—— Reading i human Read the list of factors that influence - A Rea ars Which factor(s) can you change? Which factoris) do you have no control over? + genetics ‘© thoughts and feelings | ‘s the physical environment | + interaction with other individuals | «interaction within and between groups Nee ne eens boa, SS Unbeknown to Phineas Gage, a terible brain injury that he sustained in 1848 contributed tothe history of neuroscience and psychology. His miraculous survival, and the effects of the injury upon his character, made Gage an important case study for scientists concerned withthe brain and human behaviour. At the time of the accident, 25-year-old Gage was working as a foreman on the construction ofa railroad in Vermont, USA. In those days, dynamite was often used to blast away rock and clear 2 path forthe railway. One day, Gage was using a long ion rod to Compact explosives into a hole in the rock. Upon hitting the rock, the iton rod produced a spark that ignited the explosives. The subsequent blast propelled the rod through Gage's left cheek, tore through his brain and exited through the top of his skull, landing some ten metres away. Fearing the worst, hs family made funeral arrangements. Against all odds, however, after initaly slipping into a semicomatose state, Gage recovered, physically atleast. Mentally though, his injury appeared to have produced a dramatic change in his Detsonality. From being well-liked and successful, he became rude, ‘aggressive and socially inappropriate. According to his friends and acquaintances, he was no longer himself. Although he lost his portion a5 foreman, he managed to ld down other obs, but Hed weve ers tet follwing a series of epileptic seizures. 'odern psychology his condition is known as post-traumatic 2c disinhibition acquired as a result of the damage to the frontal a sa oma know that this part ofthe brain is ea eet ° rand home to our personality. itis involved in a whole | ange of high-level cognitive functi tage of igh eve ions, such as decision-making, Understand 9 "aPPOpate behaviour social interaction, oth nineteenth conten eeoPle and sel- awareness, However, in the _ Connections, Gage entists were struggling to understand these age’ injut u link beeen bran vale seaetted the fist sold evidence for a at Personality change, mah ach Still being conducted into his condition and the Skull ard the ocU xis heat feel satisfied with their life and 1° eco Young people high in these qu on to be developing positively @" b is whic Equally important to researc co determinants earlier in life helP gulls these strengths and thrive a§ 9° gata ia answer this, they looked back F ded Wi people and their families he@ Prey fu" nied tere children and adolescent nine oe young people who thrived 18 "nave Ais yours Tnood and adolescence 1 elt sh strong family relationsIPS ent 0 with their peers, better 427) oa Better control over thelr Cr crud 4 community involvemen™ 1 all of these experiencr® © people to flourish a 69 ute The findings are an invalUA ogre developing intervention’, reduce risks and als0 $e assist optimal develoP ot a thatD Read the Exam Close-up. Then look at the Exam Task below and read the options for each question. E Now complete the Exam Task. Exam Task Read the two Passages from a scientific journal, then answer questions according tothe information given in each passage. Text 1 Text 2 What isthe main purpose ofthe possage? {2 Btevide an introduction to psychology g ‘0 e%PIain how the human brain functions @ co showhow an accident led to a breakthrough d {o,deseribe the limitations of nineteenth century Scientists 5 What is the passage mainly about? examining individual growth b overcoming problems © the benefits of long studies G® ways of researching behaviour 6 In the second sentence of paragraph 3, to what does 2 According to the passage, what happened to Gage the word them refer? during the accident? @ researchers 2 The exploding rock hit his head b attributes b He was injured by the dynamite, € behaviours <_ He was thrown a distance of ten metres, @ young people {W The rod wont straight through him. 7. According to the passage, what can be inferred about 3 Ase consequence of his injury, Gage Young people who are not developing positively? @ displayed a loss of social inhibitions, G®) Many of their relationships are troubled, was unable to find other employment b They possibly lack faith in the authorities, G Mmediately suffered seizures that led to his death. ¢ There is little that can be done for them, d_ no longer had any friends, They possess no positive attributes. 4 What can be inferred from the last paragraph? 8 What will the results of the study likely lead to? 2 Gage’s brain has become a popular exhibit, @_ better parenting & Fascination with Gage continues @) improved peer relationships € His condition stil baffles scientists. ‘© methods for assisting some children suggestions for further research d_ Many books have been written about him. 9- 1 to experience loss, injury or damage involving conscious intellectual activity 3. aserious injury * The options wil are true, but whi or main idea. * For these questions, eliminate th information about only one aspe include statements about the text that ich do not represent the overall purpose 4 best, ideal or top © options that give 5 having the ability to understand ct of the text. * Look at the remaining options to see which one encompasses the writer's main point of view, or purpose. another's feelings 6 a factor or cause ° 0 ‘Behaviour is the product of a multitude of interrelated Ideas Focus factors, “ Which factors influence you the See cou? |s evil the result of circumstances or choices’ _ a pout goe Do you think it's OK for @ man or woman to show em public? Why? / Why not?