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Name:___________Adam Moreno_________________________ Class Period:____ Due

Date:___/____/____

Guided Reading & Analysis: Becoming a World Power, 1898-1917

Chapter 20- Spanish American War, American Imperialism pp 380-391
Reading Assignment: Chapter 20 in AMSCO or other resource covering the
Spanish American War.

Mastery of the course and AP exam await all who choose to process the
information as they read/receive. This is an optional assignment.

So… young Jedi… what is your choice? Do? Or do not? There is no try.

Pictured:. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders, Wiki Commons, Public Domain

Directions:
1. Pre-Read: Read the prompts/questions within this guide before you read the chapter.
2. Skim: Flip through the chapter and note titles and subtitles. Look at images and read captions. Get a feel for the content you are about to read.
3. Read/Analyze: Read the chapter. If you have your own copy of AMSCO, Highlight key events and people as you read. Remember, the goal is not
to “fish” for a specific answer(s) to reading guide questions, but to consider questions in order to critically understand what you read!
4. Write Write (do not type) your notes and analysis in the spaces provided. Complete it in INK!

Key Concepts FOR PERIOD 7:

Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its
economic system.
Key Concept 7.2: Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture, while significant changes
occurred in internal and international migration patterns.
Key Concept 7.3: Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power while
renewing domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in the world.

This Guide has a slightly different format from the guides you completed last semester, FYI!
Some questions may require prior knowledge or researching sources such as your book, historical websites, or
prior class materials.

Learning Goals:
th
Trace the expansion of the United States political and economic power on the world stage at the turn of the 20
century. Assess the role the United States played in world affairs by the time WWI erupted in Europe.
Section 1 Period Overview, page 408
Overview Alternate View
Explain how this Period illustrates a turning point. Explain a different view… (a different turning point)
Saw the development of a booming industrial economy and instead of a The absence of a frontier lifestyle and expansion westward left
nation that had been isolated from European politics, it became a America with a desire to imperialize over other nations, rather than the
world power. land mainly uninhabited.
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Guided Reading, pp 409-410

1. Main Idea and Overarching Question: In

the 1890s a number of economic and political forces sparked a spectacular
burst of imperialistic expansionism for the United States that culminated in the Spanish-American
War—a war that began over freeing Cuba and ended with the highly controversial acquisition of the
Philippines and other territories. Analyze the causes and effects of imperialism.

Main Events/Main Ideas Definitions/Explanations

(Consider this left column the answer or
outline (In this column, take notes as you read. These notes should define and explain the answer/outline in the left hand
to the main idea and overarching question column.)
above. Your goal is to understand the
questions and answers after you read
each section.)

As a new nation under the
Constitution, 1789, the United
States began a policy of
expansion yet determined to
stay out of foreign affairs.
a. Neutrality Policy
b. Louisiana Purchase
c. War of 1812
d. Monroe Doctrine
e. Mexican-American War
f. French occupation of
Mexico
g. Seward’s Folly
-William H. Seward-
sect. The state under Lincoln and Johnson (1861-1869) helped prevent GB and France from entering the war on the
CSA side; led a drive to annex Midway Island in the Pacific; gained rights to build a canal in Nicaragua; and
purchased Alaska territory. Failed to convince Congress to annex Hawaii and purchase Danish West Indies
-Napoleon III sent French troops to occupy Mexico while the US was involved in the Civil War. At Civil War end in
1865 Seward invoked Monroe Doctrine and threatened US military action unless French Withdrew and then French
troops left Mexico
-The Purchase of Alaska
-Russia and GB claimed AL territory. Russia settled the colony for seal hunting but economic burden b/c the threat
from GB to take over. Congress agreed to buy AL for $7.2 million in 1867
-Lobbying from Seward and Russian support during civil war
-AL later referred to as “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox” b/c perceived as no value
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The industrialization of the nation Advocates of expansionist policy hoped to achieve goals by economic and diplomatic means and not
during the Gilded Age created a need military action
-International Darwinism applied to competition among nations and races for military advantage, colonies,
for foreign entanglements in order to and spheres of influence
secure raw materials and markets. -Imperialism: acquiring territory or gaining control over political or economic life of other countries
This led to increased government -Advocates of American expansion: missionaries, politicians, naval strategists, and journalists
focus on international affairs, and -Reverend Josiah Strong wrote that people of Anglo-Saxon stock were “fittest to survive” in book Our
Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis 1885
increased public interest in other -Protestant americans had religious duty to colonize other lands to spread Christianity and benefits of
countries. superior civilization: medicine science and technology, to less fortunate people
-Mission activities encouraged many americans to support gov involvement in foreign affairs
a. Frederick Jackson Turner’s -Republicans endorsed use of foreign affairs to search for new markets and Allied w/ businesses
Frontier -Henry Cabot Lodge of MA and Theodore Roosevelt eager to build US power through global expansion
-By 1900 US had third largest navy in world
Thesis, 1893 -Newspapers and magazines increased circulation by printing adventure storeis ab distant/exodic places
b. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani -Popular press stories increased public interest and made demand larger for US involvement in world
overthrown by American settlers affairs
c. Senator Alfred Beveridge, 1898: -US assumed role of protector of Latin America from European ambitions
-Special interest in problems of the Western Hemisphere since the Monroe Doctrine 1820s
-Meeting of first Pan-American Conference in Washington in 1889 b/c of Blaine’s efforts to establish closer
“Today we are raising more than we can ties between US and southern neighbors
consume. Today we are making more than we -W Hemi. created a permanent organization for international cooperation on trade etc.
can use... Therefore we must find new markets -Blaine hoped to bring reductions in tariff rates; not achieved but foundation est. for larger goal of hemi.
for our produce, new occupation for our -Monroe doctrine used to solve boundary dispute between Venezuela and British colony of Guiana
capital, new work for our labor... Ah! As our -British agreed to US demands (even tho won dispute w/ arbitration committee)
commerce spreads, the flag of liberty will -Latin American nations appreciation for US protection from Europe
circle the globe and the highway of the ocean - -Marked turning point in US-British relations
carrying trade to all mankind -will be guarded -1895 on friendship cultivated over rivalry
by the guns of the republic. And as their
thunders salute the flag, benighted (ignorant)
peoples will know that the voice of liberty is
speaking, at last, for them... that civilization is
dawning at last, for them.”
d.. Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan
e International Darwinism
f. Josiah Strong
…continued from previous page…
Main Idea and Overarching Question: In the 1890s a number of economic and political forces sparked a spectacular burst of
imperialistic expansionism for the United States that culminated in the Spanish-American War—a war that began over
freeing Cuba and ended with the highly controversial acquisition of the Philippines and other territories. Analyze the causes
and effects of imperialism.

Main Events/Main Ideas Definitions/Explanations

(Consider this left column the answer
or outline (In this column, take notes as you read. These notes should define and explain the answer/outline in the
to the main idea and overarching left hand column.)
question above. Your goal is to
understand the questions and answers
after you read each section.)

Securing the ideals of the
Monroe Doctrine became
increasingly important
after the Civil War. The
United States became
involved in international
affairs during the Gilded
Age to secure that doctrine. February 15, 1898: US battleship Maine at harbor in Havana, Cuba when suddenly exploded and killed 260 americans
a. Big Sister Diplomacy
b. Pan-American
Conference
of 1889
c. Venezuela and British
Guiana border dispute,
1895
d. Spanish-American
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-In 1890s, large US investments in Cuban sugar, Spanish misrule of Cuba and Monroe doctrine “justified” US
intervention
-Growing wave of US jingoism: intense form of nationalism calling for aggressive foreign policy
-Pres. Cleveland and McKinley thought military action abroad both morally wrong and economically unsound
- Cuba wanted Spain to withdrawal or pull US as ally
-Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler and 100,000 troops to crush revolt
-Forced into armed camps; many died of starvation and disease
-Call for intervention in cuba for humanitarian reasons: stop suffering & atrocities
-De Lome Letter (1898)-Spanish minister to US Dupuy de Lome had a letter leaked to the press in Journal and was
highly critical of Pres. McKinley; taken as Spanish insult against US honor
on board
McKinley issued ultimatum to Spain demanding ceasefire in Cuba Spain agreed but much want for war continued in
USMcKinley sent war message to Congress to: Put end to bloodshed, starvation, barbarities, and horrible miseries in
Cuba; protect lives and property of US in Cuba; end serious injury to US commerce, trade, and business; and end
constant menace to peace arising from disorder
Teller Amendment part of resolution declared that US had no intention of taking political control of Cuba and once
peace was restored to island the Cuban people would control their own gov
-Roosevelt as assistant to McKinley as secr. Of navy eager to show off navy
-Ordered fleet commanded by Commodore George Dewey to Philippines
-Land fight took till August 13; US troops captured city of Manila w/ help of Filipino rebels
-In Cuba more than 5,000 US soldiers died of malaria, typhoid and dysentery whereas <500 died in battle; lethal
enemy tropical diseases and not Spanish bullets
War -W/out navy Spain asked for terms of peace in August 1898
-1893: American settler aid in overthrow of Hawaiian monarchy Queen Liliuokalani
-Pres. Cleveland opposed imperialism and blocked Republican efforts to annex Hawaii but Annexation completed in
under McKinley
the Treaty of Peace (Dec. 10, 1898) Provided: 1. Recognition of Cuban independence, 2. US acquisition of two
Spanish islands (Puerto Rico in Caribbean and Guam in Pacific), and 3. US acquisition of Philippines in return for
payment to Spain of $20 million
-Happy ab Cuba, not prepared to take over Philippines as a colony
Anti-imperialists in senate argued that US would be taking over heavily populated area w/ people of different race and
culture
-Thought violated Declaration of Independence by violating Filipinos rights to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness; also
would entangle US in political conflicts of Asia
-Held Treaty of Peace in Senate on Feb. 6, 1899 and barely passed
-Emilio Aguinaldo fought alside US during War no he led bands of guerrilla fighters against US
-Anti-Imperialist League led by William Jennings Bryan rallied opposition to further acts of expansion in Pacific
-Insular (island) cases in Supreme Court ruled that constitutional rights not automatically extended to territorial
possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to Congress
-Cuba to agree to never sign a treaty w/ a foreign power that impaired its independence; to permit the US to intervene
in CUba’s affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order; and to allow the US to maintain naval
bases in Cuba including one permanent base at Guantanamo Bay. Platt Amendment made Cuba a US protectorate
-foreign policy there subject to US
-Republicans renominated Pres. McKinley w/ T. Roosevelt for vice pres
-Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan again, was Pro free silver and anti-imperialism
-w/ growing national economic prosperity electorate had McKinley win by even more
-US victory of war created patriotism even from the southern states
-France, GB, and other European nations recognized US as first-class power w/ strong navy and interest in
international affairs
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2. What is the historical significance of the Ostend Manifesto in terms of American interest in Cuba and the Spanish-
American War in 1898? Why was there so much interest in Cuba both before and after the Civil War?

The interest in Cuba would be to spread the methods of achieving cheap labor. Having workers based in Cuba could be paid a lot more and would have benefited
the south before the war as the Cubans could've been slaves, and angered the north as it would have disproportionately affected the makeup of congress.

3. Evaluate the causes and effects of the Spanish-American War. Your notes should include basic descriptions of
each cause and effect listed but also address the prompt with complex analysis.

Causes
Jingoism, Cuban Revolt of 1895, Yellow
Journalism, De Lome Letter, 1898, Sinking of the
USS Maine, 1898, McKinley’s ultimatum to Spain,
McKinley’s call for war, Teller Amendment
US drive for expansion after closing of frontier
policy of jingoism for aggressive foreign policy
Sinking of the Maine- increased citizen pressure to
involve themselves in other countries.
teller amendment to authorize war
Effects
Treaty of Paris, 1898, Annexation of Hawaii, 1898,
Filipino Insurrection, 1899-1902, Insular Cases, Platt
Amendment, The Great Rapprochement
insular cases led to questions on the constitutionality
of the war
Platt amendment- withdrew from Cuba with the
agreement to have US military naval bases and to not
sign independence under European authority.

4. What role did Commodore George Dewey play in the Spanish American War?

Was ordered by Roosevelt to the Philippines and fired on Manila bay. After the Philippines, he continued onto Cuba. Also suffeed many deaths from diseases
such as malaria, typhoid and dysentery.

5. What role did Theodore Roosevelt play in the Spanish American War?

He was an expansionist who was eager to show off his power of the navy. and commanded to conquer the Philippines. Also had to interpret the
insular cases pertaining to the rights, or extension of rights to philippines.

6. Compare and contrast the two sides of this debate.

Arguments of the Philippines Debate

Anti-Imperialists… Expansionists or Imperialists…
*Anti-Imperialist League: an idea of isolationism saw the economic benefits of expansion and it was useful for naval basers
needed to return back to america as washington and cash crops.
US was racially superior to the philippines and intellectual more advanced
described To remain a world power.
Didn’t want assimilation of non-whites in american
culture
Self determination for the Philippines under US
military control is an alternative.

7. Were the anti-imperialists successful in the election of 1900?

1900 Election
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Republican President McKinley
Candidate:
Gold Standard and encouraged new territory.
Platform:

Democratic William Jennings Bryan

Opponent:
Opponent’s Free silver and attacked American imperialism.
Platform:

8. Why was Theodore Roosevelt selected to by McKinley’s running mate in 1900?

He was a war hero following the Spanish-American war in Manila and in Cuba. He, like other presidents such as Ulysses S. Grant and Zachary Taylor Gained
support and was even reelected in 1901.

TR: Brandisher of the Big StickSeptember 1901: Roosevelt became the youngest president of U.S. at the age of 42 after McKinley
was assassinated.
9. One effect of the Spanish-American War was increased interest in foreign trade. This led to the building
of the Panama Canal. Explain how Theodore Roosevelt led this mission to create a shortcut through
Latin America. Include in your explanation the following treaties: Hay- Pauncefote Treaty,
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty.

He acted decisively in preventing British participation in the building of the canals. With the Hay-Pauncefote treaty out of the way,
America was able to construct the canals, but there remained the Panama conflict. Columbia refused to let US influence over the
land, so he supported Panama independence and easily won. BUt under new independence, meant that the land was guaranteed to
US jurisdiction. To compensate for Columbia's losses, the US paid Columbia 25 million dollars. Many disliked Roosevelt b/c it
showed how he used his authority against the lower status latin american countries.

10. In what other ways did Theodore Roosevelt expand American influence abroad?
Main Events… Impact on American foreign policy and international relations…
The U.S would send warships to Latin American countries facing debt from Eurpoean countries, rather than european countries,
Roosevelt which was a direct violation of the Monroe Doctrine.
Corollary
Wanted to end the war that Japan was winning in order to better help americas gain in the spheres over in east asia.
Russo-Japanese
War
Japan would restrict the amount of immigrants entering into the U.S, and the U.S would remove any anti-asian discriminatory
Gentlemen’s laws. Its called a gentlemen's agreement because the nations sought over it diplomatically, without the use of war.

Agreement
The U.S boasting the size of their navy across the Pacific led to the only response by Japan which was to welcome them into the
Great White Fleet port of Tokyo
Pledged respect between Japan and the United States in support for the open door policy in China.
Root-Takahira
Agreement
11. In what ways did President William Howard Taft differ from his predecessor, Theodore Roosevelt, in his approach to
American imperialism? (explain strategy/event while also comparing to TR)

Main Events Impact on American foreign policy and international relations and how it differed from
Teddy
Private American financial investments in China and Central America. But it was inhibited by growing anti-imperialism both in
the US and overseas.
Dollar Diplomacy
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Tested his policy in China and succeeded in settling CHina and Russia and Japan agreed to treat Macchira as a jointly sphere
of influence.
Chinese Railroads

The US invested in Nicaragua's financial affairs and sent the marines in in 1912 and remained for over 20 years.
Nicaragua
Prevented non-European powers to exclude gaining land in the Western hemisphere. Taft opposed the collart and offended
Lodge Corollary japan and angered Latin America countries.

12. In what ways did President Woodrow Wilson differ from his predecessors, Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard
Taft, in his approach to American imperialism? (explain strategy/event while also comparing to TR & HT)

Main Events Impact on American foreign policy and international relations and how it
differed from Teddy & William
Had limited success applying a high moral standard to foreign relations. Wanted to spread democracy in the Western
Moral Diplomacy Hemisphere. and his presidency was opposed to self-interested imperialism.

granted full territorial status to the country(specifically in the Philippines)

Jones Act guaranteed full territorial status to that country
promised independence for the Philippines as soon as a stable government was established.
granted citizenship for all inhabitants and provided limited self-government
U.S. Citizenship for
Puerto Ricans
Wilson repealed Congress to grant america canal tolls, angered american nationalists. strongly objected to the us exception.
Panama Canal tolls
…continued from previous page…
In what ways did President Woodrow Wilson differ from his predecessors, Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard
Taft, in his approach to American imperialism? (explain strategy/event while also comparing to TR & HT)

Wilson committed to the ideal of democracy and peace with Jennings bryan. wanted to submit disputes to international
Conciliation treaties commissions and observe a one-year cooling-off period.

Wilson called for an arms embargo against the Mexican government and the Mexican authorities imprisoned the US sailors.
Tampico Incident But Huerta was not apologetic of his actions, and the US kept the army in veracruz. but latin america's abc powers meditated
the dispute.
he has raids on the border killing us citizens, so wilson ordered to catch villa, but unsuccessful they had to go fight ww1.
Pancho Villa

Historical Perspectives: Did Economics Drive Imperialism? (page 424)

Explain and defend each position.
Yes, it was economically motivated:
The economic benefit from controlling the canals, expanding
the labor across the world, was definitely a motivation behind
imperialism across the world for the US.
No, it had other causes:
Racial motivations and social darwinism drove it in the way
that the US applied practices in both Cuba and in the
Philippines. countries such as cuba prove that it wasn't
economically motivated, because it originated from the USS
maine.

Closing thoughts…
Consider the two questions below and ask yourself if you are prepared to answer them with evidence. These are the most
important thematic objectives you must be ready to address!
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1. How did ideas about national identity change in the United States in response to involvement in the Spanish – American
War and the foreign policies that followed it?
2. What were the causes and effects of the Spanish-American war, Big Stick foreign policy, Dollar Diplomacy, and Moral
Diplomacy?

One more thing….

Review the terms below and then summarize their historical significance in terms of American imperialism.
How is the White Man’s Burden a cause for imperialism?
What role did it play in later involvement in foreign affairs?
Europeans often held racist ideas of their own superiority to those in foreign lands.
The “White Man’s Burden” is a poem by Rudyard Kipling Because those in Asia, Africa, and parts of the Americas lived different lives, Europeans felt
expounding the duty of the Western world to colonize and civilize that it was their duty to “civilize” them into western culture and society
“barbarians” in Africa and other non-white places by forcing upon them
religion and Anglo-Saxon values. This was mostly used as an excuse
to exploit their underprivileged lessers under the guise of helping them.

What other territories did America acquire during this era? Why were they
desired? Cuba, Philippines and part of panama. For a mixture of labor, canals and
military advantage.
Puerto Rico was neither a state nor a territory. However, the Foraker
Act of 1900 granted a limited degree of popular government to the
Puerto Ricans. Puerto Rico is still an American territory today.

John Philip Sousa wrote rousing military marching band music that
boosted patriotism and support for the Spanish-American War.
Patriotism continued to increase following the war.
How did the war impact relations between North and South?
It unified the two together as they now shared a common belief on the
imperialism ideal and divided the country on merit of international affairs, rather
than domestic affairs.

What does Taft’s view of Filipinos reveal about American foreign policy?
he was not willing to put American foreign policy in jeopardy over losing an island in Asia.
Indicating that at that time, United States were more interested in making Philliphine as our
William Howard Taft was so fond of the Filipino people that he called trading foothold in Asia rather than making proper alliance to the country
them his “little brown brothers.” William Howard Taft became the civil
governor of the Philippines in 1901, and then president of the United
States in 1909.

What does the Open Door Policy reveal about American foreign policy?
protect the rights of all countries to trade equally with China and confirming multi-national
In the summer of 1899, John Hay urged trading powers to announce acknowledgment of China's administrative and territorial sovereignty.
their leaseholds or spheres of influence in China with the Open Door
Note. This note also promoted the respect of certain Chinese rights
and the ideal of fair competition, but Hay did not consult the Chinese.
All trading powers agreed except for Russia.

The “Boxers” were uber patriotic Chinese who did not approve of the What was the result of the Boxer Rebellion?
Open Door Policy. Their war cry was to “Kill foreign devils!” They killed weakened the Qing dynasty and increased China's dependence on foreign power. increased
200 whites including many Christian missionaries. It is known as the spheres of influence across the world in china.
Boxer Rebellion.

 
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Reading Guide written by Rebecca Richardson, Allen High School
Sources include but are not limited to: 2015 edition of AMSCO’s United States History Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination,
2015 Revised College Board Advanced Placement United States History Framework, and other sources as cited in document and collected/adapted over 20 years of teaching and collaborating