Shaji Samuel Sonu Forensic Medicine Self Work Grp-10

DANYLO HALYTSKY LVIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
Subject “Forensic Medicine”

Shaji Samuel Sonu
(Student`s full name)
Group № 10
Teacher DR. ALINA KOLESNYK Year of study 2021-2022
(Name, Surname)
Date 30/11/2021 Faculty Medical Faculty

___________________________________________________________________________________________
Independent out-of-classes student’s work (IOCSW) № 3 .

Theme: «Medico-legal expertise of injuries caused by blunt objects.»
Fill in following table and free fields:
Declare the definitions

Traumatology In Medicine, Traumatology( Greek Trauma), Meaning injury or wound) is
the study of wounds and injuries caused by accidents or violence to a person,
and the surgical therapy and repair of the damage. Traumatology is a
branch of medicine. It is often considered a subset of surgery and in
countries without a specialty of trauma surgery. It is most often a
subspecialty to orthopedic surgery. Traumatology may also be known as
accident surgery.
Trauma Two main Definitions- Firstly, That trauma relates to a distressing or

disturbing psychological experience. Trauma also means physical injury
which may result in wounds, broken bones or internal organ damage. Often
people experience a physical trauma that is also psychological difficulty due
to the shock of the unexpected injury.
Traumatism Any morbid condition produced by wounds or other external violence;

trauma.
Abrasion An abrasion is a type of open wound that’s caused by the skin rubbing
against a rough surface. It may be called a scrape or a gaze. When an
abrasion is caused by the skin sliding across hard ground, it may be called
road rash. Abrasions are very common injuries. They can range from
mild to severe.
Wound An Injury to the body( as from violence, accident or surgery) that
typically involves laceration or breaking of a membrane( such as the skin)
and usually damage to underlying tissues.
Fracture A fracture is a partial or complete break in the bone. When a fracture

happens, It’s classified as either open or closed: Open fracture(compound
Fracture) : The bone pokes through the skin and can be seen. Or a deep
wound exposes the bone through the skin.
Discipline: Forensic Medicine IOCSW № 3
Stages of Abrasion Healing
Stage Time of occurrence Characteristics of morphological changes
and duration
1st stage - Initial Hemoptysis phase Activation of body emergency repair systems
from some hours to forming a drainage block like a dam, platelet
days aggregation.
2nd stage - 24-48 hours/ 3-4 days Destruction of bacteria and debris removal,
Formation of a Preparation of the wound bed for new tissue
scab
growth
3rd stage - 7-12 days It is characterized by:

Epithelization ● Filling of the wound
under a scab ● Contraction of wound margins
● Covering of the wound
4th stage - Mark 21 days to 2 years The new tissue slow gains strength and flexibility
of an Abrasion collagen fibres reorganize pink smooth spot which
then becomes appreciable.
Stages of Bruises Healing

Stage Time of Characteristics of morphological changes
occurrence and
duration
1st stage - Initial Initial The bruise appears purple and swollen.
2nd stage Few hours to Bruise appears blue-purple

2 days
3rd stage 3-4 days Appears brown(Hemosiderin) - Greenish(Biliverdin)
4th stage 5-6 days Yellow
5th stage 7-8 days 3 Colored

Periphery - Brown Yellow
Medial Part- Greenish- Brown
Center- Blue- Purple
6th
stage 2 weeks Normal
Describe the component parts of the wound / laceration:

1. Wound Canal
2. Central Zone
3. Peripheral Zone
4. Central Zone
5. Margins
Describe the characteristics and appearance of fractures of flat bones

Fissured A linear fracture or crack the outer or inner table or both
Stellate or radiating A bone fracture in which the lines of break radiate from a point, usually
from the side of an injury
Depressed This is caused by a heavy weapon with a striking surface

(including
terrace like)
Elevated As a result of a low from a moderately heavy sharp edge
Perforating A clean cut opening due to penetrating weapon

(buttonhole)
fracture
Guttered When a part of the bone is resolved
Crushed or Web like fracture caused by blows from dense weapons and large striking
comminuted surfaces
Complementary student’s notes *

Shaji Samuel Sonu
Group № 10
(Name, Surname)

Theme: «Forensic investigation of the road traffic accidents»
Types of Vehicle Injuries
Type of Traffic Common kinds of injuries and most affected locations of body
Injury
Trauma sustained Contact of a wheel with the body
from run-over by a Push and sometimes rolling over the body or dragging the
wheel of a car
body
Trauma sustained as Collision of the body with projectile fall on the ground
a result of falling Slidong of the body on the ground
out from a moving
car
Trauma inside Collision of the body with parts by displacing the parts of the
the automobile booth or car body
Compression of the body by displacing part of the car body
such as booth or bumper
Trauma sustained as Compression of the body by various objects

a result of Also projectile collision with objects with squeezing
squeezing of the
body between
automobile and
other objects or
ground

Types of Vehicle Injuries and Mechanisms of Damages Occurrence
Phases of Trauma Variants of

Traumatic
Impact
Trauma sustained from collision of moving car with pedestrian
1. Collision of the body with projection Collision of

body with
projection
2. Fall on the body on the automobile Collision of

body with
projection
3. Throw up of the body and fall of it on the ground Collision of

body with
projection
4. Sliding of the body on the ground Collision of

body with
projection
Trauma sustained from run-over by a wheel of a car
1. Contact of a wheel with the body Collision of

body with
projection
2. Push and sometimes turning of a body by a wheel Collision of

body with
projection
3. A wheel running over the body Collision of

body with
projection
4. Roll of the body Collision of

body with
projection
5. Dragging of the body Collision of

body with
projection
Trauma sustained as a result of falling out from a moving car
1. Collision of the body with projections Collision of

body with
projection
2. Fall on the ground Collision of

body with
projection
3. Sliding of the body on the ground Collision of

body with
projection
Trauma inside the automobile

1. Contact of the body with projections Collision of
body with
projection
2. Compression of the body by various objects Collision of

body with
projection
Trauma sustained as a result of squeezing of the body between automobile and other objects
or ground
1. Contact of the body with projections Collision of

body with
projection
2. Compression of the body by various objects Collision of

body with
projection

Phases and Mechanisms of Injury in Particular Types of Motorcycle Injury
Phases of Injury Mechanisms of Development
Injury made by collision of a pedestrian with a moving vehicle
1. Collision of motorcycle projections with a Collision of motorcycle

pedestrian projects with a pedestrian
2. Fall of person onto the ground Collision of motorcycle

projects with a pedestrian
3. Fall of person from a motorcycle Collision of motorcycle

4. Motion of the body along the road Collision of motorcycle

Injury made by a motorcycle run-over the body
1. Impact of a wheel with the body Collision of motorcycle


3. Wheel roll over Collision of motorcycle

4. Run over Collision of motorcycle

5. Secondary motion of the body along the road Collision of motorcycle

Injury to a driver and passenger at collision of motorcycle with moving transport carriers
and other objects
1. Impact with motorcycle projections Collision of motorcycle

2. Impact with transport carriers projections and Collision of motorcycle

other objects projects with a pedestrian
3. Fall onto the road Collision of motorcycle

Injury to the driver and the passenger made by fall of the motorcycle
1. Impact with motorcycle projections Collision of motorcycle

2. Fall unto the ground Collision of motorcycle


Injury made by squeezing of the body to roadway covering and other objects by
motorcycle projectiles
1. Impact of the motorcycle projections with a Collision of motorcycle

person projects with a pedestrian
2. Squeezing of the body by a motorcycle Collision of motorcycle

projection projects with a pedestrian
3. Motion of the body on the ground Collision of motorcycle

! Footnote: * This page is not required for printing.

Shaji Samuel Sonu
Group № 10
(Name, Surname)
Independent out-of-classes student’s work (IOCSW) № 5

Theme: «Medico-legal expertise of injuries caused by sharp objects.»
Classified sharp traumatizing objects and describe their traumatic ability
Type of Its features and traumatic abilities

object
Stabbing- Stab wound that is converted to an incised wound and

Cutting combines characteristics of stab and incised wounds
Cutting (Cut, Slash, Slice) is a clean cut through tissues that’s longer and
deep. It is produced by pressure and friction against the tissue by an
object with a sharp cutting edge
Sawing Caused by a dust-saw are characterized with rough edges notched

with fine rages. The surface of injured bones is rather even with arch
like characteristics.
Stabbing Deep wounds produced by the point end of a weapon or an object

entering the body. Depth is the largest dimension of a punctured
wound.
Chopping Deep gapping wounds caused by a blow of a sharp cutting edge of a

heavy weapon like a hatchet, an axe

Describe the characteristics of wounds inflicted by sharp objects
Characteristics Incised Wounds Stab Wounds Incised-Stab Wounds Chopped Wounds
Shape Spindle shaped Circular Depends on Corresponds to

weapon shape section of
penetrating blade
Margins Clean cut- Well Irregular margin Clean cut margin Sharp, with slight
defined and abrasion
usually elevated
Length Length is Length Length greatest Greatest lenght

greater corresponds to
blade
Width Width is greater Corresponds to Entrance Deeper at the

than weapon entrance and exit corresponds to beginning
edge path thickness
Depth / Deeper at the Largest Depends on type Uniform

wound beginning dimension of object
canal because of
exerted
pressure
Haemorrhag As the vessels Large Large Profuse bleeding
e are cut large hemorrhage hemorrhage
hemorrhage
proceeds
Other Beveling cut if Wound canal is Double edged Deep gaping

significant oblique formed might be there
features
entrance

Difference between Ante-mortem and Post-mortem Wounds
s Ante-mortem wound Post-mortem wound
Margins Swollen, Inverted, Retracted and Edges don’t gap and are close to
gaping each other
Haemorrhage Abundant and usually arterial Slight or larger
Spurting Present Absent
Extravasations Firmly coagulated blood Edges and cellular tissues are not
deeply stormed
Coagulation Tissue and wound have coagulated No clotting or soft clots

blood
Vital reaction Present Absent
Enzyme Increased Triphosphate, Diminished or no Enzyme activity

histochemistry Aminopeptidase acid and alkaline
phosphate

Shaji Samuel Sonu
Group № 10
(Name, Surname)

Theme: «Medico-legal examination of firearms injuries. Forensic investigation of explosion injuries»
Differential diagnostics of incoming firearms from different distances
Peculiarities of entrance wound inflicted by projectile shotted from different ranges
Contact shot Close shot Distant shot
Schtong- mark No muzzle mark but Smaller entrance

Rifled Sletter shape when with evidence of
weapon local explosive, there’s
effect of burning
Bright red color of the No muzzle mark but Tattooing absent on the
Smooth - soft tissue with local explosive dispersion pellet
bore
weapon evidence effect beginning
Differential diagnostics between entrance wound and exit firearm wounds
Entrance wound Exit wound
Shape Usually rounded surface Round, Stellate, Cruciate

and Cresent
Edges and margins When pulling the edges, Everted

margins are inverted
Additional factors of -- --
a shot
The presence of a Present Present

tissue defect called
"minus
tissue"
Presents of collars Present Present

Characterize an action of accompanying components of a shot on the skin
Accompanyi Distance of Action on the skin

ng action
components
Flame 3-5 cm Burning
Powder gases 15-20 cm Skin irritation, Stinging and burning sensation
Soot black 20-40 cm Blackening
Unburnt and Up to 1 cm Tattooing

partially
burnt
powder
grains;
small
metallic
particles
Characterize an explosion effects onto human's body
Disruptive When close to the bomb the person may be blown to pieces
effect
Burns Temperature of the explosion may exceed 200C which can flash burns on
nearby and clothing, Extensive skin burns to severe degrees.
Air Blast A sudden rush of air in confined space following an explosion
Flying Internal organs damage and persons sustaining multiple injuries and
Missiles traumatic asphyxia
Falling The blocks and pieces of stone collapse from a building

Masonry
Fumes An amount of gas or vapor that smells strongly and dangerous for inhalation
Mechanical Are those in which a high pressure gas produce a physical reaction, vessel
Explosion: failure or container rupture.

Shaji Samuel Sonu
Group № 10
(Name, Surname)

Theme: «Medico-legal expertise of mechanical asphyxia»
Characterize kinds of anoxia
Anaemic Anemic anoxia occurs when your blood can’t carry enough oxygen around
Anoxia your body to keep your organs functioning properly. Hemoglobin, a type of
protein in your blood that contains iron, is used to deliver oxygen to your
organs and tissues.
Stagnant Stagnant Anoxia happens when a person’s blood does not reach the brain or
Anoxia: other parts of the body that require blood to function correctly. This is also
known as a hypoxic ischemic injury.
Cardiovascular problems, such as stroke or heart failure, are often the cause
of stagnant anoxia.
Histotoxic The inability of cells to take up or use oxygen from the bloodstream, despite
Anoxia: physiologically normal delivery of oxygen to such cells and tissues.
Anoxic Resulting from an inadequate saturation of blood oxygen due to a reduced

Anoxia: supply of oxygen in the air, decreased lung ventilation or respiratory disease.
Describe Mechanism of Dying and Causes of death at Hanging
1 Asphyxia: Narrowing of airways due to compressive force from ligature

.
2. Venous Congestion: Circulation block also due to ligature block ie: Jugular vein
Congestion
3. Combined factors resulting a summed effect

4. Cerebral Anemia and Anoxia
5. Reflex vagal inhibition from pressure on the vagal sheath or carotid bodies
6. Fracture or dislocation of cervical vertebrae and anoxia lead to death
Differential diagnostics between Ligature Marks at Hanging and Ligature Strangulation
Hanging Strangulation by Ligature
● Usually at the chin and larynx ● Any level of the neck uniform
● Not uniform ● It traverses completely entirely
● Oblique, Incomplete entirely in the around the neck
neck
Thanatos Genesis of drowning
Types of Mechanisms of development and direct cause of death at drowning

drowning
The Due to penetration of the environmental water into the respiratory ways, lungs and
aspirate blood depending on contacted water (fresh or saline) resulting in varying reactions.
type
Spastic Due to laryngospasm as a response to irritation of the receptor apparatus of the

(asphyxial) laryngeal membrane by the environment
type
The reflex Caused by synchronous termination of cardiac and respiratory functions at sudden
(syncopal) ingress of the person into extreme conditions
type
The mixed Characterized by polymorphism of manifestation that is connected with

type combination of various types of dying
Discipline: Forensic Medicine IOCSW №7

Shaji Samuel Sonu
Group № 10
(Name, Surname)

Theme: «Forensic examination of the injuries and death caused by the temperature effect»

Describe mechanism of formation and appearance of local burns of different severity
I Superficial thickness burns are burns that affect the epidermis only is
characterized by redness, pain, dryness and with no blisters. Mild sunburn is
an example of a superficial thickness burn.
II Superficial partial- thickness- Partial- Thickness burns involve the epidermis

and part for the dermis layer of the skin. Superficial partial- thickness burns
extend through the epidermis.
IIIa Deep partial-thickness burns -These burns extend deeper into the dermis
and cause damage hair follicle and glandular tissue. They are painful to
pressure, form blister, are wet, waxy or dry and may appear ivory or pearly
white
IIIb It extends through the full dermis and often affects the underlying
subcutaneous tissue. Skin appearance can vary from waxy white to leathery
grey to charred and black. The skin is dry and inelastic and does not blanch
to pressure, it’s not typically painful due to the nerve endings. Full- thickness
burns cannot heal without surgery.
IV These involve injury to the deeper tissues, such as muscle or bone and it is
often blackened and frequently leads to loss of the burned part.
Describe differences between Burns and Scalds
Burns Scalds
Cause Flame, Heated surfaces, Solids or Steam or any liquid at near boiling
radiant heat point
Location At and above the site of contact At and below site of contact
Skin Dry shredded and charred Bleached
Discolouratio Roasted charred Absent

n
Charring Present Absent
Red line Present Absent
Vesication At the circumference of the burnt area Mostly over the surface
Ulceration Absent except infection Absent except infection
Singeing Present Absent
Splashing Absent Present
Scarring Thick contaminated, causing marked Thin, Contracted

disfiguration
Clothing Burnt and may adhere with the body Unburnt
Differences between Ante-mortem and Post-mortem Burns
Ante-mortem burns Post-mortem burns

Blister Serous fluid with albumin and Clear fluid and dry
chloride
Red line Present Absent
Skin Present adjacent increased enzyme Absent

reaction
Healing Present Absent
Inflammation Present pus sloughing Absent
Microscopy Vessel congestion and lymphatic Absent

of burnt infiltration
tissue
Carboxy- Present Absent

hemoglobin
in
blood
Soot in the Present Absent

respiratory
tract
Describe mechanism of formation and appearance of frostbites of different severity
I The first degree- irritates the skin and causes pain.
II The second-degree- blisters but has no major damage.
III The third-degree- Involves all layers of the skin and causes permanent tissue
damage.
IV The fourth-degree-frostbite occurs when bone and tendon freeze.

Shaji Samuel Sonu
Group № 10
(Name, Surname)

Theme: «Forensic examination of the injuries caused by atmospheric and technical current»
Declare the definitions

Step voltage “Step voltage” is the voltage between the feet of a person standing near
an energized grounded object. It is equal to the difference in voltage,
given by the voltage distribution curve, between two objects at different
distances from the electrode.
Current flow Current is flow of electrons, but current and electron flow in the opposite
(electrical flow) direction. Current flows from positive and electron flows from negative to
positive.
Current is determined by the number of electrons passing through a
cross- section of a conductor in one second.
Electric mark Point of electric current entrance in the body.
Characterize an electric mark
Morphological signs Histological signs
Round oval shape Necrosis and charry metalization of injury

Greyish white or yellowish color boiling vortex livores elongata as circulatory
Bleed by touch disturbance
Borders are elevated in for cushion
Characterize an attributes of technical electricity and its influence onto a human's body
Alternating current Direct current
Strength of Stronger and more dangerous than Less dangerous

current direct current
Current Current voltage of greater than Lower voltage

voltage 220V is most dangerous.
Domestic supply is 120V or 220V.
Current Current of 40-140 Hz is most Zero Frequency

frequency dangerous.
Domestic supply is 50Hz.
Describe special signs of lightning stroke and its features
Arborescent An Arborescent charring of skin, caused by high voltage electricity-lightning

marking and hydroelectric generators- which may be seen in victims of fatal or
non-fatal electrocution superficial thin irregular and skin markings
resembling the branches.
Injuries Linear burns where the area of the skin offers lesser resistance
Surrounding Minute disposing of copper in the dermis or boling if intracellular fluid

effect on
environment


Shaji Samuel Sonu
Group № 10
(Name, Surname)

Theme: «Forensic examination of the injuries caused by radiation.»
Declare the definitions or explain a concept

Ionizing Ionizing radiation is a type of energy released by atoms in the form
radiation and of electromagnetic waves or particles.
it main People are exposed to natural sources of ionizing radiation, such as
sources in soil, water and vegetation, as well as in human-made sources
such as X-rays and medical devices.
Radiation Radiation sickness is damage to your body caused by a large dose

sickness of radiation often received over a short period of time(acute).
The amount of radiation absorbed by the body- the absorbed dose-
determines how sick you’ll be.
Radiation sickness is also called acute radiation syndrome or
radiation poisoning.
X-ray Effects of radiation exposure are observed in virtually all normal

tolerance of tissues. Early reactions occur primarily in turnover tissues(eg:Bone
tissues Marrow, Epidermis, Mucosae of the gastrointestinal tract),
Where proliferative impairment results in progressive hypoplasia
and eventually complete loss of functional cells, after a
tissue-dependent but dose-independent latent time. These early
radiation responses are regularly preceded and accompanied by
vascular and connective tissue changes; very late effects are
dominated by vascular sequelae.
Cumulative Repeated exposure to ionizing radiation from medical imaging such

Exposure of as X-rays, fluoroscopy, Computed Tomography(CT) and nuclear
Ionizing medicine scans can accumulate over time to substantial
Radiation cancer-causing doses, and recommend that doctors and patients
always weigh up the benefits of imaging against its demerits.
Describe morphological manifestation and signs of acute radiation sickness

Primary Symptoms are anorexia, severe nausea, vomiting, cramps and
generalized diarrhea. Onset occurs within a few hours after exposure. Stage
reaction; lasts about 2 days to 1 week. Symptoms are extreme nervousness
and confusion: Severe nausea, vomiting and water diarrhea; loss of
consciousness and burning sensations of the skin.
Imaginary Patient looks and feels generally healthy for a few hours or weeks
clinical well but cells are narrow dying.
being; 1-6 weeks to return to partial functioning.
Marked Manifest unless that depends on the specific syndrome and lasts
clinical from hours to several months, symptoms are malaise, fever,
manifestatio anorexia, hemorrhages all blood cells drop and dehydration.
ns;
Restoration. This happens in most cases when patient recovers, or else if

continued exposure in several weeks bone marrow cells are lost.
Characterize a radiation affect
Morphological signs
Acute local Tissue damage caused by ionizing radiation reducing the production
radiation of blood cells and damaging GIT or affecting the skin.
injury:
Acute Hematopoietic syndrome, acute intoxication syndrome such as

radiation nausea, fatigue, vomiting, blood disorders and system dysfunctions.
sickness:
Chronic After chronic exposure to ionizing radiation depending on dose and

radiation frequency of ionizing radiation occurred over the time.
injury:
Effect of Loss of hair, Loss of appetite, Nausea, Weakness , CNS

small doses
of
ionizing
radiation:

\

Shaji Samuel Sonu
Group № 10
(Name, Surname)

Theme: «Forensic examination of the injuries and death caused by the rapid change of barometric
pressure»

"Explosive Explosive decompression(ED) is violent and too fast for air to
decompression escape safely from the lungs and other air-filled cavities in the body
" such as the sinuses and eustachian tubes, typically resulting in
severe to fatal barotrauma.
Barotrauma Barotrauma means injury to your body because of changes in

barometric(air) or water pressure. One common type happens to
your ear. A change in altitude may cause your ears to hurt. This can
happen if you are flying in an airplane, driving in the mountains or
scuba driving.
Hypobaropat Experienced by mountain climbers or by those ascending or living

hy especially above 8000 to 10,000 feet (about 2500 to 3000 meters)
(mountain elevation and caused by insufficiency oxygen in the air breathed
sickness) especially: acute mountain sickness.
Aeroemboli Acute decompression syndrome( Caisson’s disease) is an acute

sm (caisson neurological emergency in divers. It is caused due to release of
disease) nitrogen gas bubbles that impinge the blood vessels of the spinal
cord and brain and result in severe neurodeficit. There are very few
case reports in Indian Literature.
Describe morphological manifestation and signs of barometric pressure action
Hypobaropat Symptoms of mild, short-term altitude sickness usually begin 12 to

hy 24 hours after arriving at high altitude. They lessen in a day or two
(mountain as your body adjusts. These symptoms include:
sickness) Dizziness, Fatigue and loss of energy, Shortness of breath, Loss of
appetite, Sleep Problems, Symptoms of moderate altitude sickness
are more intense and worsen instead of improve over time.
Worsening fatigue, Weakness and shortness of breath.
Coordination problems and difficulty problems.
Chest tightness or congestion.
Difficulty doing regular activities, though you may still be able to
walk independently.
Aeropathy Headache, Feeling and being sick ,
(altitude Dizziness, Tiredness, Loss of appetite,
sickness) Shortness of breath.
Aeroemboli Symptoms can include fatigue and pain in muscles and joints. In the
sm (caisson more severe type, Symptoms may be similar to those of stroke or
disease) can include numbness, tingling, arm or leg weakness, unsteadiness,
Vertigo ( spinning), Difficulty breathing and chest pain.
Describe Morphological signs of general effect of barometric pressure action onto humans body
Increased barometric pressure action Inverted barometer effect
Lung damage This state in which the partial pressure of

is reduced is termed hypobaric hypoxia
(HBH), which reflects the most
unfavourable characteristics of HA.
HBH causes an imbalance of oxygen
availability to tissue, causing severe
physiological and psychological dysfunction
in humans and other animals.
Fluid buildup or bursting (rupture) of the

middle ear HBH exposure leads to severe abnormalities in
physiological and psychological functions.
Exposure to HBH is known to cause sleep
Sinus damage disturbances , hypophagia , oxidative stress ,
and alterations of acetylcholine
neurotransmitter . Chronic exposure to HBH
for 31 days via gradual decompression in a
Changes in vision, causing nearsightedness, hypobaric chamber from sea level to the
or myopia altitude equivalent of 8848 m resulted in
significant changes in mood .Exposure to HBH
ranging between 4 200 and 4700 m for a
duration from a few hours to almost one month
Oxygen poisoning, which can cause lung significantly affected mood and cognitive
failure, fluid in the lungs, or seizures performance in an elevation-dependent manner.
The severity of these effects dramatically
increases at 4700 m altitude . due to an
imbalance in physiological activities, resulting
in impaired cognitive functions, specifically
learning and memory functions. The negative
effects of HBH on cognitive functions depend
on the duration of exposure.
Complementary student’s notes * ! Footnote: * This page is not

required for printing.

Shaji Samuel Sonu
Group № 10
(Name, Surname)

Theme: «Forensic examination of the injuries and death caused by biological factors»

Food toxic Food poisoning is an illness caused by eating contaminated food.
Infections It's not usually serious and most people get better within a few
days without treatment. In most cases of food poisoning, the food
is contaminated by bacteria, such as salmonella or Escherichia
coli (E. coli), or a virus, such as the norovirus.
Bacterial food intoxication is a food-borne illness caused by the

ingestion of food containing preformed bacterial toxins which are
produced as a result of bacterial growth in the food.
Bacterial Biological agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi, other
intoxications microorganisms and their associated toxins. They have the ability
to adversely affect human health in a variety of ways, ranging from
relatively mild, allergic reactions to serious medical
conditions—even death.
Infectious Antigens are usually bacteria or viruses, but they can be other
action of a substances from outside your body that threaten your health. This
battle is called an immune response. The presence of antigens
biological
rouses your body's illness-fighting white blood cells, called
agent lymphocytes.
Describe morphological manifestation and signs of bacterial sickness
Clinical manifestation Postmortem findings
Botulism Difficulty swallowing. Systemic congestion

Muscle weakness. and blockage of
neuromuscular
Double vision. Drooping synapses
eyelids. Blurry vision.
Slurred speech. Difficulty

breathing.
Escherich Stomach pains and cramps. Necropsy findings were

ia Coli congestion and haemorrhage in
Diarrhea that may range from the abomasum, jejunum and
watery to bloody.
colon with sloughing off of the
Fatigue. mucosa. The liver was pale,
kidneys and heart were
Loss of appetite or congested and haemorrhagic.
nausea. Vomiting. Bacteriological examination
Low fever < 101 °F/ 38.5 °C revealed that E. Coli was
(not all people have this
consistently isolated in biopsy
symptom).
Plague Fever and Lungs showed lobar pneumonia
chills. with patchy heavy collections of
Extreme neutrophils and necrotic areas,
weakness. and interspersed colonies of
Gram-positive cocco-bacilli Most
Abdominal pain, diarrhea and of the alveoli were filled with a
vomiting. haemorrhagic acute inflammatory
exudate. Brain capillaries were
Bleeding from your mouth, nose or congested and at places had fibrin
rectum, or under your skin. plugs. Some areas of brain showed
minute haemorrhagic sports. Liver
Shock.
and spleen showed necrotic
Blackening and death of tissue parenchymal cells and
polymorphs. Immediate
(gangrene) in your extremities, most postmortem blood sample
commonly your fingers, toes and examination revealed plague
nose serum antibodies in titre 1/135 by
passive haemagglutination test.
Cholera Watery diarrhea Hyperaemia, haemorrhages,

(sometimes in large enlarged liver and spleen, focal
volumes) Rice-water
necrotic areas in the liver and/or
stools (see figure 1)
spleen, pneumonia, and slightly
Fishy increased amounts of peritoneal
odor to
stools.
Vomiting
.
Rapid heart rate.
Loss of skin elasticity (washer

woman hands sign; see figure 2)
Dry mucous membranes (dry
mouth)
Low blood pressure.
Siberian Fever and chills. Chest Rapid putrefaction of the carcase.

ulcer
Discomfort. Shortness of Bloody discharges from muzzle
breath.
and anus. Dark tarry blood that
Confusion or dizziness. does not clot properly.
Cough.
Haemorrhages in subcutaneous
Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains. tissues, serous membranes
Headache.
Prion Rapidly developing dementia. It is a rare, fatal

infection Difficulty walking and changes in neurodegenerative disease
gait. Hallucinations. caused by an infectious protein
called prion. The diagnosis can
Muscle stiffness.
Confusion. be confirmed only by histological
examination of brain tissue.
Fatigue. Because of the transmissible
nature of the disease, autopsy or
brain biopsy cannot be
performed at many institutions.
Footnote: * This page is not required for printing.

Shaji Samuel Sonu
Group № 10
(Name, Surname)

Theme: « Common data about poisons. Forensic toxicology»

Toxicology Toxicology is a field of science that helps us understand the harmful
effects that chemicals, substances, or situations, can have on
people, animals, and the environment. Toxicology uses the power
of science to predict what, and how chemicals may cause harm and
then shares.
Forensic Forensic toxicology refers to the use of toxicology for the purposes
toxicology of law. Therefore, it can be defined as the science that deals with
medical and legal aspects of the harmful effects of the chemicals on
the human body. It is considered a hybrid of analytical chemistry
and fundamental
Poisoning Poisoning is injury or death due to swallowing, inhaling, touching or

injecting various drugs, chemicals, venoms or gases. Many
substances — such as drugs and carbon monoxide — are
poisonous only in higher concentrations or dosages. And others —
such as cleaners — are dangerous only if ingested. Children are
particularly sensitive to even small amounts of certain drugs and
chemicals.
Poison Poisons are substances that cause harm to organisms when

sufficient quantities are absorbed, inhaled or ingested. A toxin is a
poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms.
Toxin A toxin is a harmful substance produced within living cells or

organisms; synthetic toxicants created by artificial processes are
thus excluded. The term was first used by organic chemist Ludwig
Brieger (1849– 1919), derived from the word toxic.
Corrosive Poisoning by strong acids, alkalies, strong antiseptics including

Poisons bichloride of mercury, carbolic acid (phenol), Lysol, cresol
compounds, tincture of iodine, and arsenic compounds. These
agents cause tissue damage similar to that caused by burns.
Functional produced commercially include sodium hydroxide , sodium

Poisons carbonate , potassium and hydroxide and potassium carbonate
ingestion of alkaline lead to severe effects.
Describe morphological manifestation and signs of action of common chemical agents
Acids Direct of an organism or a system of organs ans it may

cause corrosion as in the case of strong mineral acid.
Carbon monoxide blood is fluid general and serious
Preparations of arsenic Liver , spleen and kidney are congested , enlarged and
show cloudy swelling and occasionally , the lungs are
congested
Mercurial preparations Acid metallic taste
resembling the content of acute bacillary dysentery , liver
Nitrites and nitrates Signs of asphyxia seen low blood pressure

preparations headache
vertigo , palpitations , nausea.
Phosphorus Primary ; local irritation on the GIT secondary;

action of the absorbed poison.
Hydrocyanic acid inhalation of gas equal instant death . If delayed

and cyanides then agonism dyspnea, convulsion and dilated
pupil.
Ethyl alcohol Stage of excitement 30-100mg % well being
Stage of incoordination 100-300mg% in coordination of

speech stage of narcosis 300% patient go into deep sleep
Methyl alcohol Appears often an hour of ingestion manifest as headache ,

dizziness , nauseas


Shaji Samuel Sonu
Group № 10
(Name, Surname)

Theme: «Forensic examination of material evidences of biological origin. Forensic-criminalistic
researches of the forensic objects.»
A result of the luminescent analysis at research of objects in dark blue light
Object Colour of a luminescence
Blood Fresh stains on light colored clothes are of bright red color that
gradually changes to reddish brown in 24 hours
Saliva whitish blue colour
Nasal yellow-white in textile fabrics

discharges
Urine Pale yellow
Semen Whitish bluish colour
Diesel oil Green colour
Nygrol Orange brown
Solid oil green colour
Blood grouping
Phenotype Possible Antigen on blood cells Antibody in serum

genotypes
A AA, AO A Anti B
B BB, BO B Anti A
AB AB A, B ---
0 O --- Anti A and Anti B
Possible analysis of Material evidences
Material evidence Preliminary (Oriental) researches Laboratory researches
Origin of blood, skin, number of filter paper to soak blood

Blood blows
Discharge exam to detect sexual positive precipitation test High

Sperm crimes acid phosphate, creatine
phosphate
Contains glucose-6- phosphate Starch iodine test

Saliva dehydrogenase, alpha amylase,
chlorides, interferetcon
Urine analysis and it's stain in ammonia smell, color

Urine murder and sexual assault examination
investigation concentration etc.
milk discharge, stain on detection of casein proteins ,

Investi- garment useful in pregnancy colostrum and other
gation of the properties
contents of crimes
the mammary
glands
The differentiating features of human and animal hair

№ Characteris Human Hair Animal Hair
tics
1 Texture thin coarse and thick
2 Cuticle scales are small, flattened large scales polyhedral

and coronal
3 Medulla narrow, discontinuous broad,continuous
4 Cortex thick thin
Medullary less than 0.3 more than 0.5

ndex
6 Pigment more toward periphery of uniform in both periphery

cortex and cortex
7 Precipitin specific for human specific for animal
test with
Intact root
Describe the Structure of Hair: 1. Medulla

2. Cortex
3.Cuticle
Forensic methods of research at the medico-criminalistic department
Method of research Result
Measurement methods anthropometric methods to determine L, B, H. W etc.
Photographic methods using photographs to recreate the scene of crime and capture
evidence
Optical methods for tracing evidence and hair investigation and similar cases
X-ray methods radiograph, fluoroscopy, tanography for the exclusion of

fractures
Fluorescent Study luminescent method for further identification, such as paint,

entrance etc.
Determination of determining the concentration of a particular element in a sample

metallization
Identification An x-ray examination before dissection, is of great help to

examinations of
weapons of injury visualize any metallic fragments along wound canals
Identification helps in identification of victims, age and other relevant

studies for bone
remnants information
Sex Differences of skeleton bones
MALE FEMALE
Skull
less rounded and slope backwards at rounded

an angle supraorbital ridge is prominent forehead
and square smoother
supraorbital
ridge
jaw is more pointed and edge of the

jaw slopes gently towards the ear.
Femur Bone
longer, diameter of head is higher, opposite, less in all values

weighs more, circumference is more,
distal epiphyseal breadth is high
Bones of the pelvis
Pelvis as oblong round

a whole
Brim smaller and heart shaped larger more oval
Body of narrower approx. 60 degrees wider approx. 90 degrees

pubis
Sub narrow subpubic angle wider subpubic angle
pubic
arch
Greater narrower wider

sciatic
notch
Sacroili long, narrow uneven, less curved, more

ac joint backwards tilted
Sacrum curved flatter as compared to male
Footnote: * This page is not required for printing.

Shaji Samuel Sonu Forensic Medicine Self Work Grp-10

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Shaji Samuel Sonu Forensic Medicine Self Work Grp-10

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DANYLO HALYTSKY LVIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

Subject “Forensic Medicine”

Date 30/11/2021 Faculty Medical Faculty

Independent out-of-classes student’s work (IOCSW) № 3 .

Fill in following table and free fields:

Declare the definitions

Trauma Two main Definitions- Firstly, That trauma relates to a distressing or

Traumatism Any morbid condition produced by wounds or other external violence;

Fracture A fracture is a partial or complete break in the bone. When a fracture

3rd stage - 7-12 days It is characterized by:

Stages of Bruises Healing

2nd stage Few hours to Bruise appears blue-purple

4th stage 5-6 days Yellow

5th stage 7-8 days 3 Colored

Discipline: Forensic Medicine IOCSW № 3

Describe the component parts of the wound / laceration:

Describe the characteristics and appearance of fractures of flat bones

Depressed This is caused by a heavy weapon with a striking surface

Elevated As a result of a low from a moderately heavy sharp edge

Perforating A clean cut opening due to penetrating weapon

Discipline: Forensic Medicine IOCSW № 3

Complementary student’s notes *

DANYLO HALYTSKY LVIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

Date 30/11/2021 Faculty Medical Faculty

Independent out-of-classes student’s work (IOCSW) № 4 .

Types of Vehicle Injuries

Trauma sustained as Compression of the body by various objects

Discipline: Forensic Medicine IOCSW № 4

Phases of Trauma Variants of

Trauma sustained from collision of moving car with pedestrian

1. Collision of the body with projection Collision of

2. Fall on the body on the automobile Collision of

3. Throw up of the body and fall of it on the ground Collision of

4. Sliding of the body on the ground Collision of

Trauma sustained from run-over by a wheel of a car

1. Contact of a wheel with the body Collision of

2. Push and sometimes turning of a body by a wheel Collision of

3. A wheel running over the body Collision of

4. Roll of the body Collision of

5. Dragging of the body Collision of

Trauma sustained as a result of falling out from a moving car

1. Collision of the body with projections Collision of

2. Fall on the ground Collision of

3. Sliding of the body on the ground Collision of

Trauma inside the automobile

2. Compression of the body by various objects Collision of

1. Contact of the body with projections Collision of

2. Compression of the body by various objects Collision of

Discipline: Forensic Medicine IOCSW № 4

Injury made by collision of a pedestrian with a moving vehicle

1. Collision of motorcycle projections with a Collision of motorcycle

2. Fall of person onto the ground Collision of motorcycle

3. Fall of person from a motorcycle Collision of motorcycle

4. Motion of the body along the road Collision of motorcycle

Injury made by a motorcycle run-over the body

1. Impact of a wheel with the body Collision of motorcycle

2. Motion of the body along the road Collision of motorcycle

3. Wheel roll over Collision of motorcycle

4. Run over Collision of motorcycle

5. Secondary motion of the body along the road Collision of motorcycle

1. Impact with motorcycle projections Collision of motorcycle

2. Impact with transport carriers projections and Collision of motorcycle