A I'REFACE TO

Philosophy, Logic
&
Human Existence

EDITED BY:
WOGU, IKEDlNACHI A.
Co\Onanl Unhtrslty, Ota Nigtril.

Limited

lit
 0 WOGU, IKEDTNACHl A. ehl (2010)
DEDICATION

in-
Tolho gloryol God lho Fa-. lho ere.1or Of Hoa..n ond EaM ond 10 Hit
door Son Jesuo Cl>rilt who dold lholwe migN,.... lie
H4 Name c:onllnualy be l)nllsed f.,....r and ov«•. .Amon.

To my • - . -
lolly

WOII<J, Obi Metu, a groal lhlnl<e< ond a men of God

All rights reserved. No part of this publlcallon may be
reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any m•ans
w•lh~ut Jhe prior permission of lhe author and lh~
pubiLshers.
whopoid"'fwoylhnJu!:l!- ond cloolrediO- ma got 10 lho ~
o1 looming bul fof hie early (lepe~ura 10 be wfltllho lo«<.
.
To an wno make a consdous ell~ 10 think and ......, cril>cally and 10 al
who-lho-loloam.-.. ond - - l h o -. -...

ISBN 978-978-50060-0-1

Publiehed by:
PLJm4rk Nigeria Limited,
I eduo:ttlona! Publishers)
II 17J, Old lpaja Road,
l~ "'n.-·Orile Rui·Siup,
Agege, Lagos.
Td: 01·8173752; 080222J52JJ

•• •
 ol- 10-
--fOr- FOREWORD

-IOI'I**'IIlf,l.cgicandHIJnlnE.-Io OIWal ... _ . .

n hlghet - I I O N i i n - . , in Higorio.
Thoolmollllo_l_progratr'IMioto.,..,.._abroadof
k~ u opposed 10 ~ alknow~ lllol is onen lot.nd in
lnlellacl""l IC*Ialilalion. Consequently, The HUC haa roc:ommendod rt
u one of the luw courses Chat every Nigerian llnlvera.ity must administer
gonontl.
n -inll011onoln Nlgoria.,. baing

P~.PrineowiiAk>do
Dopa""""'' ol Philooopl1t
Lagoa Slate IJnMI"""f,
roc.lly. M
onlhis.-lhali-10•-••••"'"*-IOallhOOtwho,_IOI
- 1 0 - allogc. ·-~and J>lilotoiA•t

to theW students before graduation. La,gos.

This book oontlsll ola wide range ol investlgolionalniO baSic l$$ues in lho
IWghly 0 1 1 - diociplino o1 PhilOsophy. Slnoo lllo .-co acqulm wisdom
and~ In • • - ol hlman ..- - hu boon on lho lncl<!aso,
lhe , _ - . a!IM '"'tho.- and,_ allludy In lho field a1
phbophy 1 0 -10 be iilijMiod and ..... ,. ... 10 , _ ... rising
~ ol bof'l lb.ldlntl and h onlnllly I !llbd• -..,IS seelong t .
""....,...and - - . 1 0 ""idaoi61tal"' • "' ... and roeily i n -
COi . . . . . ."'Y_

Wilhoulwllloring lllo 1..-rds and quality ol """'-r otando"' - -

leXI oh«JJd conlllln, lhls text lias"""" groat allen at caprumg and dear1y
staltng Ilia lundamental building blocks lot lntoiiOduellom and lho po<ennial
quest for 11'U1h. I have no doubt in my mind whatsoever that the wealth ol
lnfonnalion contained In this lnlrO<kJCtory V<llume wilt be ollmmoi\SO help
10 thO ordlnaty lludenl who is seol<ing a oondoo toXI that wiO sl"1lllfy and

and_.
old hlo ot he< Inquiry Into this field o1 knowlodgo. To tho llludont o1 Philosophy
....
ond-~
lhOI ... hopojully dltify -""*"they-
lhoboalcwilreodily-. . .. . . . . . , . , . , _
10 soudy.

-olio--
llhllllo ~ ond

and toot .,.,lions

tho
sly4e"' ... boalc-- --.raging . .
anyone mal<*>g..., lorm "'-"'~'- ... - " ' SIUdy ... not lind~
dlf""* 10 undOistand and apply lhom 10 reol l i t - and~ I
allllo.....,..... allhe boalc thai""'--
i'lto 1evet1 MP81'8te MCtlons and some pans dl'vottd to some e._etclse
to old lllo students undoflllndlng 01 tho study Thasa
......, IOCllont am turlhat wtxiVided Into threo patti: Philcoophy, Logic
and Human E)(lttonoe to enable the student have ea.sy rtftrenot to
whattvor ooctlon or part of study they may wlon to ombortc upon,

1-
Tho w11ttr1 hive onwmdsus-lnte,.ot Of tho roadOI

""' u l o t t --llllorwiOftlin<l""""'......,.., wr•Jng

HI -IOihtboalcbocause lhallht . _ ... _ . , _
...
by--'"''"''
ot thO IIUbjocl moHOf. Tho bOOk can lhoteto,. bo read 10< ,....,. and ..
 PREFACE
Over lhe years, there has boon a miscooceptkln that most poop16 1ike
Ptdtosophy lllhey understand ilal\d that most pooplo understand It if it is
not prosent9d to them io an exhaustive prose. Well, In this text, wo strive
1h0v0alt to show how wrong this notion is. OUr wealth of e}ll)erience in the
loNO;hilg or the slbjeol indicates that the study and teachilg ot phllosoi>hy
un be mado so oncy and si~le to unde"itand whi!& not over si'nplllying
II
1tMro is also a miscxlnception that some people amn't just mbvod by tho
•1-A)joct. Worse still, we learnt that among those who aren't are a few who
~ta aeoo.lntolllgent, well Informed and reasonable and who g9f'lerally have
•nur.d Ideas about the WOfld, vote fot the right poopkl, and are ev&n wor1h
h•vlng as friends. Well, the truth is that such may be the case whete lhe
s!AJject is ptasen1ed without the Interest ot tho ordinary man on the street
11 noart. This text ~ore· In view of this error in the methOds of ptesenling
th4 olbject o1 philooophy-~oontriltJtlons from Olql(lrienced lecturer.~
wflO by the~ woalth of experience in the toaching or the subject or phllosoplly.
rigt¥ed out path-ways through which tho subjoct can be presenled 10 all
kind& and classes of people, a kind of pmsen.tatlon thai ofton loaves a
poefttvG and lasting lmptosskln on both the professional and the or'dinary
tnqultor. Against this mlsconcoptlon thorofare, this text strives lo $how that
ptlbophy can indeed be tor everyonG.
F(Om our pre:sentatiOI'l$ln this text, we do hope that every student who has
hlld an iltroductory """""' In philosophy will loam that philosophy Is mom
thAn an inconsequential mental flexing exercise. Philosophy contains
pow011ulldoas. and it affects Ule lives of real peop4e. Consequently, lt
n'IUilt be han.dled with due care. This text makes this point clear.
Sineo tho Nigerian University Corrvnlsslon, (NUC) has made il m<~ndatory
lor all students intending to acquir& any Cl9gree from any Nlgerian Unlverst<y
to oft'or •Phbophy, Logic and Human Existence'" as a requisite course tor
tht •ward 04 Bachelor's Degrees, there has boen an increasing need from
lludenl3 for a oomprehenslve text on the course. This book Is thofoforo
put 1ogetlww to meet tho ri!Wig need of fresh Unlversi1y atudeots who seeks
1 conolso lntrodUdlon to tho oour.10 In Philosophy. No do\rbt, the book will
tDNO as an introductory text lo philosophy major students as won.
I ho no<Hlto auooesalutly IICCI)(rC)Iish the laSt< ol compiling a 00fr4lrohensiw
t.ot lh•t moefl the NUC' specifocations at1d standards necessitated th4t
" ,._,wd vlriout enl!kfl from talented and experienced scholars from
,._ t1tn•••nl tntllhJtlont ol hlohor loarnlng. These contributors have
t rli
ptesented thert mauwials In such a sfmple, lucid and systematic way that
caters for every new comer in the field of philosophy.
The book Is spit Into seven sections. The first four sections explore both
the metaphysic:aJ and epistemological Ideas: of thinkers from ancient times
and even beyond the post modem era. In the tlflh see1ion. we expi01Gd
some major movoments and schools o1 though! il Philosophy. Among the
sc:Mols and movements oonsidered; Existentialism and Phenomenology
was closely discussed since tho study constitutes a major part of the text.
This section basiealy Jooused on t.h9 natum ofman and the essence ofhis
exlstonoe. One o1 the critical questions posed in this section Is. "Does
oxiotonoe procp essence"? In "the sixth S<ldl6n. we added a study 0<1
1\JrlcOil Philosophy where we explored the basic th"""'s and molhods ol
Atricatl philosophy with the view to discussing the methods and Ideas that
dlstlngulshed the African ma.n from his Western, Eastern or Asian
counterpart, the vary thing thai make hlml\lrican. the very aciMiy Ulal has
become his pJtllo-hy.
The seventh $eetiOn basically discussed the thlrd arm of the course "'Logic".
Here we e)(J)klred the various principles and laws of 'Critical Thin~g· and
Argumentative discuss with Ole view to empowering students with aJI the
princ:lptes and lews they need lo Ofdef their thinking and reasoning towards
IOtmlng sound and valid ldoos and opinions In their every day activity. This
bOOk no dolbt will go a long way In helping students and the O<dinory
reseatdler Ofder their thinking and reasoning for the purpose of.prodl.ldNG
wort<. We have no do\rbt that this book will also come in handy and very
usefUl to al those whO noads ~- We at this point, will weloome criticisms
and imputes that will help improve on the st~bsequent editions ol this Book.
Thank you.
Wogu, --~A. (I!<IJ"")
Co\lenant University, eta.
:
·---.......--..... -
::::::~bo oclu~
ACKNOWl.EDGEMENTS
..,.._..-
lor _ _ _ .,.,....,....,. _ _
c:ompilloon ond publicolion o1 !lid Bool<. 1am oa.lkng aboul
lhe creooor ol H.._, and Ear1h, my .-sling Father
: ::::~:~~~:r.;~ God. It is by His special grace that w& were able to
compiM this Book. W& shall continue to praise 8/ld oKan His
torevGf and ever... Amen.
montiOn mutl bo mado of my mentor and lather In the lofd, Bishop
()yodopo, whose falhefly presanco and sponiWI gul(lanco hastauglll
pr... on oow.,.,. tho marl< lor r.. pmo olll1o High calling In
Cluiol.lolay 111o lord conbnue .,..,._and orr-r hMn for tho
wmlhol ht ;a-.g lor 111o ...,.._ o l - all owrlhe world.
......., ...... olio bo . . - .. lha grMI ....... - tHellhe
~
-~my I'IOiqdllnlheorl olhlbrg.-ond ....live
n.. wm _ , h a w been ~ " ' - • not lor the poo
PtaYQCI"'
,my~lo First on the lisl ollhese lhlnkOfl loa gteatacadomlc
orudolo - · Prot Nkeony& Olakpor, 04 lhe groal Univ011ily ol
Ho WOI 1110 linl IO open my mind IO tho study Of Phlll>sophy and
HIS mothOd oltoad'llng was what ignited the kwo lor tho acquisition
wisdom and l<nowl<ldgo In my lifo. His book 'A Profocolo t.<>Qic' was
llllvnonso c:onttlbUim to the proWction of lhe aacllon on logic. Mention
m1de ot Dr. Utl)ma Ukagba, a 10nk>r lacturor in the
o1 Phiiooophy, Urworsity o1 Benin Tho " - Into"''' I have
E>nstontoalsrn and PIMN104r"' ooloQy lo as a mull ollha
o1 locturo -ed. Th<IS8 and mo<t my
and IUihtntir: human exrol8nee"
rile>""'"'·ollho Un...,."Y ol-.tho doal1y dopOI10d Prot Olusegun
Owclobl. Prot fr111a, A Dr. Ukpo4<olo, I.E. Dr. Aguiona. Dr.
El<onla. Or. Udofl, and Prot. BeiiO,A.Cl Th<Of sones olladum
rood d'"lng my postgraduate sludilo al the Unlve""Y was
Wlstrumental in &hap1ng my mlf'ld and 1hlnklng. May I add thai
book on Logic was also very instrumantal to Ihe publication
Book. 1em grotolulto you an. My lrlends and lectu"'rs et thO !Mivarsity
• Calobor, Prof A F. UWigwornan and Prol G.O. Ozumba, I must say,
- oliO vory vreot lnfluance in my , _ of lhlnkl"'l Thoor ~ on
...,....., .....
~""' to Ph~ and Logic-. o1oo very lnolrumoolalto the
~
l....,alsomak8-oloornt--lhadlrarn_o..,...
and ......... oulsidolhe.,.,.. ol NigoriL llould Y«y""""'1111-
oll'nll. _ _ _ andProl. ~Brudor;bolllol1111c--
Stllo Universil)', Chrco .• ._y ~· (Phli>solltry Th<l - ol - )
Tho port played by Prot Mamo Bergmonn ol Smilh College, Pn>1 ...,_
Moore ol Darmouth College and Prol. Jod< Nelson ol Temple UniYII111y In
their book (Tho logio !look) luOher broo-my mind and l.Wldortllllndlng
oi lhe principles oc toglc. GrHil reference was made 10 their work during
the course o1 the compilation ol lhls Book. Mention must also b9 madO
about a1 the assislanco wo gol fretn tho good pocple at Wlkipedia Froo
EncydopOOta, we are ln<IHd grateful lor all your contributions and 111o
pri\111eg8S wo g04 willie C<>f!'4l411ng lhil tOXL
Hel1l at Cownonll,Jno-.ily. 1111 c:ontrlbubons ol my Viet Chancollor and
- · Prot. Alze Oboyon c:amoo bo"""" orrcNsrzed. Her ~
end c1rtve tor e.xcelala r. aJ ,., f '•• iS has kepC me on my~ .nee
''*"" in c:onlad - hot Pn>1 K. Ol«>njor Ollhe cclogo ol ....,.,. and
tho-
-.!OIO!It (CST) """911 mo ..,.,.. 1111 muos ol pa-in Wflljng lor
,.-lions. 1n the.,... o l - 80C\dCy 1n W111111Jio< ~uons.
ol my ovc. Prot Chtr1ot OQIIUiogc, ollhe UngucsbC Oeporlmenl
come in very handy. To lhtao people ho"' at C<Minanl Un1Yei$IIY. I owo a
dtllll o4 gratituda. Monlion mull also be made o4 my past and PI"'""''
oludanta o1 (GST 211 & GST 311) and Philosophy at Co¥ilnMI Unlvor&lty,
vmose stim!Aatwlg discourte ond contributions during and oulaklo class
sessions nave always lgnitod now ldoas and wa.ys of teaching and mtddng
mora''"'
the study of 'Philosophy. lOgic and H...,., Elcl$tence' and on~
than- belore.lapp<-10 you all My systems analysis. Eng Olopode,
0omo1a o1 Adeks-'<~ v- and Mr. 0ot11o1 o. Jecobo for .. thtlr
IOCMcal - t o ll1o c:ompill- ollhis !b*. We.,.. grUful
Fonoly,lwanlll>-oowlodgooorno._ycbsolan-ilyrriOirlbocoand-
"""'hodalways_o_ol_ond__..,.~,ln
lhooo moments w11en1110y _,.., ocaraty Firsl on lhrs losllo my W11o Mrs
Wogu Kelecl1i lor hor patienoo and ll>ngsulferng. Sho had 10 got used to
not hovlng al or my attention whenever sht noadod them aa a """' ollhe
long hours spanl illha olflco. I groetly apprvclole )'Our undorstandlftg. My
lour months old daughiA>r, Pn,..ss Wogu Klllhryn Ezilhunayachlrn; I look
et hor and I seem to get moro atrength to Iorge ahead 1n my quest f()(
excollonco. 1&hall 011or ramail gratoM lo Ged Almigllly for giving her to
mo Her oominv Is in<leO<I vory IJrnOiy. Dr. CMa, E. for hor aupporl and
pat""""'· Dr. Chlnoyo LOY8 lor hot kind - dUring the prooou ol 111o
corrc>ialion ollhrs book- Mr Henry Oloodua, lor his regular - -
K"''I*Y and hos ~ lor "*' - D
and support. Tho par1 ..., my
 CONTENTS
pubiohet, Eldor- ~ T - (PI.wnetto) end Mrs Rashidol ()lpojl,
P'*''""' o1,.
the oy11em onllylll..,..,. pia~ 10 lor_,.,.,. the SECTlONA
boat eannol be ~ I om 1ndood gnat\.~ lot his lalhofty - · ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS AND THEJR
~ondp!Oin._....._
PHilOSOPHY WOGU, L A.

ol ... -

... wont 10
We--·
oar-
. .
In doN>g.lwoniiO- ........ ..,ticulalty- ..... """'.. ''"
,._by Pial. PtliCOoBAiozlo ol ~ SloMi Unlwnily as t h e -

Yo</'.
potlonce you""* 10 go lfvo<9i the-
ondlhoiWnllb)'OII\oo_On_ololtheconlli>ulcRollhloboat
2.
SECTlON 8
lME SOPHISTS. THE GOUlEN ERA Of' WISOOM &
THE MEOIAEVAL PERIOO Of' THE CHURCH FATHERS
OF FAITH ANO REASON IN
PHILOSOPHY. OSIIiiRI PETER 83-130

SECTION C
3. THE EARLY MODERN THINKERS AND THEIR
PHILOSOPHY OVIA, E 131·244

SECTION D
•. MOOERN AND CONTEMPORARY THINKERS AND
THEIR PHILOSOPHY BENEDICT liiCHEAL 245-311

SECTlONE
5. SOME SCHOOlS AND MOVEMENTS IN CONTEMPORARY
PHILOSOPHY AKOI.EOWD, V1CTOIIIA. 0. 317-410

SECTlONF
6. AN INTROOUCTION TOTHEMESANO METHODS IN
AFRICAN PHI.OSOPHY WOGIJ L A. 341-611

SECTIONG
7. AN INTROOUCTION TO LOGIC, CRITICAL THINKING
& ARGUMENTS IN PHILOSOPHY WOOU,I. A. 512-

8. PAST TESTS & REVIEW OUESTlONS -·

9. INDEX 12t-134

.rW
...
 ABOUT TME CONTRIBUTORS A GENERAL INTRODUCnON
1 WOGU, IKEOINACHI. A (WOGU, A. I.)
2. OVIA. EBW<ABERE
3 OSIMIRI, PETER ....FtOm liteIIICit'n!llnf ..nan"*' blgrM 10 • ~ a .. .-bal.C
,__no-...
he-
4 ll£HEDICT, MICHEAL the basic . .. ,. . . . Or I I Q d dllt Mtd tlillll"y, , . quest
S Al(OI.EOWO, VICTORIA. 0 .
bto_,.. _ _
1100(1. 2ll02.
WOGU, II<EDINACHI." •• Doclanltao- ..... prestigoaus I.WYer1lly
el . - . , N'90f'll,-. a ~Qsten' Dogree., Merapllyslcs.
Ho rU!W111y- Phlolcphy I t CoYOnanl~- he has-
..... lrliereslt In Contompatlll)' Elt>a, 1'11iloo«>hy of Scie<l<», Alricon
llotaphr.slcs, and LOQIC. ~ has wnnon and published articles in lh-
PMLOSOPHY:
1lle GraMs_,- 10-- lht llrlt 10 -
~ofll>8 - · .. _ o n d know1odgt T h o y - -
In lht sysiOmllic
-angaged In i11s 80IMiy as o PMo..,.., By lhlo lltough~ "1'1111c>oophy"
-•. lo lhem became 11\e concom, among ot'* things, o1 lundlmonlal q -
IUd'l as; vd'lll is the ultimata conslrlutnt of rtehty? How should we tv.. is thel"'
OVIA, EBIKABOERE oblaloo<la Ph. 0 In Envlronmen1al Phllosoplly lrom
• God. 11 God, why evil?
lie Unlva<slly of Logos. Nigeria. She has speciallnloresiS In Political
flhtto~phy, Environmental Ethics ana Contemporary Philosophy Whtt8 Horo 81CcwGIWlC Unfvetslty, thG S1Udy Ollho C:OUI'M"Philoaophy,logic & Human
the hns wnlfBfl•nd published papora. She currently teacl\os phlklsophy 01 txls:tenoe consist oC a Mde range of rtgoroua lnves11gtltion~ into basic and
Oownant Unlvcwaity. lundomental,_ln 1110 highly -mod dliCipllno o1 Philosophy, Logic and
lho Scllli'IC8 ol Human ExisiO<ICa Slnoo tho oludy of tHotophy conlO>ues 10

lnl-.. "'"
OltMIRI, PETER 11 currently a Ooclorll candodato aJ 1he \ln'-'ily of
....,.., N1g0na - . 1141 aloo oblalned a Masters' Degree in Political
-lnll>asa~-. woln lhlo l tucl't, lhllbo-. noiJUSI
IOihoAncOenlphiosophers, bulaloo IOthoooollhooonl..,..,ary....._rnl
~ ~ has opocial
" " ' rnl Meraphyllca.-
Itt ...,.,..,-~

-DICT MICMEAI. Ia a Doclontl -te

he has o l s o -

. . . . h e a l o o - a - .· Dogroeln -~. ~
..-..ov-
and.,._,.,.,-
In Boo-ethics, Political Philooq!hy.

IINYerUy of LDgoo.

aJ 1he ~ol­

l'lloloocl>hYIIe.n..Siole~- he h a s -
-
~eswitl!lheviewiO""'*--IionoiOiho- and problemS
lt"'''hlw_...,., _ _ _ IO_tumane>d-heteon

LOGIC:
'llwocionce and~ 10--...,-; ..,
_,10-vm _ _ .,., ____ .....Tho
Drocty. isauseutoa11n . . diodl*>eol- rn~ ..... - _
goocllrom bod argo.menls

.... -
~~
In WMt"" "'**'Pfry, Ejllolomology, Elhics and Palt.cll
.... """""and pullliohod articles In-.,...
olinterelll. • not. i s - · ol
_ , doel..t wont bo, lhen
wcdd c1w1gers lhlt wo
-10
cn.aal " ' -· " " " ' - .,.
,......IIVlYa
lhom ., 1ho)'
be ...

~IOWO, VICTORIA. 0. Ia a Doclotal Clnddate allhe UnM!roity ol
..... Silo obtained htr Maater'o Oogree lrom lhe Universlly of L.ogoo.
... currtnlly laachoo phlloeophy at the Oomlnlcan lnsllluta S....lnary
~ She hao epoclallncoreat In the areas o4 Buoln8$S Ethics and
looiopoiiUCIIthoughll where ohe has wrillan and piiJlished eome anlclos
In repuled joumalt.
,,,
- l l y nlhe buoNss oii)OIIU8dlng -•lhlougll ...- a<QU,.,..,..
• '*' tn011 vaJuatH and lmportarM 1001. No CIOUbC, wt all 818 tnlided to our
- bullhal does not moon ll>al oplnlonl o,.oqulllyroaoonal>le. ThereiOra,
• - muot be a101a1and ouoceallul doptt~ura lrom Form 10 Ski/~ LogaUom
II ltMIIIIn, Point• to FIICt" From Mlllhfm•tlcl to L.ll..mtlhlc., a tlgorous
IIUrtell'lloglo becomes vary HMnt!allor any Covenant University students
end k'ldHd every student seeldng tor the ptlnclpl" lew acquiMQ thOrough
_,od;o. This I bellove explains why lho NUC hu mode tha teaching of
Wp: ond Phlo"""*'y in all Nlgtrian Univorll~oo compullory lor ovory ctudanL
 ( ;, /ld(jl/ '"""''"' /11~1

our loind at &~LIU, 10 "-h'f nol CQI'IIPtJI...-t.? I~ 11 because oomplllers.dOfl'l ha\le a

IOUI., Or •II b«auSG they 11rern all\>87 WNl does it meat\ to be ahe l!l'lyw,ty?
AD of llwlo ,........,. aN pllilolo!llllca _..,...., :he task of analyzrnQ ond
ttytng to •"'"'"' theSe questlont hll'le bte:Ome ltle eack.asive la$k aM
MCIO' eit*t)' of . . pliiOiiOC:t*

p, The Outeto. of Phlc • ; t.y

....,pi 3
f'Jin QUMiiOOic:on:«nnorml ~ quMt.ona . . . about
lhe valle f/JWiltllliiQ V.1wn M daCidO 1hii1Wi6liiiiQ tSgoodOI bid. tV'lt Of
..ong. -~~~~ "' IJ!h . ...... OllPY'<10 .... """"" "' - <*<\ ....
pt~ ask quet.t10n1 aboUt whl1 eeern so obvioUs thai .,.. ITI!ght not
wondM llbOulthem ·IOJ Pamtde n. nat~.re e>l change, wt'lat l5 c:.hlrqt? ,, •
ob't'iou:s wt\111 dwnoti:s If .c)m(lfl'klg cN:nget •I DeQOmeS dlrf$1tnl U'Mt have
a g.lfgrenl thing. thOn nrenl w. c:on$rittnng two ttungs? Tha ollQINM 11llng end
~~ t new ar"'d diti'~>!Hfll1t•ntJ? ShOfJici'll wo lhttratOte t.tnc11y SpPakmg, oot uv
lnet s~th•no ch ~n~rl Put ral'lnt 1hat11 was ttJplaced"
~ poople's behaviour
Polhitps theM qutttlona r.o•om to be quMtlOns ol nomenclatuut ot semantiCS at lu•ht''"''· iht plliiOtos>hor la more
and ot no pMcdc~tlltJiot~t A••t D\lot' the c.eusa of D hlolime we discover tMt II M:""'o ho tAtiOMI Thoyalaoseek
evory lndl\ll(lu~tl w•l .,ttome pou•' h.'"" cause to o"ef somo sort of responu to • h._. All th11 kW'IIl of • ludy I• tleuated In

-·
lhl$9 qu.llinnt lh.1lll!o throW' atthom Y011r· pre\lious exposuteiD lhis tSIUIS y,· II .,...h IJMICII'v 11 tht • tudy ol lhe pnnc~les
doliHm•n• l'lo* *tit' )'QfJ •tiJ perform when l:he OCC8$0n artse. ulld hom lrCOO"OCI r•tton•ng or .-rgumtnts
fht ltSI ~ wUI eutttnlfy dv• 'IOU ao I,Jca oll5a'TII'.' of thl ~$ ph•l~1'1
. .. cumoni!Y.,..,:g.ong ..- _ . , _ "--odge o f - - and lhev lpiOiic;
• Ettielliuue'J h 'tllrioul P':' I I~ Imedlc:::ll"'e. Businn4. law t'SC.} • .. a 1,..., on 1M olhW IJwld-... N
q..-.t10n. wt'll!lt • knowledge?
!Nh~ ...._ c.n ... know..,.. ;oc:wd•'IO IIIINt Ot not we?
• CompJiof-'-'0$ AltfdolilloAgoooce. -~
~ truth? Or .,. al c:pnoM tMM? FUI'Idlfnetttll quntion:s.
wheC'*' Of nor "'*"*"'can tNni<: Of hirte CctdCIOu$lle9L
...... ond -cl"--odgo .... _ ....... ..., ... abjodMty
• AarlondtyancS ... ~
, . ._ . ,., lNI boliN. M~ h c:onotmtd N fleofy ol kiMJwts S]tOf
5- alif1*::1!K.IniOIIUdallld'l:uk:ifit(AbOrber\ ~
•
·~ 0' Mediul...-.rch. . . . rJomedconsentJ
R91' In.,.. tnnct.of pi........Jfw.CII, £p~aa••dogJ

• Fen imt tnuu. llf:TAPHYSICS

• ... llcttll .net eocnornlC f!,mlce, poliCies lha1 de1et'mine d!!>1ribf.lti0n or
~!M)Urcat, 1:.qual.!ty o1 ~·'•M. Human RightS
• lru1h •nd "*"'Wf'IQ '" ~them&l..el and lormakzld Umguage
• Sk&Ptlc:llm and AeiatMam In kn~e and moriils
• Wh111t to tlft 1 C)o,son. 1h& rlght5 atx:l obtigations or porsonJ
• ls.sue•ln tlltlory and phllo&Ophy ol Soence e.t c
~~~ atudoes the uttu'l\lte oon.t~tutnll ot rMIIty wch •• atoms and
lu.f! on h mhef haiW:I thl p."'ooiiOiiipp• w.ot •k. the quutiOn "ts pt:y,s.ce~
lhcn ilf'? .-a \\t'IIO I~ Nvi'Obi01<91' ttudifl lhti aCIMty o1 rhe b~n
iioo "'"'"'"""" '"" ask., ·A•o al "*"'*'ovtonll ,..lly bnun o...maf Or e !he .,...,.;
"''• from tho bOc't(f Moltal)hyu:alllhlt 11 ... Of phik)sophy lhall9 coo-comod
"" 1t1co lhl'ldttmenlal qutJGtlon ebOcA tho naruro ot 1o1111ty,
4 l'tii~OSOI'HYOF REUGICIN,

•· Whit PhllotopMrt Sludy
M111'tY' ~pll ruwn no ldl1 *h·•l phdo5ophy tt all about. The term tar som4
pctopl• ol'h n COiliurM up the !mage of a \Iague. lu.tty realm ol lnoduclblv
-.bjet.Uw opr11on Acanvnon quesr on I' 'wl'lal do philosophetlstucty7 No Of'll
10
Wt'r*r lN tlflrooomer stud• tho ht1V9nly boclll Md lho atany aides and tho
._.. 1h41t ga.oem All the:tQ hoa'I'Only bOdiot, N ~ 1e mont concerned
"Mih U• I~ k.if'ld oC quaeiXlnl I' tht txlltenee 1nd f\IIUtt of lhe uri\lerse
Mil t •pllli'WIIory or does It 1-..c:len t)IZ)IIneb01'11 Ot dON It need • ciYine creator
II
tna~lles out:slclo It? Al$0 lhe phitosqlher often ask. ts !herO tll'ly ratione~ way or ,..., .. _ . , . . , . _......................... 1he p -Yalutolphilosoploy',...
beliiJving in 1 good,., •• powerUGod whopennits the~ deSir'uttkln$ - .. lio8l clarify ... - end quaslkon ..........,lion~ in ....
of turri::anOs and lht sufJortng ollnnocenl chldren? Or is lho ovidonee ol an question. Whllt do8ll il._.n for aomll:hh$ to be~ A good answer
undesetYod sutforit\9 GOd, an argumenl againsl wch a God? n.se sort of
~--God'stlds-.... ..-..clevilandlho_bo_
~ bo1hlol """'"'*' * m;g~I'-P- N. Is o n - end eflsdMo """"''
for~ a goal Hyourgool is kOioamyourftMclo.ocabullooy-for aiOOI,
-and roason-lelhO.,..ofpNiosophyknownasphi~cl~
.. EniCS
Tho •nthropologisl we are told Sb.dos lho moral code of various sociaties whit
lhalyou .... -~lhedly.!M-WOMI1. ,.pl.._,f........,.,
a~ (oflldont lind «~ec~No) WWf 110 do this is 10 'Mia tle\lfiiiOf'ds on
nola ccwds

WNII goel, do we have In mhi To answer this question we need to know wf'tal
\106Ci~ 19 bolh lheif similarilios •nd dnernnces. but does not decide which ot'fO
.. the best. But onlle Ollhet hand, 1he phllosopherwil ask ttw question, &1'8 lhefe
gools. .... " ' - ... """Y ......... In life In-.. ,_,,.-
plllosophjlsorlsnotopracli::al....,claci'Ooovinglham.Bynowwe--
fNIIy any objecliwty corroct ol:hiell va..es? or are they aD r*tiw? Which elhital n>alimd """ .. - _ , lheSalssu. . "' ...... plllosopllically. Ironically, .,
~le il any, bamsthecorrGCtono? How do we decide what is right or wrong?. a$k wt'lei'ler or not philosophy Is a useU actMiy you must haYG m.de ICJfM
Those qoos1ions and such moro bt lalls an thts class •re located wfthin lhe ..-..~ ~about-llsJorcoortaNin 61e_ln _ _,_
aonflnes ol ethics. on like any- disciplna, a paoson ....- c:riticko phllooopl1y wllhoo1 ha~
.. POIJTlCALPI«..SSPHY, flrst ..._.. In l)hllooopliy.
While palbl..:lonliols $1Udywriouslotms of~ lhe phiiOOOphef"" In adcllion 10 the abcwe argumen1 thai philosophy is ineseapabM, lhet'e are O\IOC\
1111<. "WhalmakoSafi'MI"',.,.Iegilimale"?Whallsjuslco?What.,.lhelrTits .,.. - poinlol>olcon bO ,_.., ceooioglhe.....,clsaodjloog"'*-'~
cfll'""""''"''"'au1hority?ll.-jinglhelawsofaSialeiiYOfmo<alyju$1110id'1
M auch quesliotls i"' phiooophy ere the~ concem of 1helxanct1 of plliwopttt -
-ha -Philooophicol_has_liodlour ----
• .-pi-(1}-SoMng,(2). Cornrnu-~.(3).
oolied Poi1icall'lolooo!>hY. . , . . _ - a n d (4). Wrilng- QMousiy 1haoe wo ..... 1hol '"'
lAII me also noeo thai lhOfO ero also olher specific cisciplines of ptlllosopt\V U'la.t '"""'"'"'lnsny~aswelasanyhlghlowl..,._.lnlad-­
f'Wie Mel Iackie $OMit other tundlmen&al issues WI philosophy, they inctuOo: ._.Osdly,_,lhol_,.._.._.,._.,dobOnet111n-
~ of 111 (_,Its), Jll*>sophy c1 e<b:am, phi-y of htslary, In .O•Iis$c:M• 1as1 for taw schoots. naieaf school. and ~te ptOSJW'I"lS In
p~-.pt>yclllooguage,.........,,yoflaw,plilooqlhyofmalhomallcs,l)hllooopliy
II ps>jdicology, pliiiOsOI)hy of sdenoe and so on.

od. --··oc:oofUoeSiudyciPhlloecopby
1'1~ and phlloool)hy sludenls aro fnoquonly asl<od the -"""· "Whal
1o lhe poacOicaJ Yalutol philosq)h'l"? This quaslkon se«ns to bo aasiAw to a.....,.
In.....,...•n
.,olhet~ne. The SIUdyof compulef-....fo<...,.noo Olf1U'oly
...alyticoloouonlrog,.-IOOdingond- wri1ing
... --~- _ _ y...
~ ....... --cl-lhalhasfooma-oolelnlhe
~- ..
-.-c..---
busNa ~ Ju$t 10 monllon bul a few. Furtler f'l'IOf8 in an etCIJitrOm'f

_..._....,analysis
'""' Is booed oo 1ha .............., end onatys;s of lnfoomollon, lhe ..,. of

IMdl 110 endless prw:lcal epplicalion. nol kl mention career possiblilie$.

lloklglcal teMM:t~ can Pf'C)dUice new ones for the diseases lhat ptaguos us,
- lhelogloal and~- ... -
1houglil of . . . dull. .....,.....,., logjc chopping _
philooophy"""""'""' ..
...._TNo is - ...
~loam,_.,_ bolletbtlclgnandfi"'dUce"""""""' irwoo11on$. tosloty ofptolcoool)hy 1o 1ho story olmen end _ , - soaring lmagO>alicns
P'oyotoologiol ..._, us-- - onx1e1y and - onaladios. eutwnatdOOo
~do?
- - - -.. -~-- ...- " " ' "....... _Ntsleftby
Wt mul'ldllne ~tot greniOd ~ No~ phiosaptlefshew ~
Aoo•""•I'OI"'Yof Soc<aleo.lhe -J)IIoywi91tJ\rislopllares-aplaylilkod us • new lanse& lor kloking 11 N wOftCI. uQd quosUons hi no one else
"'l1o Cloo<ls" in wl1iclo lhe actor, poooontlng Soc-. defiwoed tis spooch while ~ ao ask, :f• ,.,_. CreetiYe enswers to age old questions end WCMJn new
_.-loan lhe clouds in a beol<et. Fot many people, ll'is. . _ l)plliod 1ha
,.._,.,.._soonaonawhodOOonothiM>hlsorhot,..,anfhegoound. Piilosophy
career. lle ..- """"""" -
"'""""in
.........,. .,. of f i l e - cltunan - - Whllol)hlloooploy con giYa you
pnodlcolldlls thlt can bO""""""., a wide noroga schools and In jOUf
.. ~ l)hllooopliy Is lhe " ' - l can
II - lhOUghl based an opOionol eniOiprisa, a - enJd1o hobby for 1he
~-orllesociolly-. Somooneonoo doliMd lhC ptlooophot moko in your growth . . .- - - f h e _ . . . , abaulfhe praclical ....... cl
• -..--tho,,,.._ 12
and pnMOS""' obYious." plllosophy- ,_bO-as 'What can 101-.phy
I)
ma"?do.....,