment and attendance, mitigates immediate food insecurity, and enhances nutritional
well-being.From this theory, the researcher therefore attempted to apply it to assess the
impact of the SFPs at public schools.

According to Kazianga, Dewalque, & Alderman [5] there are three ways School
Feeding Program can contribute to educational improvements for children. Firstly, school
meals contribute to the enhancement of nutrition as they provide children with increased
access to essential nutrients. Secondly, the improvement in nutritional intake positively
impacts educational outcomes.Vermeersch and Kremer (2004) found that there is a positive
relationship between school meals and school attendance, indicating that providing nutritious
meals at school can lead to increased attendance. Additionally, the authors note that child
nutrition, child health, and schooling are interconnected factors that households prioritize
when investing in their children's human capital. However, it is important to note that these
factors can be correlated with each other without necessarily having a direct causal
relationship.According to Neeser (2012) asserts that the absence of eating in children
hampers their ability to acquire knowledge. Additionally, Neeser highlights that School
Feeding Programs (SFP) can enhance overall health by minimizing illness and disease, thus
fostering the attraction of children towards attending school. There are also arguments that
stressed the impact of food determinants in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, suggesting that a
person's desire for achievement and success will not significantly influence their thoughts
and behavior until their fundamental needs at the lower levels are satisfied.According to
Maslow, once people's fundamental nutritional needs are satisfied, they are unable to fully
relax and focus on pursuing academic success.

Woodhouse and Lamport (2012) suggest that when a person is chronically and
severely hungry, their primary focus becomes obtaining food, and everything else becomes
less important. As a result, they argue that individuals in such a state are unlikely to engage
in the cognitive mechanisms and behaviors associated with higher-level tasks, making it
difficult for them to achieve academic success. The authors also point out that while
improvements in the nutritional quality of students' diets have been linked to positive
academic outcomes, a direct causal relationship between the two has not been consistently
established. However, it is evident that consistently consuming sufficient quantities and a
variety of nutrient-rich foods can enhance children's diets, potentially reducing the risk of
cognitive impairments related to malnutrition.

Conceptual framework

Statement of the problem

How the impacts of malnutrition across different countries, and what are the most effective
solution to beat this health issue?

What are the main causes of malnutrition, and how may they be improved in order to
enhance the nutritional condition of those affected?

Significance of the study

Conducting a study on having a feeding program in schools is significant because it

addresses important education, health, and social issues. By ensuring that students have
access to regular nutritious meals, we can better improve their academic performance,
physically and emotionally well-being.

Academic Performances. Having a feeding program in schools can have a positive effect on
academic performance. Proper nutrition plays an important role in supporting a child's
physical and cognitive development, by addressing hunger and providing essential nutrients,
the feeding program can positively impact student's educational outcomes.
Health Awareness and Education. A feeding program could be a way for promoting health
awareness and education to students. It provides an opportunity to nourish them about the
importance of balanced nutrition, healthy eating habits,proper diet and overall wellness. This
knowledge can empower and motivate students to make healthier choices throughout the
school year.

Enhanced Learning Abilities. Proper nutrition has a direct impact on students abilities. A
well-fed student is better equipped to focus, concentrate, and retain information. Improved
learning abilities can lead to better academic outcomes and educational achievements.

Improved Nutrition. A feeding program ensures that students receive regular meals that are
nutritionally balanced. This can help combat malnutrition and provide essential nutrients
required for healthy growth and development. Proper nutrition enhances cognitive function,
concentration, and overall academic performance.

Future Researchers. Lastly, the data that will be gathered in the study will
benefit the future researchers who will be looking into similar topics. They can explore more
in this particular topic focusing on having a feeding program on school

Chapter 2

Method

This part mainly deals with the methodology used in this study, which consists of five
sections namely the research design, research respondents, instrument, data collection
procedures and data analysis.

Research Design

The study uses a descriptive-correlation design which specifically involves collecting data in
order to test the hypothesis and answer questions concerning current status of the subject
under study (Gay, 1992). This study utilizes a survey approach, because the main purpose
of this is to determine if the students are healthy enough and what can affect in their studies
to the students of Vicenta C. Nograles National High School.

Respondents of the Study

The students at Vicente C. Nograles National High School in grade 10 will be the study's
respondents. The seven divisions of grade 10 where the pupils will be coming from are
Aguinaldo, Bonifacio, Del Pilar, Jacinto, Mabini, Quezon, and Rizal. A survey will be
administered to 15 randomly selected students in each section, yielding 105 respondents in
total. The respondents will be chosen by the researcher using a random sample strategy.
The information gathered and supplied by the children will be utilized to verify any effects
that a feeding program in schools may have. Students in grade 10 make good study subjects
since they are familiar with problems like hunger. If the feeding program is successful or not,
the outcome may be beneficial to everyone.

Instrument

A series of three-part questionnaires created and designed by the researcher will be utilized
as the study tool. The first section of the instrument is made up of questions that collect
information about the respondents' names, sexes, ages, and communities. The items with
the numbers 1-3 in Part II of the study instrument collect information about respondents'
eating habits, including what they eat, when they eat, and how frequently they eat. The final
section of the research instrument consists of two questions, each of which has a space for
a response from the respondent. The first question, which asked responders to provide an
answer in the space below, asked them how much weight they were. The second question
asks respondents whether they think there should be a food program in schools.

Data Gathering Procedure

The initial step in acquiring information involves the selection of 140 Grade 10 students from
Vicenta C. Nograles National High School. To ensure the validity of the survey
questionnaire, a preliminary test will be conducted at the chosen school. A letter requesting
permission and assistance for the survey will be sent to the advisers of Rizal, Mabini,
Quezon, Bonifacio, Aguinaldo, and Del Pilar. Once the advisers have signed the letter, an
agreement will be reached between the researchers and the teachers regarding the survey's
timing. The participants will be given questionnaires relating to the study, where they will
rank and measure their responses using a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5. Following this,
the data will be collected and analyzed using SPSS software, and the findings will be
presented in tabular form using percentages. Furthermore, the data will be interpreted and
analyzed.

DATA ANALYSIS

The collected questionnaires will be utilized to generate the desired outcomes for this study.
The instruments will be assessed through the use of a computer software program,
employing a tallying method. The items will be analyzed using frequency, weighted mean,
percentage, and the Pearson r correlational test. In this study, the Pearson r correlational
test will be employed as both the independent and dependent variables are ratio variables.