High Penetration of Electric Vehicles

( EVs) Could Change the Residential

Power System
Table of contents
• Main Objectives
• Specific Objectives
• Residential grids operation in grid-tied and stand-alone mode, basics concepts of autonomy, power quality,
and residential loads. Fundamentals of DC and AC residential nanogrids.
• Electric Vehicle (EVs) market present and future. EVs as intrinsic DC load . Implication of a large deployment
of EVs for the power systems at large, and particularly the residential power system.
• Description of the state-of-the-art of Electric Vehicle chargers, OBC (On Board Charger), battery pack, power,
voltage, and projection of this technology into the future.
• Inverter's fundamentals .Energy exchange in the residential nanogrids and dependences by the connection AC
or DC.
• Residential DC fast charger as backbone of the DC nanogrid.
• Topologies of inverters for OBC, and AC and DC chargers.
• Migration scenarios from AC residential to DC residential grid.
• Summary
Main Objectives

• Explore the possibilities that public DC fast charging systems will

not be enough to satisfy the future demand for a convenient
network of EV charging stations.

• Understand that the unmet demand for EV charging stations

creates the need and opportunity for a residential DC fast charger
that has the potential to become the enabling block for DC
residential systems.
Specific Objectives
1. Explain residential power systems operation; grid-tied and stand alone (including nanogrid), and discuss
the concepts of autonomy, power quality, and residential loads.
2. Explain the fundamentals of DC and AC residential grids.
3. Understand residential load classification based in their fundamental operation AC or DC.
4. Understand how high market penetration of EVs (DC Load) could affect power systems at large, and
particularly the residential power system.
5. Learn the state-of-the-art of Electric Vehicle Characteristics:
• OBC (On Board Charger) power,
• Battery pack (energy , voltage), and
• Range

6. Understand Inverter's fundamentals. Learn how energy exchange generated by renewable sources has intrinsic
losses depending AC or DC connections.
7. Explain how the DC fast charger connected to the AC grid can be the driver for the DC residential grid
• DC Charger Architecture for Home Energy Management (residential Fast Charger as backbone of the DC nanogrid)

8. Learning topologies of inverters for OBC, and AC / DC chargers.

9. Explain different scenarios of migration from AC residential to DC residential grid.
RESIDENTIAL POWER SYSTEMS
OPERATION:
GRID-TIED AND STAND ALONE
Explain the fundamentals of DC and AC residential

5
Brief Explanation of Residential Power Systems Operation
Grid-Tied System Stand alone System
Tariff
• Zero export Power
• Peak demand
Grid-Tied Quality Flicker
• Sell/Buy price Transfer
• Frequency Back-up Sag
Switch
• Voltage Islanding Swell
Reliability
Fast
P Low
o P Independence cost Power PG= Pl oad
w o • Load Control
e w Criticality Stability
r e • Load sink
Solar Autonomy: Volt. Freq.
r Germany 60% • Load Droop
USA 100% shedding
Control
Fixed voltage and Load
frequency Generation

6
 DC and AC residential coupling: Solar and Energy Storage
DC residential AC Residential
Bi-directional
Most deployed at present time
DC AC
AC
G
DC G
AC R DC AC R
PV panel Inverter I
PV panel Inverter I
Bi-directional D Bi-directional
D
DC AC

DC DC
Inverter
Batteries Batteries

7
DC Residential System: New Paradigm
Bi-directional

AC

DC
G
DC
R
Wind

DC 380V
DC
Inverter I
DC
D
DC

PV pannel
Bi-directional Generator
DC
DC
DC 380V
DC DC
DC
DC
Batteries DC
DC
Bi-directional

DC
DC

DC
E or H car

8
AC Residential System with Nanogrid
Energy Grid
Renewable Generators Generators Storage @

~
Solar Wind
Diesel Master
Controller
Gas
Stirling

Transfer
DC
AC switch Control
 Droop Control
 Voltages and Frequency

Dryer TV
Washer Water
Com puter Range A/C Lighting
Heater Unit
Residential Load Fridge

9
RESIDENTIAL POWER SYSTEM LOADS

Modern residential load classification based in their fundamental

operation AC or DC

10
Residential type of appliances (load classification)

Central
Controller @
Inverter
DC charger
Energy storage

TV Microw ave
Range Dryer Washer Dish
Lighting Com puter
Washer Fridge A/C
Water
Unit
Heater

Electronics Resistive Motor

11
Residential Motor and Electronic Load (AC or DC)

Rectifier DC Link Cap Inverter

PFC AC Motor

240V Compressor
60Hz ~ C1 Motor
380V
0.5-4 KW
1 2

DC Charger TV
120 V
Computer

~ Rectificatication
PFC
DC DC

12
IMPACT OF HIGH PENETRATION OF
ELECTRIC VEHICLES

DC public chargers will not be enough

13
 High Market Penetration of EVs (DC Load)
Charging Modes
Electric Vehicle Sales US Forcast
Alternate Current (AC)
3500000 20%
18%
OBC* Charging (80 A,240V)
3000000
16%
2500000 14%
12%
2000000 Direct Current (DC)
10%
1500000 8%
Fast Charging
1000000 6%
4%
500000
2%
OBC* Limitations
0 0%
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 • Size
EV % Total Market • Weight
EVadoction.com • Price
In 2025, from S&P Global: 7 million 25% of Market
*OBC: On Board (inside the vehicle) Charger

14
State of the-Art of EVs (OBC power, Battery pack, Range)
Present Electric Vehicles Characteristics

DC Voltages
• 320 - 400 VDC
Energy and Range
• Up to 100 kWh 300 miles
Charging Time using the OBC
For largest OBC 11.5 kW
100 kWh 8 hours
200 kWh 16 hours
300 kWh 24 hours

Need of More Powerful Chargers

15
RESIDENTIAL POWER SYSTEMS
ENERGY EXCHANGE
Understanding Inverters, Renewables, and Energy Exchange
DC fast charger connected to AC grid as driver for the DC residential grid

16
Battery/solar
DC to AC
Storage/ Source Converter Power Conversion
@  DC source or storage
DC LINK
 DC/DC converter
Inverter
+ DC Filter Transf ormer
Grid
 DC link “Buffer”
 Inverter ( DC/AC)
-
DC ~  Filter
 Transformer

17
 AC Energy Exchange: Process Explained
Grid
1 Power converter ( DC/AC) DC
bidirectional Energy
Storage
~ Solar
DC
2 Power converter ( DC/AC)
11
unidirectional DC
DC 22
3 Power converter ( AC/DC) Heat AC Heat
AC Heat
unidirectional

AC Up to
50 kW
Heat
Note: Heat
AC converter in 1 and 2 33 DC

produce unnecessary losses DC

in the energy exchange
EV

18
How to reduce the losses during the energy exchange?
DC
Energy
Storage ~ Grid Solar
DC Energy
Storage ~ Grid Solar

D D
1 C
D
C
D

A
C 2 C
A A
C A
C C
C
DC BUS DC BUS

A Note:
C
3 1
1) Elimination of AC converters in 1 and 22 D
C
D 2) Pushing the AC of the DC charger to
C the AC side, and
3) Creating an internal DC BUS for energy E
DC exchange. DC V
EV

19
DC charger connected to AC grid as driver for the DC grid
Residential DC Fast Charger as Backbone of theGridDC Nanogrid
Using the AC converter in 1 1 DC Energy
Storage ~ Solar

• eliminates the need for

split transformer, and
• allows efficient A D
D
connection to any AC C C
C
load or source (grid- 1
tied) A
DC BUS C
DC BUS

Color indicates origin

D
of the Energy D
C
Solar C
Energy storage
Grid E
V

D
C
20
DC Charger Architecture for Home Energy Management

14 1. Power grid AC
@ 13 DC Bus 10 2. AC Switch/breaker
DC DC
3. AC residential 240/120V
Solar
AC 9 4. Core of Bidirectional DC Charger
240 V 4 5. Split (240/120) Bi-directional inverter
1 2
5 Inverter DC DC 8 6. Internal DC-BUS 360-420V
EV
7. Isolated DC/DC converter
~
Bi-directional
240/120V 7
8. EV
AC 3
DC DC 9. Additional DC/DC converter
Residential Energy
240/120 V
10. Solar panel
6 9 Storage 11
Ground 11. Energy storage
Residential DC Residential 12. DC residential load
DC DC Grid load
DC 13. DC Charger-Energy management (main)
AC 12
Bus 9 14. Wireless and internet connection
Residential DC DC
Load (400V) DC DC 9
240/120 V 9
Ground Isolated or not if needed
RESIDENTIAL POWER SYSTEM

Inverter Topologies for OBC, and AC / DC chargers

22
 AC / DC Charger Topologies
AC / DC Charger EV
240 V

Rectificatication DC DC
~ PFC

Traditionally unidirectional DC charger with rectification

1 2 DC/DC
1. Rectification unit with PFC
(power factor correction)
AC 240 V 2. DC/DC isolated converter
DC
EV Chargers Isolation with Wide Band Devices (WBD)
Hard switching

DC/DC WBD
(wide band devices)
Soft switching
 Bi- directional DC charger with split 240/120 transformer
240/120 V
1 2
Split DC/DC
3

120 V
120 V

1. Bi-directional inverter with PFC

2. DC/DC isolated converter
3. Transformer to deliver 240/120V
AC / DC Transformerless inverter (240/120) residential charger

400VDC

DC/DC
240VAC EV

120VAC
DC
120VAC

26
RESIDENTIAL POWER SYSTEM

Possible scenarios for Migration from AC to DC residential grid

27
How DC Fast Charger could drive the DC residential nanogrid?
~
PV pannel
Battery
EV
Storage
240/120

25 kW D
15 kW
15 kW
AC DC
15 kW DC

DC DC
DC DC DC
DC DC DC
DC

360-400V 10 kW 3-6 kW 8.4 kW 5 kW

DC

DC

DC
DC

DC DC
48V DC
DC
DC AC

Microw ave
TV Range Water A/C Dryer Washer
Lighting Com puter Heater Unit
Fridge

28
Scenarios 1 and 2 for migration to DC residential

1 2
 Scenarios 3 and 4 for migration to DC residential
and 4
DC charger
DC Inverter
DC
DC <50kw G
PV pannel DC R
AC I
DC AC
DC
DC D
240/120V
DC DC
DC ~380V

Batteries
Lighting 48V
DC
DC E or H car
DC
Bi-directional AC

A/C
Unit

3 4

30
Summary
• We discussed how high penetration of EVs will stress PS (Power Systems) in general and
focused on the residential system.
• We described grid tied and stand along residential systems and how the grid tied
system increases the reliability and power quality in residential systems.
• We provided the fundamental characteristics for DC and AC residential systems and
provided a classification for the residential loads.
• Residential loads were classified by how they are powered. The main topologies of
loads were described including power factor correction circuits (PFC) necessary for AC
systems.
• We described the types of chargers for EVs: AC , DC and OBC, and their topologies.
• Finally, we showed how the DC fast charger can become the energy central controller
at home.
QUESTIONS?

32
Presenter Bio
Antonio Ginart
Sr. Director of technology @ Enteligent
Antonio Ginart received his B.Sc. and MSc in EE from Simon Bolivar University
in 1986 and 1991, respectively, and his Ph.D. from Georgia Tech in 2001. He
served as faculty at Simon Bolivar University for over 10 years. He was principal
and founder of Intelligent Automation Systems, later acquired by Sikorsky
Innovations where he became Senior Lead engineer developing dynamic
degradation models and methods for power devices, and fault tolerant
techniques for extended operation of power controllers in modern power
systems. At SolarMax and later at Sonnen, as Principal Engineer, he developed
solar inverters and battery storage systems with innovative topologies and
controls aimed to delivering reliable and economical solar energy to the smart
grid. At Smart Wires, he served as main designer on the development of power
electronics-based solutions towards a more efficient and reliable power grid.
Currently, he is Senior Director of technology at Enteligent, where he is leading
R&D for novel residential systems, protections, and their efficient integration
with solar and energy storage. Dr. Ginart is a senior member of the IEEE and
Affiliate Faculty Member in the College of Engineering at the University of
Georgia. He also has acted as principal investigator on several NASA/DOD SBIR
grants. His research has led to more than 100 peer review publications and
patents.
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