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Technical Note
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The blast-induced ground vibration prediction using scaled distance regression analysis is one of the
Received 10 May 2018 most popular methods employed by engineers for many decades. It uses the maximum charge per delay
Received in revised form and distance of monitoring as the major factors for predicting the peak particle velocity (PPV). It is
2 July 2018
established that the PPV is caused by the maximum charge per delay which varies with the distance of
Accepted 23 July 2018
Available online 30 October 2018
monitoring and site geology. While conducting a production blasting, the waves induced by blasting of
different holes interfere destructively with each other, which may result in higher PPV than the predicted
value with scaled distance regression analysis. This phenomenon of interference/superimposition of
Keywords:
Peak particle velocity (PPV)
waves is not considered while using scaled distance regression analysis. In this paper, an attempt has
Blast-induced ground vibration been made to compare the predicted values of blast-induced ground vibration using multi-hole trial
Scaled distance regression analysis blasting with single-hole blasting in an opencast coal mine under the same geological condition. Further,
Wave superimposition the modified prediction equation for the multi-hole trial blasting was obtained using single-hole
Single-hole blasting regression analysis. The error between predicted and actual values of multi-hole blast-induced ground
vibration was found to be reduced by 8.5%.
Ó 2018 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by
Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introduction artificial neural network (ANN) (Sayadi et al., 2013; Amnieh and
Bahadori, 2014; Trivedi et al., 2014; Saadat et al., 2014), genetic
The most popular and frequently used methods and procedures algorithm (GA), neural fuzzy technique (NFT) (Rao, 2012), random
for vibration forecast are empirical and based on simplified corre- forest algorithm and support vector machine (Dong et al., 2011),
lations. Scaled distance regression analysis is the handiest and less have been employed to improve the accuracy of vibration predic-
complicated method used by engineers for many decades. The tion. Modeling and simulation using signature hole analysis is
scaled distance is a concept put forward by using the amount of designed, where the signature waveform is taken, and through
explosive energy in air shock and seismic waves, while considering simulation technique, the linear superimposition behavior of wave
the effects of distance. The scaled distance is derived from is modeled for better prediction of peak particle velocity (PPV) and
combining the distance between the source and measurement dominant frequency (Birch et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2010; Yang and
points, and the maximum charge per delay. Although the approach Lownds, 2011). Also, attempts have been made to generate PPV
is well accepted due to its ease of use, it is merely an empirical models considering the effect of rock discontinuities, rock types,
approach which does not consider the inevitable phenomenon of rock formation, rock joints and their orientation, presence of water
blast wave superimposition. Many attempts have been made by table, soil-rock interface, acoustic behavior, etc. (Kumar et al., 2016;
researchers to obtain the actual charge per delay which will Agrawal and Mishra, 2018). Due to widely varying nature of rocks,
contribute to the superimposed waveforms resulting from pro- geological structure and explosive materials, blast design parame-
duction blasting. Many different numerical methods, such as ters are optimized by field testing. Monitoring of blast vibrations
during actual excavation helps to ensure the safety of the con-
cerned structures as well as to provide necessary data to improve
the blasting patterns if required (Tripathy et al., 2016).
All the modern techniques require the use of computer program
* Corresponding author.
which is time-consuming and complicated for a field blasting en-
E-mail address: hemant.ism@gmail.com (H. Agrawal).
Peer review under responsibility of Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chi-
gineer. Whereas different PPV predictor empirical equations are
nese Academy of Sciences.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.07.004
1674-7755 Ó 2018 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-
NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
H. Agrawal, A.K. Mishra / Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 11 (2019) 202e207 203
generated using field data, the effect of superimposition of waves is 3. Experimentation and analysis
not yet incorporated in the empirical equation.
In this paper, we try to incorporate the effect of interference/ 3.1. Methodology
superimposition of waves in the scaled distance regression analysis
equation to predict more precise result of PPV. The PPV values are recorded during single-hole blasting
conducted with a varying charge per delay at different distances.
The single-hole blasting will generate the vibration waves, where
2. Blast-induced ground vibration prediction using scaled no superimposition of vibration waves will occur. With the data
distance regression analysis of single-hole blasting conducted, regression is performed to find
out the scaled distance equation. After that, using the same
The most acceptable concept of vibration prediction is of scaled equation obtained with single-hole blasting data, the values of
distance given by the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) (Duvall PPV are predicted for production blasting. The predicted PPV
and Fogelson, 1962). It uses the amount of explosive energy in value is lower compared to actual production blasting value, as
shock and seismic waves, while considering the effects of distance the superimposition of vibration waves is not considered. The
(Siskind et al., 1980, 1994). The scaled distance is derived by actual PPV value recorded for production blasting was then
combining the distance between the source and measurement compared to predicted one using single-hole scaled distance
points, and the maximum charge per delay. This scaled distance is equation. The correlation obtained between the actual and pre-
defined as follows: dicted PPV values is used to find out the factor to be added to
minimize the errors occurring due to superimposition of vibra-
.pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
SD ¼ D Wd (1) tion waves. The correction factor found is then incorporated in
the final prediction equation for precise prediction of production
blasting PPV.
where SD is the scaled distance (m/kg0.5), D is the absolute distance
between the shot and the station (m), and Wd is the maximum
explosive charge per delay (kg).
The peak level of ground motion at any given point is inversely 3.2. Location of Gondudih opencast coal mine
proportional to the square of the distance from the shot point
(Siskind et al., 1980). The PPV is given by the following equation: The study site was an opencast coal mine, Gondudih in Kusunda
Area, Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), a subsidiary of Coal India
PPV ¼ KðSDÞn (2) Limited. The Gondudih opencast coal mine is located in eastern-
central part of Jharia Coalfield in Dhanbad District of Jharkhand,
where K and n are the site and geological constant factors, India. The satellite map of the mine is shown in Fig. 1. The global
respectively. The site factors are determined by a logarithmic plot of coordinates of mine are 23.796685 N latitude and 86.382011 E
PPV versus scaled distance. The straight-line best representing the longitude. In Jharia Coalfields, many of the mines are located near
data has a negative slope n, and an intercept K (Dowding, 1999). The the human habitat and other sensitive structures. There are situa-
concept behind the scaled distance regression analysis involves the tions often arising that there is a face-off between the mine man-
variation of PPV with scaled distance and constants K and n are agement and the local people. This often leads to losses as it stops
used depending on site-specific geological condition. Here, the the work of the mines. The precise methods for blast-induced
superimposition of waves is not at all considered. ground vibration prediction and control are required.
3.3. Geological condition of mine BlastwareÔ is a software for the Instantel Inc., Canada, vibration
monitoring instruments. It offers powerful, easy-to-use features for
The mine area is covered by various types of rocks belonging to event management, compliance reporting and advanced data
Barakar formation of Lower Gondwana group under a moderately analysis. This software is designed to perform several tasks to assist
thick cover of soil, alluvium and sandy soil. The major portion of the with monitoring operations. The software can be used to monitor
cluster is covered by alluvium and sandy soil of recent age, which and manage recorded events, remotely control monitors, as well as
ranges in thickness from 1.6 m to 1.8 m and occupies lower grounds. customize report content, language, frequency standard and others.
Metamorphic rocks cap the higher grounds, mainly in the northern It also can generate fast Fourier transform (FFT) to find out the
part of the block. The thickness of the top formation up to the dominant frequency wave out of recorded waves.
weathered mantle varies from 0 to 11.6 m made up of alluvium, Single-hole blasts were conducted with a varying charge per
sandy soil with consolidated weathered Barakar sandstone and is delay, and the vibrations were recorded at different distances using
underlain by the coal-bearing rocks of Barakar formation. Barakar Minimate Plus (Instantel Inc., Canada). Also, the vibrations were
formation, occurring below the soil covers, consists of sandstone, recorded at different distances for production blasting with varying
argillaceous sandstone, arenaceous shale, carbonaceous shale, gray blast design parameters and charge per delay. The single-hole
shale and coal seams. The mine is worked on fully hiring basis using blasting data collected are summarized in Table 1.
PC-dumper combination for removal of overburden (OB), extrac- Data of PPV recorded with single-hole blasting at different dis-
tion and transportation of coal (Fig. 2). tances with a varying charge per delay are then plotted on PPV
Blast-induced ground vibration was measured by three Mini- versus scaled distance curve to find out the single-hole scaled
mate Plus (Instantel Inc., Canada) vibration monitors. These in- distance (SHSD) regression equation (Fig. 4). The SHSD regression
struments are a microprocessor-based unit having triaxial equation is the result of vibrations obtained without any super-
transducers. The instrument records blast waves in three mutually imposition of vibration waves and with a very well-known charge
perpendicular directions, i.e. longitudinal, transversal and vertical per delay, which can be written as follows:
along with respective frequencies and particle velocities (Fig. 3).
The PPV value with its dominant frequency is obtained using
BlastwareÔ software. PPVSH ¼ 682:4ðSDÞ1:896 (3)
Table 1
Vibration data recorded for single-hole blasting at Gondudih mine, BCCL.
100
y = 682.4x-1.896
R² = 0.8253
10
PPV (mm/s)
1
1 10 100
Scaled distance (m/kg0.5)
0.1
Fig. 3. Recording of blast-induced ground vibration using Minimate Plus vibration Fig. 4. Plot between PPV recorded during single-hole blasting and its scaled distance
monitoring instrument. conducted at Gondudih, BCCL.
H. Agrawal, A.K. Mishra / Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 11 (2019) 202e207 205
Table 2
Blast design parameters for production blasting with predicted PPV using SHSD equation and actual PPV recorded.
Blast Number Hole Blast design parameters Maximum charge per Distance of Scaled distance PPV (mm/s)
No. of holes diameter delay (kg) monitoring (m) (m/kg0.5)
Depth of hole Burden Spacing Predicted Actual
(mm)
(m) (m) (m)
Eq. (3) is then further used to predict the PPV values for the In Fig. 5, a relation between predicted and actual PPV values is
production blasting. The PPV values obtained are lower than the found with the coefficient of determination equal to 0.932. The
actual ones which were expected due to no superimposition of modified PPV prediction equation in consideration of superimpo-
vibration waves of different holes (Table 2). The PPV values pre- sition of vibration waves can be written as
dicted by Eq. (3) are then plotted with actual PPV values recorded
for the blast at varying scaled distance (Fig. 5). PPV ¼ 1:3855PPVSH þ 0:5173 (4)
30
y = 1.3855x + 0.5173
100
25
R² = 0.932
y = 1018x-1.909
Actual PPV (mm/s)
20 R² = 0.8037
15 10
PPV (mm/s)
10
5 1
5 50
0 Scaled distance (m/kg0.5)
0 5 10 15 20
Predicted PPV (mm/s) 0.1
Fig. 5. Plot between predicted PPV values using Eq. (1) and actual values recorded at Fig. 6. Curve plotted between actual PPV and scaled distance recorded for production
Gondudih mine, BCCL. blasting.
206 H. Agrawal, A.K. Mishra / Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 11 (2019) 202e207
Table 3
The actual PPV values, and predicted PPV values using Eqs. (5) and (7). Error in this PPV ¼ KðSDÞn þ S (6)
table represents the difference between predicted and actual PPV values.
Blast Actual Predicted PPV (mm/s) Error (mm/s) where S is the superimposition factor of vibration waves (mm/s),
No. PPV which can be positive or negative depending upon the observed
Production Multi-hole Production Multi-hole
(mm/s) data at the mine site.
blasting, blasting, blasting, blasting,
Eq. (5) Eq. (7) Eq. (5) Eq. (7) Verification of results was done between the PPV values pre-
1 16.4 13.89 13.99 2.51 2.41
dicted using Eq. (5) and the conventional scaled distance regression
2 21.6 22.81 23.4 1.21 1.8 analysis. The vibration data recorded for production/multi-hole
3 3.909 5.34 5.01 1.43 1.1 blasting were plotted against the scaled distance, and the con-
4 13.26 16.92 17.18 3.66 3.92 ventional scaled distance regression equation is obtained (Fig. 6):
5 23.42 23.69 24.33 0.27 0.91
6 7.086 9.66 9.54 2.58 2.45
7 20.89 21.49 22 0.6 1.11 PPV ¼ 1018ðSDÞ1:909 (7)
8 8.378 6.74 6.48 1.63 1.9
9 3.048 2.18 1.72 0.86 1.33
Using Eq. (7), the PPV values are then predicted. The PPV values
10 10.92 6.51 6.23 4.41 4.69 predicted using Eqs. (5) and (7) are compared and the errors are
11 0.699 2.35 1.89 1.65 1.19 listed in Table 3.
12 9.652 6.74 6.48 2.91 3.17 To validate Eq. (5), three groups of multi-hole trial blasting were
13 6.668 4.92 4.57 1.74 2.09
conducted at the mine site and the blast-induced ground vibration,
14 3.112 4.76 4.4 1.64 1.29
15 3.556 4.51 4.14 0.95 0.58 i.e. PPV value, was recorded at different distances using three
16 1.778 2.79 2.35 1.02 0.57 Minimate plus (Instantel Inc., Canada) vibration monitors. Also, the
17 4.445 2.18 1.72 2.26 2.73 PPV is predicted using Eq. (5). The blast details along with recorded
18 2.413 2.13 1.66 0.29 0.75 and predicted PPV values are listed in Table 4.
19 1.016 2.35 1.89 1.33 0.87
20 3.302 2.56 2.11 0.74 1.19
21 6.35 4.92 4.57 1.43 1.78 4. Discussion
22 1.397 3.29 2.87 1.9 1.48
23 6.096 4.51 4.14 1.59 1.96 The errors between predicted PPV values obtained using Eqs. (5)
24 3.937 3.07 2.64 0.87 1.3
and (7) and actual PPV values have been plotted in Fig. 7. The PPV
25 4.191 3.49 3.08 0.7 1.11
26 10.85 10.92 10.86 0.07 0.01 values predicted using modified scaled distance regression analysis
27 25.53 22.81 23.4 2.72 2.13 (Eq. (5)) are found more precise with fewer errors from actual PPV
28 8.89 7.33 7.09 1.56 1.8 values than those predicted using scaled distance regression anal-
29 11.18 12.3 12.31 1.12 1.13 ysis (Eq. (7)). Also, the error calculated between PPV values pre-
30 8 7.33 7.09 0.67 0.91
31 8.255 7.83 7.62 0.42 0.64
dicted using Eq. (5) and actual PPV values is 1.59 mm/s, whereas the
32 2.081 3.73 3.33 1.65 1.25 error calculated between PPV values predicted using Eq. (7) and
33 1.963 2.97 2.54 1.01 0.58 actual PPV values is 1.73 mm/s. This implies that a significant
34 6.376 7.33 7.09 0.96 0.72 reduction in errors of about 8.5% occurs when using Eq. (5). Also,
35 1.842 2.38 1.92 0.54 0.08
Eq. (5) is validated by conducting three multi-hole trial blasts. The
36 2.667 3.29 2.87 0.63 0.21
37 1.397 1.74 1.26 0.34 0.14 PPV values predicted using Eq. (5) are found to be very close to the
38 2.032 2.48 2.03 0.45 0 actual PPV values recorded (Table 4).
39 1.016 3.31 2.89 2.3 1.88 The single-hole scaled distance equation (Eq. (3)) was obtained
with the accurate value of maximum charge per delay and PPV, as
there was no superposition of blast waves during single-hole
Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (4) yields the modified scaled dis- blasting. While, in multi-hole blasting due to spatial charge dis-
tance equation: tribution, time delay and superimposition of vibration waves, the
accurate maximum charge per delay value was unknown. The
single-hole scaled distance equation (Eq. (3)) and multi-hole scaled
PPV ¼ 945:46ðSDÞ1:896 þ 0:5173 (5)
distance equation (Eq. (5)) are empirically evaluated and a new
Hence, the general modified scaled distance equation can be factor called “superimposition factor (S)” is added in the modified
written as scaled distance approach (Eq. (6)). This superimposition factor (S)
Table 4
Blast design parameters for a testing blast with predicted PPV values using Eq. (5) and actual PPV values recorded.
Blast Number of Hole diameter Blast design parameters Maximum charge per Distance of Scaled distance PPV (mm/s)
No. holes (mm) delay (kg) monitoring (m) (m/kg0.5)
Depth of hole Burden Spacing Predicted Actual
(m) (m) (m)
10.00 Dowding CH. Blast vibration monitoring and control: a thirty year perspective. In:
Proceedings of the 37th US symposium on rock mechanics. Taylor & Francis;
1999. p. 45.
Duvall WI, Fogelson DE. Review of criteria for estimating damage to residences from
Modified SD SD blasting vibrations. Technical Report. US Department of the Interior, Bureau of
5.00 Mines; 1962.
PPV error (mm/s)
References
Prof. A.K. Mishra received his PhD degree in Mining En-
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energy dissipation in surface blasting. Arabian Journal of Geosciences Now, he works as Professor at Indian Institute of Tech-
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