Appendix S1.

Collection data and gene diversity for 41 populations of Salix herbacea, four populations of three outgroup species, and
one hybrid population. Nei’s unbiased gene diversity, D, is based on 277 polymorphic AFLP markers for the outgroup species and
hybrids, and 250 for Salix herbacea. N = number of individuals.

PopID Country Locality Collector* Lat. Long. N D

S. herbacea

AK-5027 Austria Steiermark, Niedere Tauern, Schladminger Tauern MTL, SE, TE 47.275 13.759 11 0.17

AK-1039 Austria Tirol, Zillertaler Alpen, Grafmartalm - Naviser Jöchl AT 47.175 11.546 11 0.19

SUP03-033 Canada Nunavut, Baffin I, Iqaluit, Sylvia Grinell Park CM 63.750 -68.510 5 0.01

AK-3182 Canada Québec, Gaspé Pen., Mt Albert IGA, AKB 48.936 -66.173 10 0.11

AK-3187 Canada Québec, Gaspé Pen., Mt Jacques-Cartier IGA, AKB 48.991 -65.938 11 0.11

AK-3140 France Provence-Alpes, Hautes-Alpes, Col du Galibier RD 45.067 6.383 11 0.17

AK-1112 Greenland Aasiaat (Egedesminde) JJA, RN 68.717 -52.867 6 0.09

AK-3092 Greenland Blosseville Kyst, Cape Dalton BS, OG 69.456 -24.152 11 0.09

AK-4642 Greenland Hayes Halvø, Qaanaaq, Siorapaluk KW 77.783 -70.700 11 0.03

AK-366 Greenland Jameson Land, Constable Point, Hareelven IS, LL 70.711 -22.689 11 0.07

AK-358 Greenland Jameson Land, Constable Point, Primula valley IS, LL 70.740 -22.725 11 0.08

AK-286 Greenland Nanortalik PBE, GHJ 60.146 -45.227 6 0.10

AK-257 Greenland Narsarsuaq PBE, GHJ 61.166 -45.376 6 0.09

AK-219 Greenland Nuuk (Godthåb) PBE, GHJ 64.194 -51.667 11 0.09

AK-1149 Greenland Nuussuaq, Saqqaq KW 70.010 -51.958 11 0.08

AK-241 Greenland Paamiut (Frederikshåb), SE of Paamiut city PBE, GHJ 61.989 -49.652 11 0.10

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AK-1243 Greenland Qeqertarsuaq (Disko), 5-10 km from Arctic Station BJG, GBa 69.250 -53.567 6 0.08

AK-4626 Greenland Upernavik, Kullorsuaq KW 74.585 -57.224 11 0.08

AK-801 Iceland Norðurland Eystra, ~15 km E of Akureyri IS, LL, SK 65.815 -17.993 11 0.11

AK-881 Iceland Vestfirði, Hólmavik, W of Laugarholl IS, LL, SK 65.766 -21.636 11 0.11

AK-840 Iceland Vesturland, S of Hvalfjörður IS, LL, SK 64.353 -21.643 11 0.12

AK-424 Norway Buskerud, Ål, Hovdastølen, near Hovdestølen PBE 60.746 8.631 6 0.18

AK-711 Norway Finnmark, Nordkapp (North Cape), Duken KW 71.075 25.802 11 0.14

AK-4561 Norway Finnmark, Vardø, Hammingberg ØS, KH 70.538 30.632 11 0.14

AK-507 Norway Hordaland, Finse MHJ, IS, GHJ 60.592 7.524 6 0.17

AK-399 Norway Hordaland, Odda, Røldal, Røldalsfjell PBE 59.835 6.735 11 0.16

AK-108 Norway Jan Mayen, Olinkinbyen AW 71.000 -8.500 10 0.11

AK-778 Norway Nordland, Andøya, Ramnan IGA, KW 69.280 16.007 11 0.14

AK-4557 Norway Nordland, Vefsn, between Nordtinden and Lukttinden ØS 66.006 13.540 11 0.14

AK-447 Norway Oppland, Lom, Bøverdalen, Borgasetra PBE, GHJ, IS 61.682 8.148 6 0.17

AK-468 Norway Sør-Trøndelag, Oppdal, Vårstigen PBE, GHJ, IS 62.343 9.624 6 0.15

AK-3519 Norway Troms, Målselv, Altevasskardet (W Kirkestinden) PS, AT 68.800 19.033 10 0.17

AK-3141 Poland N Carpathians, Tatra Mts, Mt Blyszcz PS, MR 49.199 19.832 10 0.16

AK-785 Romania E Carpathians, Rodnei Mts, Pietrosul Rodnei MPu 47.769 24.696 11 0.12

AK-3136 Romania S Carpathians, Muntii Bucegi, Costila PS, OP 45.433 25.467 11 0.11

AK-4410 Russia Nenetskiy AO, Malozemel’skaya tundra, Nenetskaya Gryada IGA, AT, MK 68.362 53.241 9 0.12

AK-1303 Scotland Highlands, W of Torridon village, at the top of Tom na Grugaich IS, PBE 57.579 -5.585 11 0.16

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AK-1037 Spain Catalunya, Girona, Eastern Pyrenées, Puigmal d'Err GMS, PS 42.365 2.148 11 0.03

AK-3232 Svalbard Wedel Jarlsberg Land, Hornsund, Nottinghambukta MHJ, IS 77.068 15.139 11 0.10

AK-3236 Svalbard Wedel Jarlsberg Land, Hornsund, Rålstranda MHJ, IS 77.014 15.263 11 0.11

AK-3244 Svalbard Wedel Jarlsberg Land, Hornsund, Wilczekodden MHJ, IS 76.998 15.540 11 0.10

S. berberifolia

AK-1006 Russia Altay Republic, Altai, valley of river Zhum AT 49.521 88.021 11 0.10

S. nummularia

AK-4404 Russia Nenetskiy AO, Nar’yan-Mar, Fakel AT, IGA 67.628 53.257 5 0.09

S. herbacea × polaris

AK-704 Svalbard Bjørnøya, Revdalen RS 74.35 19.117 11 0.17

S. polaris

SUP-3129 Svalbard Wedel Jarlsberg Land, Hornsund, Fuglebergsletta MHJ, IS 77.010 15.533 5 0.13

SUP-4456 Russia Komi Republic, Pripolyarnyy Ural, Yugyd-Va Nat Park IGA, AT 65.354 60.625 5 0.01

*Collectors: AKB – A. K. Brysting; AT – A. Tribsch ; AW – A. Wollan; BJG – B. J. Graae; BS – B. Sabard; CM – C. Mallory; GBa – G. Bastholm; GHJ – G. H.
Jacobsen; GMS – G. M. Schneeweiß; IGA – I. G. Alsos; IS – I. Skrede; JJA – J. Juel Andersen; KH – K. Hansen; KW – K. Westergaard; LL – L. Lund; MHJ –
M. H. Jørgensen; MK – M. Kapralov; MPu – M. Puscas; MR – M. Ronikier; MTL – M. T. van Loo; OG – O. Gilg; OP – O. Paun; ØS – Ø. Stensrud; PBE – P. B.
Eidesen; PS – P. Schönswetter; RD – R. Douzet; RN – R. Nessa; RS – R. Solheim; SE – S. Ertl; SK – S. Kjølner; TE – T. Englisch.