Dimensions in answers

● Polity: intro, news context then answer the body.

● Governance:
● IR: IR, try to cover relations from various dimensions like defense, technology, economic,
political, strategic, etc. give historical context to answer.+ link with current.

2. Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues
arising out of their design and implementation.
3. Development processes and the development industry- the role of NGOs, SHGs,
various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders
4. Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States
and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies
constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.
5. Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating
to Health, Education, Human Resources.
6. Issues relating to poverty and hunger.
7. Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance-
applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters,
transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures.
8. Role of civil services in a democracy.

Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues
arising out of their design and implementation.

- Explain the salient features of the constitution(One Hundred and First Amendment)
Act, 2016. Do you think it is efficacious enough ‘to remove cascading effect of taxes and
provide for common national market for goods and services’? 2017
- Has the Indian governmental system responded adequately to the demands of
Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization started in 1991? What can the
government do to be responsive to this important change? 2016
- Though 100 percent FDI is already allowed in non-news media like a trade publication
and general entertainment channel, the Government is mulling over the proposal for
increased FDI in news media for quite some time. What difference would an increase in
FDI make? Critically evaluate the pros and cons. 2014
Neoliberal paradigm and multilevel planning . 2019
design and implementation.

Welfare programs
- Welfare policies in India are given by principles of equitable distribution of resources
and public responsibility for underprivileged with the aim of providing them with minimal
social safetynet.
- Pink recent decades the Welfare policies have become demand driven and Dobby
design for targeted beneficiaries rather than having a Universal coverage example PDS
or MGNERAGA.

Trends
- 1950 to 1970: five year plans with sector wise focus institution Center development
example river valley projects.
- 1970 to 1990: poverty became the major agenda direct Avadi elevation programs
example pm 20 point programme integrated rural development programme.
- 1990 to 2000: privatisation and globalisation the government Bik am transitioning into
a facilitator than a service provider in various fields example Electricity Distribution by
private parties however rural areas remind the focus of welfare policies example
Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana.
- 2000 to 2015: rights based delivery of welfare services example MANREGA act right
to education and alignment with a global goals example Millennium development goals.
- 2015 onwards: consolidation of schemes, end of five year planning and consent of
long term planning using short term strategy example National nutrition strategy dbt jam
trinity, minimum government maximum governance and cooperative federalism.
Issues
- Performs poorly on various developmental indices strong case to increase expenditure
on social protection from current levels of 1.4 percentage of GDP along with better
targeting.
● Welfare benefits approach moved from rights based to clientelism- freebees
distribution

behavior of poor
- social tax: social obligation to relatives and borrowing during social events.
- word of mouth and rural social network ex:success of green revolution.
need to do
1. avoid poor frames and change official attitude and sensitize the people
2. dogfooding

- conditional cash transfer like indira gandhi matrutv yojana.

- match policy with the bandwidth of rural poor.
- The pace and magnitude of this improvement will depend upon the extent to which
increased physical availability/provision is converted into greater actual use: toilet
building into toilet use, bank accounts into financial inclusion.
- policy design must minimize the costs wherever possible.
- there should be: greater reliance on using incentives and carrots than on sticks.

world bank report 2015

- and focus on the behavioral aspects of marginal people
- simplify the rule procedures and make government services to doorsteps.
- poor often focus on immediate gratification rather than long term investment that is the

economic survey
- subsidies distort the market and cross subsidization ex:railway.
- least performing 100 districts get low funds and low implementations.
- multiple schemes+bureaucratic hurdles=man , material loss.
- shivraj singh panel recommended to reduce CCS to 27.

Government policies and interventions

● 3 stages of the policy process- policy formulation, implementation, evaluation.
ES 2019: social sector as % of GDP from 7.5% to 8.8%

Policy failure
● Awareness on MSP.
● Beti Bachao: 80% funds for publicity
● Nirbhaya unspent funds.
● Political bias: Farm bills: lack of proper consultation.
● 2013, in the Mid-day Meal tragedy in Bihar, 23 children were killed
● Interoperability of schemes ex: One nation one ration.
● Beneficiary exclusion: Use of SECC 2011 does not reflect the ground realities.
● Quantity and quality fraud in PDS.
● DBT failing: Aadhar linkage issue(Ajim premji study)
● Conclusion: reform performs transform.
● ARC rec:

Policy failure in tackling environment

● Dams
● EPCA and Delhi pollution and odd even.
 ● Gadgil committe vs kasturirangan committee.
● Diwali cracker ban
● EIA.

Indian state and LPG

● DPSP(welfare role) and developmental role
● Regulatory role

Changing role
● Changed role of bureaucracy from managing to facilitating economic activities
● Emergence of e-government,
● Managerialism
● pushing the ‘State’ towards compliance of certain global standards
● emergence of a ‘Competition State’,
● ‘roll back’ of the State
● key role in restructuring of markets
● PPP model- risk sharing.
● Resource mobilization and channelisation.
● Dependency on FDI.

New Public management

● Result rather than process.
● competition, and contracting out i
● Customer driven- service delivery ethics.
● competition, and contracting out
● NGOs and wider participation.
● Developing bottom-up participatory processes s
● state -society synergies.
Limitations
● increased unemployment (especially among older workers),
● that put pressure on the welfare budget, human effects (in loss of pride and
purpose among workers made redundant), and
● increased economic inequality.
● Crisis of governability.

Universal Basic Income (UBI)

● - In India, a growing emphasis on Aadhaar-based direct benefit transfers, small
basic income trials, and the search for alternatives to flagship welfare schemes
have created a fertile environment for discussion about universal basic income.
ES 2018- The survey argued that by transferring benefits directly from state coffers into
Aadhaar-linked bank accounts, universal basic income could sidestep the exclusion,
misallocation, and leakage found in major welfare schemes.
- The survey advocated a quasi-universal transfer, citing political and fiscal
prudence, and suggested methods ranging from affluence testing to self-targeting to
exclude the top 25% of the income distribution.
- advantages
- eradicate welfare bureaucracies and weak state capabilities.
- Universal basic income is an alluring alternative to traditional poverty alleviation
programmes.
- UBI has been enhanced because of the weakness of existing welfare schemes
which are riddled with misallocation, leakages and exclusion of the poor.
- Scandinavian social democracy has already successfully implemented.
- challenges
- logistics of last-mile delivery and the thorny politics of carving out fiscal room
- disadvantages
- Often that public expenditure is in the form of collective goods, such as roads or
railways, or law and order and security. Surely, one is not going to tell a community:
Here is your equivalent money, go and build your own road.
It is also not clear data to show success: whether universal basic income can
effectively outperform major social programmes. The empirical literature on the PDS
(public distribution system) and MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act) reveals that both schemes have improved significantly in
terms of targeting performance, coverage, and impact on poverty reduction.
- weak state capacity and the urgency of improving India’s existing welfare
architecture. While a true universal basic income seems unworkable at India’s current
level of development, certain dimensions of basic income policies may prove more
promising.
-
- way forward
- a social wealth fund—a government-owned portfolio of stocks, bonds and real
estate whose dividends would be paid out directly to the citizenry in the lines of
norwegian social welfare fund.
- First, there is a need to rationalize existing welfare schemes. The Union
government at present runs hundreds of social welfare schemes (675 Central sector
schemes as per Budget 2017-18). A large majority of these are small in terms of
allocation with the top six to seven schemes accounting for about 50% of total welfare
spending. On top of this there are thousands of other schemes that different state
governments run. Implementing such a large number of schemes efficiently, specially
by states with weak administrative capacity, puts a tremendous burden on states.
 - welfare and other such schemes should either be weeded out or merged for
convergence with larger sectoral schemes or be transferred to states, which can then
continue with these schemes based on their requirements. Small outlays anyway do not
achieve the objective of making an impact across the states.
- UBI, as proposed by the Economic Survey in place of many of the existing
schemes, is a powerful idea which must be debated.

Arc- report
2. Focusing on the Core Functions of Government: Right-sizing, Outsourcing
i. contracting with private vendors of services;
ii. franchising;
iii. subsidizing private bodies to carry out government activities;
iv. vouchers to most needy buy,ex: e-voucher in covid e.g. medicine, from a list of
approved outlets, etc.
(b) corporatizing even a not-for-pro_t government service o_ers some advantages
i. It sends a clear message to its management of public service is to operate on
economic
lines
ii. Since it is a corporation, it has a di_erent legal structure than a government
department
iii. It would have _exibility in terms of raising _nancial resources
iv. The golden share device, to the award of a management contract to a private party
without relinquishing government ownership
} Privatization is not a panacea for improved governance performance.
3. Competition in Delivery of Public Services - Dismantling Monopolie
---

Aadhaar
● 91% of India now has Aadhar card
what is aadhar
- Aadhaar (English: Foundation) is a 12-digit-UID unique identity number issued to all
Indian residents based on their biometric and demographic data. The data is collected
by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), a statutory authority established
in January 2009 by the government of India, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of
Electronics and Information Technology, following the provisions of the Aadhaar
(Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016.
- As per section 7 of the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies,
Benefits and Services) Act, 2016, any individual who is desirous of availing any subsidy
from CFI, benefit or service for which the expenditure is incurred from the Consolidated
Fund of India, shall require to furnish proof of possession of Aadhaar number or
undergo Aadhaar based authentication. In case the individual does not have Aadhaar,
he/she shall make an application for enrolment and the individual shall be offered
alternate and viable means of identification for delivery of the subsidy, benefit or
service.
- Aadhaar is the world's largest biometric ID system, with over 1.19 billion enrolled
members as of 30 November 2017,[3] representing over 99% of Indians.[4] World Bank
Chief Economist Paul Romer described Aadhaar as "WB: the most sophisticated ID
programme in the world".[5] Considered a proof of residence and not a proof of
citizenship, Aadhaar does not itself grant any rights to domicile in India.[6] In June 2017
the Home Ministry clarified that Aadhaar is not a valid identification document for
Indians travelling to Nepal and Bhutan.
benifits
- eliminates duplication and saves government Treasury created unique problems by
making it a must-have for almost every facility
- identification of beneficiary . Section 7 of the Aadhaar Act says that the Centre and
State governments can insist on Aadhaar “for the purpose of establishing identity of an
individual as a condition for receipt of a subsidy, benefit or service for which the
expenditure is incurred from the Consolidated
- Sections 8(3) and 29(3) of the Aadhaar Act which shows that requesting entities
have “identity information” of citizens with them. They get access to this information
when individuals come to them for authentication.
- . “However, the benefits, subsidies and services covered under Section 7 of the The
Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, Benefits and Services)
Act, 2016 should remain.
Problems
1. mandatory Aadhar:2014, Supreme Court said Aadhaar was not mandatory however it
gradually allowed for MGNREGA PMJDY etc.
2. Aadhar Bill introduced as money bill: rajya sabha recommended “alternate and viable
means of identification” for individuals not choosing aadhar.
3. Not foolproof: discrepancies and some poor and homeless excluded.Denied service
in case of database failure
4. Privacy issue:Most developed countries have already dropped the idea of having
Aadhaar-like identification system to protect people’s privacy.
5. financial data: “UIDAI do not collect details of transactions. All they do is see whether
a person is authenticated or not... though they get a lot of requests from the income tax
department. They are under the impression that we have a lot of data. We tell them we
dont.
6. technological glitches:authentication failures by fingerprint and iris scanners,unable to
get their pension because the scanners were unable to read or scan their ngerprints or
irises.
7. lack of infrastructure:lack of electricity, WiFi or biometric scanners in certain regions
of the country.
8. Lack of awareness “But many people are illiterate and may not know about these
provisions.
9. no exit facility available
way forward
- quickly enact a comprehensive national data privacy law, which enshrines
internationally accepted principles of privacy, must be the citizens’ insurance policy to
prevent mass surveillance and other excessive use of Aadhaar, like in the case of the
SSN.

Unique Identification Authority of India:

● 1.2 billion accounts
● UIDAI under electronics ministry
● The Parliament has passed the Aadhaar and Other Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2019
which allows voluntary use of Aadhaar as proof of identity.
● The existing Aadhar act provides for the use of Aadhaar number as proof of
identity of a person, subject to authentication..
● authentication of an individual’s identity via Aadhaar, for the provision of any
service, may be made mandatory only by a law of Parliament.
Aadhar Act
● mandatory for getting benefit out of CFI
● State cannot share Aadhar data
● Meta data cannot be stored more than 6 months.
● UIDAI serve as authentication during transaction
● Registration is voluntary.
● 12 digit UID.
● residents biometric and demographic data.
● UIDAI statutory authority.
Aadhar technology
● Iris scan
● Nation wide portability
● Open source technology
● Aadhar holder can temporarily lock and unlock their biometric.
Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services)
Act, 2016.
● individual who is desirous of availing any subsidy, benefit or service for which the
expenditure is incurred from the Consolidated Fund of India, shall require to
furnish proof of possession of Aadhaar.
 ● 2014, Supreme Court said Aadhaar was not mandatory however it gradually
allowed for MGNREGA  PMJDY etc
● financial data: “UIDAI do not collect details of transactions. All they do is see
whether a person is authenticated or not
● SC rules barred the private agencies in accessing the Aadhar authentication
services.
Aadhaar authentication for good governance rules 2020
● • central government can allow other authentication for requesting entities
participation of social welfare benefits, innovation and spread of knowledge,
digital platforms for good governance.
● • new rule expand the scope of Aadhaar for agriculture education and health
schemes.
● • seek approval of unique identification authority of India
● • only government agencies not private sector would be allowed to use Aadhaar
authentication.

Section 32(3) of the Aadhaar Act 2016 specifically prohibits UIDAI from controlling,
collecting, keeping or maintaining any information about the purpose of authentication
either by itself or through any entity. Aadhaar is an identifier, not a profiling tool.

Mandatory Aadhar
● PDS benefits
● Tax filing
Not mandatory
● Sim card connection
● School admission
● Opening bank account
● Insurance products
data protection
● Orwellian government- big brother is watching you.
● Cambridge analytical.
● political: puttyswamy case and right to privacy made imperative to bring data
protection,
BN sri krishna committee on data protection released a white paper.

Non personal data regulation

● By kris Gopalakrishnan.+ ES 2019 rec for data monetization.
● Draft India Data Accessibility & Use Policy, 2022”
● Open access to govt data.
● Machine readable formate, transparent.
 ● Different departments have different data.
● Data led governance.
● NITI Ayog - national data analytics platform
● Every ministry will have data management units.
● Indian data office and data officers will be present.

direct benefit transfer

- Direct Benefit Transfer or DBT is an attempt to change the mechanism of transferring
subsidies launched by Government of India on 1 January 2013. This program aims to
transfer subsidies directly to the people through their bank accounts.
- aim of reforming Government delivery system by re-engineering the existing process
in welfare schemes for simpler and faster flow of information/funds and to ensure
accurate targeting of the beneficiaries, de-duplication and reduction of fraud Direct
Benefit Transfer (DBT)
- restricts diversion, prevents leakages, and brings about greater transparency,
accountability and effciency
- former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi as saying how only ₹17 of ₹100 spent on anti-
poverty projects actually reaches the poor. The rest is eaten up by middlle men and
politicians.in
- categories of schemes covered under DBT
- Cash Transfer to Individual Beneficiary - This category includes schemes or
components of schemes wherein cash benefits are transferred by Government to
individual beneficiaries. Example PAHAL, MGNREGA, NSAP etc. With a view to
bringing in more transparency into the system and to minimize leakages, Direct Benefit
Transfer (DBT) system in wage payment has been adopted. The Ministry has
introduced Electronic Fund Management System (e-FMS) under which 99% (FY 2018-
19 as on 30.07.2018) of wage payments are electronically credited into the worker’s
account through DBT system. The Government has started National Electronic Fund
Management System (Ne-FMS) in 24 States and 1 UT for direct payment of wages into
workers’ accounts.
- In-kind Transfer from Government to Individual Beneficiary - This category
includes schemes or components of schemes wherein kind benefits are given by the
Government to individuals through an intermediate agency. an example, in Public
Distribution System (PDS), Food Corporation of India (FCI) is the Government agent
responsible for procurement, movement, storage and distribution of food grains to Fair
Price Shops.
 - Other Transfersnon-government functionaries who help in facilitation of various
government schemes till the last mile. This category includes transfers made to the
various enablers of government schemes like community workers, NGOs, in the form of
honorarium, incentives, etc. for successful implementation of the schemes. Example -
ASHA workers under NHM, Aanganwadi workers under ICDS, teachers in aided
schools ex:fertilizer DBT
- key enablers
- JAM (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar and Mobiles) trinity and the technological prowess
offers to drastically improve the benefit delivery system in the country.
- Business Correspondents:Reserve Bank of India introduced Business
Correspondents / Banking Correspondents (BC) as an alternative to brick and mortar
banks for infrastructure
- payments bank is like any other bank, but operating on a smaller scale, without
involving any credit risk. It can carry out most banking operations and enable transfers
and remittances through a mobile phone but cannot advance loans or issue credit
cards. The main objective of payments bank is to widen the spread of payment and
financial services to small business, low-income households, migrant labour workforce,
etc.
- Mobile money is a fast moving way of payment in the country and could be
helpful in providing solution to last mile issue for better accessibility of DBT.
- limitations
- present infrastructural penetration is inadequate.

data protection
- Fast progressive technology has put forward a new set of challenges especially for
developing countries like india.
- Imported technology: ex:android os and imported tech, how can we make foreign
companies accountable
- Localisation of data is not feasible:lack of infrastructure of data localization and india's
warm climate makes data servers adverse.
- data

- private collection: we are reminded of George Orwell’s famous words in 1984: “Big
Brother is watching you.” Today, big data analytical tools and machine learning can
map user behaviour and predict trends. The modern-day Orwellian nightmare of a
surveillance state is that the government can analyse your digital footprint to detect
your sexual orientation or political preference.
- government collection (Aadhar): there's vast amounts of personal data
through its compulsory national biometric ID scheme, Aadhaar. Its wide pervasive use
goes well beyond public entitlements or regulated services to sundry services such as
online matrimonial portals. It almost seems data is not the new oil .
 - social networking sites: Cambridge Analytica (CA) worked “extensively” in
India, and operated a system of “data colonialism and data dictatorship”,
undermining democratic processes across the world, Christopher Wylie, the
whistleblower who blew the lid on the firm’s gathering of data from Facebook, told a
British parliamentary committee.
- potentially worrying is the spotlight CA has thrown on how this information can be
used to create psychological profiles of Facebook users (or psychographic targeting
as it has been described) and direct political messages to people in ways that could
move and manipulate our deepest emotions and impulses.

- User data:The Bill calls for a copy of user data to be mandatorily localised in India,
believing that it will “boost” law enforcement efforts to access data necessary for
investigation and prosecution of crimes. If passed in this form, however, the law will be
counterproductive, hurting law enforcement efforts and undermining user rights in the
process.
- section 43A of IT act provides legal protection, it is inadequate due to ongoing digital
push and transformation.
- political: puttyswamy case and right to privacy made imperative to bring data

BN sri krishna committee on data protection

● Central data protection authority
● Apply to both government and private alike.
○ Distinguish between private and public data collection.
● Includes the non personal data
○ Cannot establish identity of person
● Specify the purpose of usage of data
● Entities: Data processors, Data localisation, data fiduciary: entity controlling the
data and defines how it can be processed.
● consent should be genuine, informed, and meaningful,
● Emphasis on privacy post-puttaswamy→ pegasus.
 ● Sensitive personal data:
● Critical personal data:
● Personal data:
●
models
● US Model:protect the individual “from excessive State regulation” and encourage
innovation by consent: allowing collection of personal information as long as the
individual is informed of such collection and use.
● EU Model-GDPR: based on rights allowed to use data only for the original
purpose under which they were gathered and only to the extent and amount as
necessary for performing the function
● India: need is to encourage innovation while holding privacy to be fundamental,
● OSaka declaration G20: on global rules on digital economies.
○ Pushed by US and Japan rules of cross border flow of data.
○ IPR-innovation, boost growth, employment.
○ india and china did not sign
○ Data is new wealth→ data colonialism.
○ WTO is appropriate forum
○ No level playing field in digital trade.

Exit policy
● ES 2020: process reforms, 1500 days to exit business- commercial liquidition.
 ● Police judicial system reforms.
● 20 years for resolving the civil dispute.
● Over regulation and multiple interpretation→
● Using cheap bidders to avoid the enquiry rather than quality of bidding.
● Transparency of rules act 2017 ES to streamline the rules and regulations
process and ensure that common man understand them.
● Minimum government and maximum governance.

Laws and Acts

Last 4 yrs 1400 laws abolished and steemlined

Fugitive economic offender 2019
● an arrest warrant has been issued against him for any specified offences where
the value involved is over Rs 100 crore, and (ii) he has left the country and
refuses to return to face prosecution.
● 1.special court deadline, six weeks from issue of notice. Proceedings will be
terminated if the person appears.
● 2.confiscated and vested in the central government,

Personal Laws (Amendment) Act 2019

● removes leprosy as a ground for divorce.

Foreign Contribution regulation Act 2020

● Regulating NGOs
● Any NGO receiving more than Rupees 1 crore grant annually will now be
covered under the Lokpal and Lokayukta A, 2013 amended law

Draft Electricity-rights of consumers rules 2020.

Education
Kothari Commission, education is the tool for socio political economic
transformation.
Conclu: A World Bank study says if you educate a country for 1 year,
GDP grows by 0.3%. By educating for 10 years, it may even grow by
4%. - $5trillion economy.
Reports

GER
Male Female Overall

elementary (6-13yr) 105 110 108

secondary edu (14- 64.9 65.8 65%

17yr)

Higher edu (18-23 26.9% 27.3% 27% China

years) all india higher 54%(this is
education survey 2020 2017, rest all
old)

∙ LITERACY -> MALES 82%, FEMALES 65% (Difference is 17%)

∙ India to have world’s largest working-age population of 962 million by 2030 ∙ India
will be the world’s youngest country by 2020 with an average age of 29 years
(US-40, Europe-46, Japan-47)

Performance grading Index

● Punjab tops.
● Comprehensive assessment by the Ministry of education.
SDG4: Ensure inclusive and quality education

National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the

Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure
and reorient the education system in India. Critically examine the
statement.
● It aims to reform the Indian education system and has several key provisions,
including the introduction of a multilingual education system, the integration of
technology in education, and the focus on vocational education.
 ● renaming MHRD to Min of
Education.
● Earlier 1968, 1986.
● Public spending to get boost 6% of
GDP
● Gender inclusion fund
● School education zones.
● PARAK- assessment center
● NTA to be autonomous.
Higher education
● target GER from 26% to 50% by
2035.
● 3 or 4 years option with exit.
● No M.Phil
● National research Foundation
School education
● 100% GER by 2030.
● 5+3+3+4.
● Open schooling for dropouts.
● Foundational literacy and
numeracy
● Till 5 th grade teach in mother
tongue.
● From class 6: new age skills like
coding and vocational education.
National Education Technology Forum
● to enhance learning, assessment
and planning.
● Digital infra and
● Integrate tech to improve
classroom experience.
 ● HEFA for funding.

Academic bank of credits: ABC

● Can drop out in middle and
recontinue the education.

How does NEP promote Vocational education?

● Making vocational education an integral part of school education: The NEP 2020
emphasizes the importance of vocational education from an early age and aims
to make it an integral part of school education. This means that students will be
exposed to different vocational subjects and skills from a young age, and they
will have the opportunity to gain hands-on experience in various fields.
● Introducing vocational subjects in schools: The NEP 2020 calls for the
introduction of vocational subjects in schools, such as carpentry, electrical work,
and plumbing, in order to expose students to a wide range of vocational skills
and career options.
● Increasing vocational training opportunities: The NEP 2020 aims to increase the
number of vocational training opportunities for students, both in schools and
outside of schools. This will include the establishment of new vocational training
centers and the expansion of existing ones.
● Creating a National Vocational Education Qualification Framework (NVEQF): The
NEP 2020 calls for the creation of a National Vocational Education Qualification
Framework (NVEQF), which will serve as a benchmark for vocational education in
the country. This framework will be used to ensure that vocational education
programs are of a high quality and meet the needs of industry.
● Enhancing the quality of vocational education: The NEP 2020 aims to enhance
the quality of vocational education by improving the training and qualifications of
vocational teachers, as well as by increasing the use of technology in vocational
education.

How NEP aims to promote higher education?

● he NEP 2020 aims to reform the higher education system in India by promoting

autonomy, flexibility, and multidisciplinary education, and by increasing the focus

on research and innovation.

● Autonomy for Higher Education Institutions (HEIs): The NEP 2020 aims to give

more autonomy to Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in order to promote

 creativity, innovation and excellence. This includes the autonomy to start new

programs, to offer credits, and to set their own curriculum and syllabus.

● Multi-disciplinary education: The NEP 2020 promotes multi-disciplinary

education in higher education institutions, this will encourage students to study

subjects across multiple disciplines, and to take inter-disciplinary courses. This

will help to prepare students for a more complex and interconnected world.

● Holistic, multidisciplinary, and flexible education: The NEP 2020 aims to provide a

holistic, multidisciplinary, and flexible education in higher education institutions,

rather than just focusing on rote learning and exam-taking. This will include more

emphasis on critical thinking, problem-solving, creativity, and innovation.

● Indian languages: The NEP 2020 emphasizes the use of Indian languages in

higher education institutions, this will include mandatory language courses, and

the use of Indian languages as a medium of instruction.

● Introduction of a four-year undergraduate program: The NEP 2020 introduces a

four-year undergraduate program with multiple exit options and flexible credit-

based system, this will allow students to choose different paths based on their

interests, skills, and career aspirations.

● Focus on research and innovation: The NEP 2020 aims to increase the focus on

research and innovation in higher education institutions, this will include the

establishment of new research centers, and the expansion of existing ones.

● Introduction of a National Recruitment Agency: The NEP 2020 calls for the

introduction of a National Recruitment Agency to conduct a common eligibility

test for recruitment to non-gazetted posts in the government, this will streamline

the recruitment process and reduce the burden on the candidates

●
Union budget ?
 ● Regardless of allocating Rs. 94,800 crores for the education
sector. which is in the previous Union Budget and Rs. 99,300
crores in the budget of 2020-21.

Committees:
1. Kothari Commission, 1966 - reco 6% of GDP spending on education, now its 3.5%
2. Justice Verma Commission- gave recos on teacher edu
3. Yash Pal Report on renovation and rejuvenation of higher edu

ASER: Annual status of Education report Only rural areas

● PRATHAM
● Basic reading and math skills
● 55% in rural areas cannot read basic text.
● 50% cannot do basic math in class 5.--> COVID learning poverty
● Household survey
● COVID Impact an unprecedented jump in government school students, and
a 10-year low in private school enrolments. It has reported a growing
dependency on private tuition classes — and a stark digital divide,
● 26% students has never accessed smartphone, 27% has access all the time.
● 65% of teachers told children unable to caugh up.

Education+ entertainment= edutainment

Kailash Satyarthi - one million for one million- end child labour and bring back to school

Low quality of instruction or learning despite improving infrastructure.

5. gaps in teacher motivation and training. As per Education Dept data, only 33%
of schools in the country have RTE compliant pupil teacher ratio (PTR).
6. inadequate stress in early childhood
7. “crisis of credibility” due to outside interference, absence of
accountability, unregulated commercialization and lack of standards.
8. Out of School Children (OOSC):
o According to UNESCO, India has 47 million youth of
secondary and higher secondary school-going age
dropping out of school.
o Report by NSSO: As many as 34.8% children in rural India and 22.8% in
urban India lack interest in education.Out of school rates are highest
 for children in the poorest wealth quintile (36%).
o Prob in estimating and defining: Ex in KN, absence for week => drop out.
In GJ, 2 months => dropout.

Primary edu:
∙ enrollment almost universal, but not very good retention and poor quality
and learning outcome
∙ lack of pre-school education
∙ teacher absenteeism ex: geo-app to denote longitude and latitude for attendance.
CCTV cameras, selfie.
∙ rote learning, lack of dev of curiosity and inquisitiveness- Activity based learning- ex:
rishi valley school in AP.
∙ prob of drop outs, involvement of teachers in non-teaching activities
(Census, MDM ration mgmt, election duties), lack of mother tongue
etc., not in tandem with social cultural milieu

National Education Mission or Samagra Shikha Abhiyan

● Saakshar Bharat- literacy
● Sarja Shikha abhiyan
● Rashtriya Madhyamik Shikha abhiyan.
● Teacher training.
● Centrally sponsored scheme.
Vidhyanjali 2017
● Taking help from private and community to improve school education quality
Mana Ooru-Mana Badi/Mana Basti-Mana Badi programme.
● Telangana to strengthen govt schools.

Strengthening teaching and learning and results for states STARS

● World bank aid under NEP 2020.
● Central sponsored
● Improve quality and governance.
○ PGI, PARAKH
● Need based training for teachers.
● Outcome improvements for kids.
NIPUN Bharat programme, a National Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy
(FLN)
● 2026 till 5th class tracking outcomes.
● Multilevel tracking.

Delhi govt schools- go beyond the text.

● Business blasters program
● Happiness curriculum
● Emotional science.

RTE Act:
Right to education Act 2009
● 86 CAA-Enforce 21 A.
● Idea of positive liberty and Amartya sen capability approach
● 6-14 free and compulsory education.
● 25% reservation for disadvantaged section
○ SC, ST, socially backward and differently abled.
● Norms and standards
○ Pupil-teacher ratio
○ Building infra
● No need for TET for the time being-> shortage of qualified teachers.
● Merge small schools <but it violates RTE Act which provides for
access to schools wn 1km walking distance upto class 5>
2019 Amendment to RTA
● Section 16: Removed the no detention policy
● ∙ Students up to class VIII are automatically promoted as a part of
Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation.
● ∙ Bringing back the old pass-fail system without making proper course
correction in other areas will undermine the egalitarian promise of the
RTE.
● Regular exam in 5th class and 8th class.
● Fails-> give another opportunity
● State govt decision will be final.
Issues raised by CAG Report: use for primary education and critic of RTI
1. Disbursal of less funds by central government
2. Gaps in financial management
3. Retention of huge balances by state governments
 4. Compliance issues: Ex regular HH surveys to maintain/update records of
children upto 14yrs as per law haven't been done by over 21 states
5. Children with special needs – transport, aid and appliances were not
provided (as per law) \
6. Ineffective National advisory council, whose responsibility is to oversee
implementation. Section 12(1)(c):
∙ mandates private unaided schools (except minority and residential schools) to keep
25% of the seats (at entry level) reserved for children belonging to economically
weaker sections. ∙ Recent report led by IIM A found:
o No Implementation in majority of the states - Out of 34 states and UTs,
18 show zero schools implementing the provision. These include
states like Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Kerala, West Bengal and
Punjab.
o Wide inter state disparity: AP0%, Delhi 44%
∙ Slow reimbursement of fees from state governments to the private schools,
which takes up to two years.
∙ Lack of awareness, rules, State's will etc.
∙ Child support and child tracking is almost non-existent after admission

Section 4: Right to be admitted to a school in a class appropriate to his or her

age for completing elementary education. Also provides for special training.
Section 10: moral responsibility on every parent/guardian to admit their
children/wards to school. WF:
∙ Many unused provisions are there: fixing of academic calendar by local
authority - this decentralization will ensure maximum attendance as
holidays would be in sync with local culture

MID DAY MEAL: renamed as the National Scheme for PM Poshan Shakti Nirman or
PM POSHAN scheme
● Supplementary dietes for Aspirational districts
● States can decide diets.
● Nutritional gardens.
● Titi bojan
 ● Social audit.
● Vocal for local ex:SHG convergence
● DBT to school account.
● CSS,
● Class 1 to 8. Or 6-14 yrs under NFSA.
● 450 gms and 12 grm protine
● 700 grm 20 grm
● Compensation for non providing.
● Limitations: quality, adultration, social discrimination, teachers loosing out time,
corruption.
● Advantages: SDG2, drop outs, retention, hidden under.local vocal.
● Akshaya patra:
● Titi bhojan: community dining
∙ Need a clear administrative separation of duties
∙ Private agencies, NGOs or SHGs can be given contracts + indep agency
to evaluate (NITI Action Plan reco)
∙ Strengthen involvement of local bodies + parents

Sec edu
∙ poor learning outcomes
∙ digital divide, lack of innovation, lack of sync bw outcomes
and enrollments
∙ lack of infra, drop outs
∙ most imp link - if this gets universalised, higher edu enrollment wil
increase, get basic employment and can provide skill to primary
edu schools

NITI 3 YEAR AGENDA:

School edu - 3 goals:
1. Orient the system towards outcomes:
o credible, comparable measurement system for each child (can adapt
National Achivement Survey)
o School Education Quality Index: Competitive and collaborative
 federalism
o Modify RTE requirements on input: currently the act focuses on inputs-
like school, teacher, playground, library. Relax these and shift to
outcome. Ex. Gujarat has already doing this. RTE should be Right To
Learning, instead of just Right to go to School.
2. Provide tools to teachers and students for effective learning:
o Use evidence based ICT tools only - because it's not a panacea and
research shows mixed results
o Focus on foundational learning
o Need 'exams on demand' to allow students to take re-exams when
ready. Will reduce cheating, give second opportunity and bring back
drop outs. <needed in the context of no detention and suddenly
introducing to board exams>
3. Improve existing governance mechanisms and pilot new ones:
o separation of the functions of policy making, regulation and provision -
currently everything by State min of edu
o PPP models where the private sector adopts government schools
while being publicly funded on a per child basis. Solution for excess
expenditure/pupil on schools with less students (stat above)

Case Study:
1. RJ 'Adarsh Schools':
o RJ faced a situation where there were nearly 1.8 primary schools per
gram panchayat but only 0.4 secondary schools per gram panchayat
=> thus access to schools at secondary level was severely less +
Primary schools were supervised by block level officers with around
250-300 schools under each officers making them inaccessible by
parents if they had any problem with the school.
o Soln: integrated schools by merging primary and secondary schools in
the same compound which are called “Adarsh” schools. These
schools provide students access to one institution that offers
education from Classes I to XII.
o Outcome: 66% of students in the government system are now
transitioning to Class XI as opposed to 50% previously.
 2. Tribals and Education: Arkat, a village in MP is benefitting from an initiative
that produces books in tribal dialects helping tribal children to not only
become better learners at school but also reconnecting them with thei
indigenous culture and traditions. (MP:Library on wheels in local tribal
language)
3. Happiness Curriculum in Delhi schools

How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education
system in the country? (2020)

● Swayam
● Swayam prabha
● National digital library
● E Pathshala
● PM DIKSHA: digital infra for the teachers.
● Pragyata guidelines: On digital education during COVID pandemic.
● MHRD.
● ICRIER and LIRNEAsia, a think tank focussed on digital policy.
○ Digital divide: 64% has access, 36% do not have
○ Amongst internet connected only 31% received the education
○ 38% of households said at least one child had dropped out of school
completely due to COVID-19.
● Challenges
○ Accessibility
○ Affordability
○ Language barrier
○ Operational burden: one-on-one tutors.
○ Lack of evidence
○ Reverse migration 1.4 million COVID migrants

Higher edu
Education ministry
● Atal ranking of institutions on innovation achievement to indicate the level of
innovation and entrepreneurship

STATS:
∙ Seconday edu (14-18yr):
o ASER 2017 - 14% of 14-18 age group ie 125million are not enrolled.
 o only 5% reported any kind of vocational course (we need Dual
German model of classroom + apprentice training)
o 43% of enrolled couldn't solve arithmetic problem involving division of
3 digit by 1 digit o massive digital divide - 61% never used internet, 56%
computer (girls were worse off)
∙ Higher edu:
o o 59% of students in higher education are in private institutions.
● R&D: 0.7%, China 2.1%

PROBLEMS:
1. teacher -student ratio- 6000 post are vacant.
2. Poor employability ex: India skills report- 45% of graduates.
3. Despite having a number of premier education institutes, only 2 feature
in the top 200 world universities. Acc to Times Higher edu rankings,
only 2 indian univ - IISc and IIT B featured in top 200 (only 1 in top 100)
9. Higher edu:
o predominance of private sector (59%), skewed sectoral and regional
growth of institutions, lack of research orientation, fin burden of edu
loans.
10. Excess stress on adolscents ex: Rohit vemula. 111 suicides in 100 universities in
8yrs. - Ex suicides of 4 class 11 girls in Panapakkam, TN. Excessive imp to boards -
opaque, cramming etc. Coaching centres and entrance exams making it worse. ∙
in terms of number of students, India's higher edu is 3rd largest in world
∙ but 2/3 rd provided by private edu
∙ enrollment 27.2%, gender parity 0.94, teacher pupil =22:1 -> AISHE (MHRD)
∙ lack of practical curriculum(exams), lack of interdisciplinarity(IIts),
employability, infra missing, problem of funding, poor R&D, poor faculty
quality(UGC 1:10), commercialisation of edu => no affordability, no
autonomy(JNU) of operation
∙ HEFA, HECI

Unnat Bharath Abhiyan 2017

● Adopt a village.
● Good response.
● Tech mark in rural dvp.
● IIT Delhi has connected with the NGO Chintan to make a comprehensive
proposal for solid waste management in the pyala village
STRIDE Scheme:
1. It aims to promote innovation and support trans-disciplinary research relevant to
national development.
2. It was announced by University Grants Commission.

o IMPRINT (IMPacting Research INnovation and Technology) India, to boost research

in IITs

Higher edu - goals:

1. Designation of World Class Universities
o learn from China and Singapore
o Identify 20 universities (10 public and 10 private) and immediately
move out from the regulatory system
o Follow tiered funding model for public universities (top 2 - max)
2. Autonomy for top colleges and universities
o autonomy to attract research staff from abroad or local research bodies
o encourage to compete for research projects from industry
3. Reform of the regulatory system
o A tiered system of universities - topmost no reg, inc downward
o Urgently reform UGC Act, 1956 - more information disclosure and
governance than micromanaging
● National higher education commission.
4. Establish system of project/researcher specific research grants:
o ‘prize’ system with funding going to research/innovation groups that
deliver solutions to specific problems
5. Increased focus on vocational and profession led education

HIGHER EDUCATION

Issues:
1. Around 150 central unis (with <6% of students) get most of the funding of
MHRD 2. UGC's sytem of direct releases to State institutions which bypasses
State govt. alienates them
HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION OF INDIA BILL, 2018

Why needed?
∙ allegations of corruption and inefficiency - against UGC and AICTE
∙ separation of grant functions will help HECI to focus only on academic matters.
∙ UGC was seen as a restrictive regime (Professor Yash Pal committee and
Hari Gautam committee recommended to remove this red tape)
∙ HECI could mark the end of "Inspection Raj"
∙ transparent public disclosures, merit-based decision making on matters
regarding standards and quality
∙ The power to ensure compliance
∙ The advisory council with the head of all state councils for higher education as its
members would also provide larger opportunity to States
Criticism against the bill
∙ Since UGC has been established through an Act of Parliament - could've tried to
improve it before abolishing
∙ Funding function from UGC to MHD: imposing direct state control over
higher education institutions
∙ Several institutions have opposed autonomy as it is a route towards
commercialisation and increased marginalisation
∙ The powers to authorise, monitor, shut down, lay down norms for graded
autonomy or performance-based incentivisation are unilateral and
 absolute
∙ HECI is likely to overregulate and micromanage universities.
∙ drastically reduced the presence of teachers in the body. UGC has 4 teacher
members out of total 10 members, while the HECI has only 2 teacher
members out of total 12 members.

GOVT. INITIATIVES:
∙
GoI to set up 20 Institutions of Eminence - which are world class edu
insti. (out of UGC purview)
Institution of Eminence (IoE) is a status granted by the Government of India to select
public and private higher education institutions in India. The status of IoE is intended to
recognize and support institutions that have the potential to become world-class
universities and to promote excellence in higher education in India.

The IoE status was introduced in 2017 as part of the National Education Policy (NEP) to
promote the development of 20 world-class institutions in the country. The status is
granted to institutions that have a strong track record of excellence in teaching,
research, and innovation and that have the potential to become globally recognized
centers of excellence.

Institutions that receive the IoE status are eligible for a range of benefits and incentives,
including:

1. Autonomy: IoEs are granted greater autonomy in terms of academic and

administrative decision-making, which allows them to be more responsive to the
changing needs of students and employers.
2. Funding: IoEs are eligible for additional funding from the government to support
their development and growth.
3. Flexibility: IoEs are given more flexibility in terms of course offerings, fee
structure, and recruitment of faculty and staff.
4. Access to capital markets: IoEs are also provided access to capital markets and
other funding sources to support their growth and development.
 5. International collaborations: IoEs are also given support to establish
collaborations and partnerships with leading international universities and
research institutions.

HEFA Higher Education Finance Agency: for creation of high quality

infrastructure in premier educational institutions. SPV would leverage
equity and CSR to fund. The principal portion of the loan will be repaid
through the ‘internal accruals’ (earned through the fee receipts, research
earnings etc.) of the institutions. The Government would service the
interest portion through the regular Plan assistance.
HEFA is a unique financing model set up to provide long-term funding to
Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in India, to create infrastructure and
other facilities such as classrooms, libraries, laboratories, and hostels. It
combines government grants and market borrowings to mobilize funds for
financing the infrastructure and capital expenditure needs of the HEIs and
provide a platform for HEIs to access capital markets and other funding
sources.

Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Teachers' Cadre) Act, 2019

● reservation of teaching positions in central educational institutions for persons
belonging to SC , st, Obc, ews.
● reservation, a central educational institution will be regarded as one unit.not
at department level.
● excludes certain institutions of excellence, research institutions, and institutions
of national and strategic importance and minority education
● RTI Act

TSR Subramanian panel recco:

1. Increase public spending on education from 3% to 6% of GDP
 2. Compulsory certification for teachers in government and private schools,
Teacher Entrance Tests (TET) for recruitment
3. Expand Mid-Day Meal scheme to secondary schools
4. Discontinue no detention policy after class V
5. Extend 25% EWS quota in private schools to minority institutions
6. Allow top foreign universities to open campuses in India
7. New AIS - Indian Education Service (IES) should be established
8. Reduction of UGC role to disbursal of scholarships and fellowships &
separate law for management of higher education
TSR panel rec Higher Education Commission of India
● To replace UGC, Standard setting, Accreditation, Regulation, Funding.

Update: Kasturirangan committee is created to finalise the policy.

Draft Edu Policy: OLD
1. Pre-school education: govt schools currently don't provide, need to strengthen
anganwadis and primary schools must cover pre-primary edu
2. Learning outcomes in School Education: develop norms, amend
no-detention policy 3. Skills in Education and Employability: skill
schools and skill dev programs 4. Teacher Development and
Management: transparent and merit based norms for
recruitment, Teacher Education University, separate cadre for teacher
educators at state level etc.
5. Regulation In Higher Education: indep mech for National Higher
Education Fellowship Programme, Central Educational Statistics
Agency will be estbd.
6. Open and Distance Learning & MOOCs (massive online open courses)
Policy needs wider consultation such as on issues related to addressing the
fears of minorities and issues pertaining to commercialization of education.

Health
● WHO: a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity."
 ● conclusion: health system - promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative. But
our system is only curative.

IMR
● infant death per 1000/yr: 28 for India and 23 for telangana
● Consistent and continuous decline through decade
● States:
○ Performers: Kerala, Goa
○ Decliners: MP, Odisha.
MMR: 97 for India, telangana ?
● Check MMR: access to contraceptive, high age deliveries, Assam 213 MMR. 130
dsts has 200+ MMR.

Efforts

● Janani suraksha yojana→ institutional deliveries.

● telangana-> KCR kit.
● Widfiery program.
● LaQshya aims to improve the quality of care in labour room
● Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)

In Global Burden of Disease rankings for healthcare access and quality,

India is at 145/195 countries. India's neonatal mortality ranking is worse
than Afghanistan and Somalia, ranking 185/195.
∙ SDG 3: health and well-being to all by 2030
∙ Mental health: WHO - 8lk people die by suicide globally and over 1.3lk in India.
Among 15-29yo, 2nd leading cause of death.
∙ India is home to more than one-third of the world’s stunted children (Global
Nutrition Report) ∙ FR varies from 1.2 in Sikkim to 3.4 in Bihar

National Health Mission

● 2006
National Digital health mission
● The National Health Authority is implementer MoHFW.
● PM on IDay
● health ID for every citizen that will also work as their health account, to which
personal health records can be linked and viewed with the help of a mobile
application;
● a Healthcare Professionals Registry (HPR) and Healthcare Facilities Registries
(HFR) that will act as a repository of all healthcare providers across both modern
and traditional systems of medicine.
○ Heal by india initiative- online repository to facilitate the medical tourism in
india.
● Health ID.- voluntary, digi doctor, health facility registry, electronic medical
records, e pharma, e insurance, NITI AYOG health stack
● Users will be given the control of user privacy.
● This will ensure ease of doing business for doctors/hospitals and healthcare
service providers,
● PM-DHM Sandbox, created as a part of the Mission, will act as a framework for
technology and product testing that will help organisations, including private
players intending to be a part
● Open application program interface (API) -based ecosystem - All the building
Blocks will be architected adopting the Open API Policy Notified by MeitY
Challenges
● absence of legal framework and statutory backing is a concern.

Universal health care ES 2020

● Universality, equity, non exclusion, financial protection, health in peoples hands,
right to health, accountability, community participation
 ● Thailand 1st middle income country 30 baht health care.
● PM Jay is a step in moving towards UHC.
○ States adopted PMJAY has improved compared to non PMJAY
○ Used in COVID combat.

AYUSH
● conclusion:Amantram aksharam nasti,nasti mulam anushadam’ Their is no letter
which do not start in mantras, similarly every plant has potential.
● India can be leader in traditional medicine.
● Growing popularity→ during COVID.
● Global innovation and investment summit in AYUSH. WHO global traditional
medicine center- Jamnagar gujarat.
● Herbal - “green gold”
● Doubling farm income, entrepreneurship, export potential.
○ AYUSH E-Market place portal.
○ AYUSH export promotion council. BSI standards→ export market.
■ AYUSH MARK.
 ○ Medical tourism: Ex: Kerala tourism.
■ Heal in India branding
■ AYUSH E-Visa.

National Ayush Mission

● Centrally sponsored scheme
● develop centers in PHCs, CHCs etc.
● Medical plants
● Promote Ayush education

PM Atma Nirbhar Swasth Bharat

● Centrally sponsored
● Develop capacities of PHCs and SHCs and THCs
● Detection of new emerging diseases.
● strengthen existing national institutions, and create new institutions, to cater to
detection and cure of new and emerging diseases.
● This will be in addition to the National Health Mission,

Ayushman Bharat PM Ayushman

● HWC, PM JAY
● 10 cr SECC, 5lk per family.
● Help towards the goal of UHC coverage , reduce OOPE, private asset creation.
● Telangana state government has implemented its own health insurance scheme
known as the "Arogyasri" that provides free health coverage for the poor and
economically weaker sections of the society. The scheme covers both secondary
and tertiary health care services.
● It is possible that Telangana state government may have chosen to continue with
its own health insurance scheme instead of implementing the Ayushman Bharat
Abhiyan because they believe that the Arogyasri scheme is more comprehensive
and effective in addressing the health needs of the people in the state.
Additionally, the state government may have also been concerned about the
potential financial implications of implementing the Ayushman Bharat Abhiyan
and the possible impact on the existing health infrastructure.
● It's worth mentioning that the Ayushman Bharat Abhiyan is a voluntary scheme,
which means that the State Government has the option to either implement it or
not.

Shortage of health staff

● 1.7 nurses for 1000, WHO 3:1000.
● 1:1400 doctors, WHO= 1:1000.
 ● Brain drain ->Gulf, Europe and US.0
● 2020 Human development report: 10 beds for 10000 people.
● From brain drain to brain share.

Maternal health and reproductive health

In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound
and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the
fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss.
● RMNCH+A
● Janani suraksha- institutional- 90%--> c section/cesarean→ midwives- NGO- Birth
village.
● Matruvandana- NFSA
● PM surakshit matritva- trimester care
● Paternity leave: Virat kohli, postpartum depression, gender gap
● Matilda Kullu — Odisha ASHA worker on Forbes list who battled Covid,
superstition & casteism
 ● Beijing declaration of 1980’s
● UN covenants on economic and social rights.

PROBLEMS:
1. A weak primary health care sector, disparities across country. Ex. in
2011, 6/10 hospitals in the less developed states did not provide intensive
care and struggle with issues like sanitation and drainage.
2. Urban areas have 73% of the public hospital beds, even when 69% pop is
rural.
3. Unequally distributed skilled human resources: only 10% of indian
doctors work in public health sector
4. Only 1 doctor per 1700 people against WHO norms of 1:1000. 2015
Parliamentary Report said that even if we add 100 colleges per year, if will take
upto 2029 to meet WHO norms.
5. Large unregulated private sector: over 60% (unregulated sector -> OOP) +
PROVIDER INDUCED DEMAND (unnecessary tests, never prescribe generic
drugs, info systmem is scattered - no proper database => repeat all tests, delay,
OOP)
6. Low public spending on health: India - 1.2% GDP, China - 3% GDP.
India's spending is falling, was 1.47% in 1986.
7. Fragmented health information systems: Although India enacted a law
on the mandatory registration of births and deaths in 1969, only 86% of
births and 71% of deaths were registered in 2013.
8. Poor Health Cover: Over 80% no health insurance of India’s population is
not covered under any health insurance scheme. Also, RSBY could only
cover 12% of urban and 13% of rural population
9. High out of pocket expenditure: most of it is spent on medicines. India
spends only a little more than 0·1% of GDP on publicly funded drugs. WHO -
70% OOP, responsible for 1/6th of India's poverty!
10. WORLD BANK - India loses 6% of GDP due to preventive illness and
premature deaths. 1
1. Lack of trained health work force:
12. Lifestyle diseases:
o India is the third most obese country in the world
o By 2030, India is expected to be the diabetes capital of the world.
(Lancet) o Four NCDs - cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic
respiratory diseases and diabetes make most contribution.
o WEF estimated that India stands to lose $4.58 trillion before 2030 due
to NCDs and mental health conditions.
Lancet report 1.2 million death due to pollution related causes, chronic heart
disease, lungs etc..

13. Twin Burden of Over consumption and Under Nutrition: NFHS 2015-16,
38% of children under the age of five are stunted and 21% are wasted. 9%
overweight and 3% obese. India has 2nd highest obese kids - 14.4m.
NFHS-5 includes some new topics, such as preschool education, disability,
access to a toilet facility, death registration, bathing practices during
menstruation, and methods and reasons for abortion.
● Sex ratio@ birth:1020.
● TFR:2.1
● Stunting declined from 38 to 36.
● Anemia worsened from 53 to 57.
● Institutional births from 90%.

14. Nutrition issues: As per Global Nutrition Report, Stunting - 114/132

(39% incidence), Wasting - 120/130 (15%), Anaemia in women -
170/185 (48%)
Doctor to bed ratio should be 3 but we have 0.7 beds per 1000
15. corruption, no public health cadre
16. morbidity pattern shifting from communicable to non-communicable, but
health facilities didn't adapt

MENTAL HEALTH:

● WHO:State of mental well being to realize true potential and attain

mental happiness.
● WHO GBD: 1 in 7 is depressed 90 million, WHO india is most depressed
country
● COVID: social causes, economic causes, media factor, family causes
○ MHRD: manodharpan for counclling.digital therapy,
● ∙ National Mental Health Policy 2014: universal access, leadership and
role allocation to center, state and local bodies
● ∙ Mental Health care Act 2017: right to mental health care, advance
directive, regulates electro convulsive therapy, decriminialised suicide,
Central and State Mental Health Authority (to register and supervise
health care establishments), Mental Health Review Commission (quasi
judicial) o + right based approach
 ● o prob: amount spent on mental healthcare is just 0.06% of health
budget, India has just 3 psychiatrists per million
● o (-) under reporting, lack of infra, stigma, wellness focused, rehab
● ∙ Karnataka govt. dedicated helpline called Arogyavani - counselling
● Deepika Love laugh foundation
● 2022 budget: launch of National Mental Health Tele-programme with NIMHANS
being Nodal center
● Jesinda arden, naomi osaka, virat kohli deepika padukone.

HER ISSUES:

∙ Branded Generics vs Generics. Proposed law to make it mandatory to prescribe only

generic names (saltnames). MCI made it mandatory in 2016, but no one following.

Govt. schemes for NCDs:

1. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes,
Cardiovascular Diseases & Stroke (NPCDCS)
2. National Programme of Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE)
3. National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP)
4. National Programme for Control of Blindness (NPCB)
5. National Mental Health Programme (NMHP)
6. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Deafness (NPPCD)

NITI ACTION PLAN:

1. Recently NITI Aayog proposed partial privatisation of district-level

government hospitals through 30 year lease bids.

Adequate investment of public financial resources in health: In numerous

countries, public and private providers compete with each other –
Canada and Taiwan.
2. Preventive health care rather than curative care: support evidence-
based interventions preventive health interventions like
breastfeeding, tackle risk factors from smoking, high blood pressure
and sanitation. Make use of traditional medicine and yoga in schools.
3. Challenges in human resources: strengthen grassroot work by ASHAs. Ex.
China had three million bare-foot doctors during the seventies to carry out
these functions.
4. Convergence with programs addressing the key social determinants of
health (nutrition, drinking water and sanitation)
5. Use Kayakalp awards, Electronic Health Records, AYUSH
6. 9 sanctioned AIIMS should be made fully functional
7. ASHAs and Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) should be offered
performance-based admissions to Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM)
schools for career progression

NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY, 2017:

∙ Spending inc to 2.5% of GDP by 2025 from current 1.15%. States should
spend 8% of their budget towards health by 2020.
∙ Changes vis a viz 2002:

o Focus on non communicable diseases, constituting NCDs 60% of

deaths in India.

o Collab and regulate private sector (2/3rd services) - tribunal and

National Healthcare Standards Org. to be estbd.
o Shift from sick-care to wellness: 2/3rd budget to primary health care
o Intersectoral approach (ie involve diff min), urban health care (pollution,
violence, stress etc.)

∙ Affordable quality healthcare for all: Universal access to drugs and diagnostics,
secondary and tertiary services
∙ Mainstream AYUSH
∙ Targets: increase life expectancy to LE: 70 years from 67.5 years by 2025
∙ -ves:
1. Right to Health, increasing public spending by 2020 and imposing
health cess ignored 2. Doesn't speak about public health education

Community led initiatives

Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention
is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All ‘ in India.
Explain
● Reduce Out Of pocket expenditure
● ASHA and ANM.
● Mohalla clinics.
● Tamil Nadu model: North Arcot- district level surveillance model- NANDHI,
universal coverage and PPP.
● Para medical staff-chhattisgarh model. This is why even Chhattisgarh
attempted to create a cadre of rural doctors in 2001, through a three year
programme.
● MISSION INDRADANUSH: eVIN technology system

∙ Under Universal Immunization Programme 1985 - currently 7 free vaccines for

children under 2 and pregnant women

Vaccine hesitancy: reluctant despite having adequate stock.

● Reasons: complacency, convenience and confidence.

● PM: Ghar-ghar teeka.

WAY FORWARD:

∙∙ Streamlined procurement process. Ex TN Model of procurement directly from

manufacturers, prevents any leakages and quality issues.
∙ Need to follow: WHO’s Health in All Policies (HiAP) framework was
established wherein health considerations are made in policymaking
across different sectors, such as power, transport, agriculture and
housing, that could influence health.

PRIVATE SECTOR:
National policy on rare disease

● WHO 1 in 1000.
● inherited cancers, autoimmune disorders,
● Lack of awareness, costly medicine, promote indegenous research→ consortium.
● Early detection, hospital and medical registry, rahtriya argya nidhi

National medical Commission bill 2018

● -constituted recently
● Replace MCI
● Appointment by central govt based on search committe.
● 4 boards: undergraduate, postgraduate, ethics and registration, assessment and
rating.
● Medical advisory council: states and center come to discuss.

TOBACCO

∙ India is the 2nd largest producer and consumer of tobacco products.

∙ WHO's Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2016-17 highlights India's distinct pattern of
tabacco consumption in multiple forms such as cigarettes (only 12%), bidis,
chewing tobacco etc. (which are in majority).
∙ KN HC set aside 2014 rules on cigaretttes advertising saying they were 'unreasonable
restrictions' on the right to do business and earn a livelihood. SC stayed this.
∙ Phillip Morris vs govt of Aus - where PMI lost on a case regarding not putting brand's
name. Global tobacco companies harrassing smaller countries like Togo, Ecuador
etc. with law suits greater than their GDP.

HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act 2017:

∙ The adult HIV prevalence at national level has steadily declined from 0.34% in 2007
and 0.28% in 2012 to 0.26% in 2015.
∙ India - 3rd largest AIDS epidemic in the world
∙ India has successfully achieved the MDG 6 of halting and reversing the HIV
epidemic. ∙ Prob: stigma, human rights violations, social exclusion, gender
inequality, lack of sexual and reproductive health services and exclusion from
decision making process
∙ Key highlights:
o 90-90-90 Strategy: 90% diagnosed, 90% anti-retroviral treatment, 90%
suppressed o Prevent spread, remove discrimination, informed consent and
confidentiality in treatment, data protection measures, prohbits spread of
hatred.
∙ Govt schemes:
1. National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), PALS system (to maintain
data of pregnant HIV women)
2. Project sunrise (for drug addicts in NE)
3. Link worker scheme, red ribbon express
4. NACP - peer to peer intervention of sex workers, Prevention of
parent to child transmission
∙ Prob: funding, awareness, lack of medicine stockpiles

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE:

∙ National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2017:

o As per WHO global action plan on AMR, 2015
o Improve awareness, surveillance and rationalisation of antibiotics
use, proper labeling o Phase-out of non-therapeutic use of
antibiotics in food animals Eg. Phase out growth promoters in
animal foods
o Independent veterinary regulatory authority for drugs
∙ Govt steps:
o National Surveillance System for AMR
o Enacted regulations (Schedule-H-1) to regulate sale of antibiotics
o National Guidelines for use of antibiotics.
o “One Health Approach” recognizes that the health of humans, animals
and ecosystems are interconnected.
COVID 19
 ● Heard immunity→ many deaths.
● Zero-covid strategy
● India: Aggressive vaccination followed by phased exit.

● the mutation in the omicron varrient. ● need vigilence without fear.

BF.7
● the wave will be shorter.

● China's single strategy of 'zero- ● Test, track, treat and vaccinate.

COVID' and lockdown uplifted. ● 219 cr vaccines.
● Chinese vaccines are ineffective ● booster dose.
they used inactivated. ● multipronged strategy.
● China more old people and more ● early genome sequency is
vulnerable. necessay to identify the nature
of the varient.
● pandemic fatigue is looming in
the people.

India need to do
● Identifying the genome sequence to track the mutations in the variant.
● Focus on ICU and oxygen supply.
● Booster dose of CORBEVAX, intranassal vaccine-

What is the role of MPHAF?

A multipurpose health assistant (female) is a healthcare worker who is trained to

provide a wide range of health services to individuals and communities.
Their role typically includes providing primary healthcare services, such as preventive
care, immunizations, and basic diagnostic services, as well as promoting health
education and awareness in the community. They may also be involved in the delivery
of maternal and child health services, such as prenatal care, safe delivery, and postnatal
care.

Multipurpose health assistants (female) often work in remote or underserved areas,

where access to healthcare is limited, and may be responsible for providing care to a
large number of individuals. They may also be responsible for identifying and referring
individuals who need specialized care to more advanced healthcare facilities. They may
work as part of a healthcare team, collaborating with other healthcare professionals,
such as doctors, nurses, and community health workers, to provide comprehensive care
to patients.
Human development
Despite Consistent experience of High growth, India still goes with
the lowest indicators of human development. Examine the issues
that make balanced and inclusive development elusive.
● Human development report: life expectency increased by 12 yrs, mean school
yrs by 3.5 yrs and GNI by 300%.

Poverty and hunger exclusion

Def:
● Intro Not only deprivation of economic or material resources but a
violation of human dignity too. it is a multi faceted concept.
● Conclusion: We need to move from alleviation of poverty to elimination of
poverty.
● Goal 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere
● Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture

Understanding poverty:
∙ Absolute (deprivation) vs relative (exclusion)
∙ Chronic poor, Churning poor (in and out - ex farmers), Occasionally poor and
non-poor ∙
issues relate to poverty and hunger
● - definition of poverty
● - determining who is poor
● - Is the poverty line a satisfactory measure to determine poverty?
● - is poverty on economic factor or social, cultural,political structures interplay
● - best way to tackle poverty: growth or redistribution
● - extent of malnutrition in india
● - PDS and its effectiveness

Poverty
 ● NSSO: 22%
● Decline from 37% to 21% till 2013.
● 364 million are below poverty line
● More than 3 lakh farmers suicides.
Committees and commissions
● Consumption based on basket of goods.
● Income based PPP
Alagh committee 1979:
1. nutritional requirements
2. Rural 2400 cal
3. Urban 2100 cal
4. consumption expenditure
Rangarajan committee
❏ (normally every five years) by conducting
World bank poverty rate
● like WB: 2 U.S. dollar per person
per day.
socio economic caste census
● provided on question of who is poor.The SECC data included:
● - households without shelter
● - destitute/living on alms
● - manual scavengers
● - Primitive Tribal Groups
Tendulkar committee 2009
moved away from calories based poverty
estimation to per capita consumption
expenditure per month or day(
purchasing power parity (PPP) terms,
❏ Included food + non food
items
❏ Rural 816 rs per month
❏ Urban 1000 rs per month
❏ 21%
The poverty line is estimated periodically
sample surveys. These surveys are
carried out by the National Sample
Survey Organization (NSSO).
Each state in India has its own poverty
threshold to determine how many people
are below its poverty line and to reflect
regional economic conditions.—> price
levels. 2019
annual report of 2012, the Reserve Bank
of India named the state of Goa as having
the least poverty of 5.09% while the
national average stood at 21.92%
 ● - legally released bonded laborers.
● The key finding of the SECC-2011 is that rural India is poor. The main
breadwinner of the 74.5% rural households in India earns less than Rs. 5000 per
month. 
● According to SECC-2011, 35% of urban households are poor (below BPL). T
● his figure is in striking contrast with the earlier estimates that ranged from 13.7%
as per Tendulkar committee methodology, while 26.4% as per Rangarajan
formula. Here, we should note that SECC numbers have greater credibility as the
data has been collected via door-to-door enumeration. 

multidimensional poverty
multidimensional poverty index developed by oxford and UNDP measures
comprehensively.
● 0. To 1 ->high value is high poverty.
● Covers developing countries.
● Health: nutrition and child mortality
● Education: years of schooling and attendance
● Living standards

● The most recent MPI(multidimensional poverty index) for India- 66/120 rank
○ 2021
 ● index, MPI: 51.91% population of Bihar is poor, followed 42.16% in Jharkhand,
37.79% in Uttar Pradesh. While Madhya Pradesh (36.65%) has been placed
fourth in the index, Meghalaya (32.67%) is at the fifth spot.
● Kerala (0.71%), Goa (3.76%), Sikkim (3.82%), Tamil Nadu (4.89%) and Punjab
(5.59%) have registered the lowest poverty across India and are at the bottom of
the index.

Bare necessities index 2021 Economic survey.

● Housing
● Water and sanitation
● Micro environment
● Kitchen
● Has improved from 2012 to 2020.
Reasons for poverty

Historical Policy failure

● - British policies impact: ● - failure of land reforms and
deindustrialization, overcrowding of redistribution policies.
agriculture, famines and mass ● - population explosion in 1960s
deaths. and 70s.
● - after independence: too many ● - Wrong economics: choosing
exploited too few exploiters(feudal industry as the driving force, where
control and prevalence of most people are in agriculture and
"unofficial zamindars" and rural
rural India.
exploitative system).
● - Inefficient targeting and heavy
leakages.

Economic causes Social causes

● Slow economic growth ● Untouchability
● Inadequate industrialisation ● Illiteracy
● Disguised unemployment ● feminization of poverty

Geographical
● Non arable lands

Focus groups: Inter generational and intragenerational poverty

-Targeted groups
● With in family
● Urban casual labor
● To a starving person, God will appear in the form of bread alone.
● SC/minority/ST live on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of
material prosperity.
○ ST has 48% poverty rate
● Feminisation of poverty. Feminisation of agriculture.
● Poor people’s basic mobility is from village to urban slums.

Government approach: Poverty alleviation:

∙ 1950-60s: growth oriented, trickle down approach
∙ 3rd FYP - creation of incremental assets by means of work generation. Food
for work scheme, later MNREGA (soln in terms of emp). Later SHGs for
 self emp
∙ 5th FYP - provide minimum basic amenities, like food grain, edu, health etc.
PDS, ICDS, MMS ∙ Growth vs Redistribution - JLN in Discovery of India 'immense
poverty of many Indians meant that to remove this lack and ensure an irreducible
minimum standard for everybody, the national income had to be greatly increased.'
● Expand social welfare: MGNREGS, PDS,PMGSY,MID DAY MEAL,n
● Economic growth
● providing minimum basic amenities: PDS subsidies, water subsidy,
electricity,health, education etc.. thus improving the living standards.
● National Food for Work Programme (NFWP), was an important scheme launched
by the Ministry of Rural Development. It was launched in 2004 in 150 most
backward districts of the country for generating supplementary wage
employment.

Cultural poverty

BEGGING
∙ Decriminalized by Delhi HC
∙ It used to be a cognizable and non-bailable act.
∙ It is not an indiv offense but a social problem.
Aashray aadhikar abhiyan- delhi+NGO⇒ rehabilitation through skill training and socialization
+ reestablishing identity.

Way forward

● psychological/attitudinal: Recently, Norway has replaced poverty with

LIG. removed the word 'poverty' and now uses the word 'low income' for
the bottom strata citizens.
● The service of India means the service of the millions who suffer. It means the
ending of poverty, ignorance, disease and inequality of opportunity.
● - Accelerate rural poverty reduction and capitalise on growing connectivity
between rural and urban areas.
● - Creating more and better jobs.
● - Faster facilitation of urbanization and creating safe urban spaces.
● - Smart cities along with smart villages are required pura model.
○ Providing urban amenities to rural areas. PURA.
○ RUBAN
● - Concentrating on human development of outcomes of poor
 ● - Use of Information and Communication Technology in poverty the upliftment.

COVID Effect on different classes.

● Social bonds: phobia, stigma, social distancing, quarantine.

● Children and women faced “shadow pandemic.
● CMIE- 400 million migrants, 1 million salaried lost jobs.
● ASER- inequality in learning.
● Azim premzi university: 230 million fell back to poverty
● Loss of jobs, informal
● Deprivation of food, education, health care.
● Destitute faced a problem.
● Child labour.
● Pew research estimate with world bank data dubbed to 130 million.
● Exhausted savings and reduced capacity to spend.

Social innovation: for sustainable solutions

∙ Telangana Govt. Kakatiya Hub, India's 1st social innovation center

SANITATION:To ensure effective implementation of policies

addressing water, sanitation and hygiene needs, the identification
of beneficiary segments is to be synchronized with the anticipated
outcomes’ Examine the statement in the context of the WASH
scheme.

● UNGA 2010: access to sanitation and safe drinking water as human rights.
● Benefits: IMR, hygiene, school outcome, anemia, dignity and
communicable diseases
● Schemes: WASH, water sanitation and hygiene.
● SDG 6: access to safe water
● Swachh bharat: 36 states ODF free and ODF+, SBM 2.0
open defecation and swatch bharat mission
● UNICEF: 1 lakh child death, malnutrition, stunting, human capital formation.
 ● Target: behavioral change,
● National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey (NARSS) 201718

Drinking water

● UN Water: 50% don't have access to water.

● NSO: 30% don't have access to latrines → dysfunctional.
Jal jeevan mission
● Centrally sponsored. 2.5 lh cr
● Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC) to every rural household (Har
Ghar Nal Se Jal) by 2024.
● Village Action Plan- source, supply,maintenance and management.
● Hierarchy NJ M-SWSM-DWSM(converge VAPs).
● Gray water= non sewerage water, like washing cloths, utensils- JJM can recycle.
● Convergence- NGOs, MGNREGA, TECH interventions like sensor based water
testing.
○ Telangana achieved 90% coverage, Bihar 70%.
UNICEF report
● Water Borne diseases.
● Fluoride.
● 85% rural drinking water needs by ground water.
● 22% of school dropouts from drought hit.
● 1 month of wage loss for women. Time spent.
● UNICEF- Jal shakti-> Swajal in 115 AD- community led water
management
Jal shakti=power of water.

Urbanization of pandemics

Nutrition and hunger

Intro
● FAO defines hunger as a condition in which a person does not have the
physical or financial capability to eat sufficient food to meet basic nutritional
needs for a sustained period.
● Conclusion: Amartya sen: hunger is not just lack of food but failure of
entitlements.
● Every night, 1 out of 7 people on the planet go to bed hungry.War against hunger
is mankind's greatest war for liberation- john F Kennedy
HUNGER:
∙ SDG 1: to end poverty.
∙ SDG 2: "end hunger, achieve food security, improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture."

Global Hunger Index: conflict, climate and COVID-19

● Welthungerhilfe and IFPR
● 101/119
● Malnourished, stunning, wasting, child mortality
● Increase in hunger crisis in india due to COVID
● - - UNICEF report: India’s position is now behind its neighbouring countries –
Pakistan (92), Bangladesh (76) and Nepal (76).

● International: International covenant on social, economic and cultural rights.

● India: DPSP and SC implicit in Article 21
● Food security

COVID
● Migrations
● Loss of jobs
● Loss of ICDS scheme for children- child labour.

Initiatives
● Food coupons and food banks in the US, UK.
● NGOS: Akshaya patra
● Religious: Langgars in gurudwaras.
● Governments: PM Garib kalyan, NFSA 2013.
● SC wants hunger kitchens.
● Tamil Nadu: Amma canteen model- SHGs- women empowerment- Stalin no
name change- welfare state-
2021 Budget: supplementary nutrition program+poshan —>poshan 2.0 in aspirational
districts.
Body mass index
● 18-25
● Measure of height to weight
malnutrition
● - Malnutrition indicates that the daily nutritional intake is inadequate or overtly
resulting in obesity and undernourishment.
○ NFHS-5: 35%
● - Children whose height is below the average for their age are considered to be
stunted height to age.  34%
● - children whose weight is below the average for their age are considered thin for
their height or wasted: weight to height 
● - Together, the stunted and wasted children are considered to be underweight –
indicating a lack of proper nutritional intake and inadequate care post childbirth.
● - hunger related poverty remains major deprivation and gives rise to malnutrition
and undernourishment.
● - malnutrition directly affects the development of children by
retarding cognitive and physical abilities.

- Stunting is caused by an insufficient intake of macro- and micro-nutrients. It is

generally accepted that recovery from growth retardation after two years is only possible
if the affected child is put on a diet that is adequate in nutrient requirements.
- A critical aspect of nutrient adequacy is diet diversity, calculated by different
groupings of foods consumed with the reference period ranging from one to 15 days. 
- diet:The eight food groups include:
- cereals, roots and tubers;
- legumes and nuts;
- dairy products;
- flesh foods;
- eggs; fish;
- dark green leafy vegetables; and other
- fruits and vegetables.
- And 26% and 57% of the children (83% put together) had a dietary diversity score of
two and three, respectively, implying that they had had food from only two/three of the
eight food groups.
- In most households it was rice and dal which was cooked most often and eaten thrice
a day
- hunger, malnutrition, morbidity and physical environment reinforce each other and
produce breeding ground for poverty and illness due to no communicable diseases.
- NHFS-5 nearly 54% of women suffer from anaemia, a great cause for low weight
birth, higher risk of death and low immune system.
- vulnerable SC,ST are prone to undernourishment Such acute food insecurity in tribal
households is due to a loss of their traditional dependence on forest livelihood and the
State’s deepening agrarian crisis.

Vicious cycle: intergenerational impact malnourished mother→ malnourished child.

- Besides these, systemic issues and a weakening of public nutrition programmes have
aggravated the problem.
- For example, 20% of tribal families did not receive rations (public distribution
system) in Vikramgad (in Palghar) as they did not have a card.
- paradox of self sufficiency and hidden hunger( micronutrients deficiencies).
- It is clear that India has a lot to do to tackle nutrition challenges — 26 million children
suffer from wasting (a low weight-for-height ratio), more than in any other country.
- Yet, the country has the second highest number of obese children in the world — 15.3
million in China and 14.4 million in India.
- While tackling undernutrition through assurance of adequate nutrition (usually
interpreted as dietary calories), we need to ensure that it is also about appropriate
nutrition (the right balance of nutrients).
- Our policy response has to move from “food security” to “nutrition security”.
- Diversification of site: shift in food patterns to more milk,fruits and protein food,
however risk of obesity, diabetes  and non communicable is also increasing.
- only sizeable change happened in rural labour and farmer diets.

role of anganwadis
● - the overhaul of capacity and capability in three existing programmes, designed
to reach populations most at risk, should be the first priority — namely, the
● - Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), with its network of 1.4 million
Anganwadi Centres, reaching almost 100 million beneficiaries who include
pregnant and nursing mothers and children up to 6 years;
● - mid-day meals (MDM) that reach almost 120 million children in schools; and
the
● - Public Distribution System (PDS) that reaches over 800 million people
under the National Food Security Act.
● Jean dreze shows the decline in allocation
● hot cooked meal or fortified food packets to address the malnourishment.
Ex:balamrutham in telangana
● locally produced, diverse food options that the country offers. 
● -  factory-made and energy-dense nutrient packets, as dalia(broken wheat)
and khichdi (rice and lentil stew) prepared with local ingredients and
sourced from self-help groups.  Ex: project sampoorna in Assam.
● - DBT

National nutrition strategy

● - Envisaging kuposhan Mukt Bharat
● Integrate: ICDS+ NHM+ JJY+ MDM.--> POSHAN ABHIYAN
● Project sampoorna in Assam → near zero cost, they integrated SHG-Anganwadi-
counseling support to see good results.
● Community based participation and patriarchy is key
● - Special focus on maternal care and nutrition: thereby reducing maternal
mortality by 1/5th direct nutrition program.
● - Focus on preventive action linking with sanitation and timely intervention.
● - Role of local self government : addressing undernutrition such as health and
sanitation drinking water.
● Social Audits: setting-up Nutrition Resource Centres, involving masses
through Jan Andolan 
●  rajasthan: National Nutrition Mission with a State Vision Document 2022
being formulated to ensure convergence of work by all stakeholders for
improving nutrition levels of women and children and reducing undernutrition
and low birth weight by 2% each year.

- Three priorities
 ● - Three, multiple campaigns designed to inform, communicate and educate on
nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive behaviors like
● - exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and in 1st hour is at 40% NFHS-5.
○ Delhi ->Breastfeeding friendly hospitals initiative
○ Japanese 5lakh crech facilities
● - diet diversity,
● - hand-washing, thanks to COVID
● - deworming,
● - safe drinking water,
● - hygiene and sanitation.
● - Nutrition has to be “marketed” and made interesting, engaging, simple and
personally relevant — this is an expertise where the private sector can
meaningfully contribute.
● Target Severely Acute malnourished children (SAM) on priority bases.Women
and Child Development ministry estimates that there are 17.76 lakh severely
acute malnourished children (SAM) and 15.46 lakh moderately acute
malnourished (MAM) children as of October 14, 2021.

SDGs
● SDG report progress decline.-117 rank
● Good: 3 Good Health and well being, 6 Clean water sanitation, 7 Affordable and
clean energy, 10 Reduced inequalities, 11 Sustainable cities and communities,
12 Sustainable consumption and production.
● OKAY:
○ 1 No Poverty
○ 4 Quality education
○ 8 Decent work and economic growth
○ 9 Industry innovation and infrastructure
○ 13 Climate action.
○ 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions
○ 17 Partnership for the goals
● Low:2 Zero Hunger 5 Gender equality
● stable:14 Life below water., 15 Life on land.
NITI SDG: States: achievers, front runners, perforers, aspirational states.
Kerala tops and Bihar last. Telangana at 6

- Welfare schemes for vulnerable

sections of the population by the Centre
and States and the performance of
these schemes; 
- mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and
betterment of these vulnerable sections.

Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States
and the performance of these schemes
- Senior Citizens
- SC,ST,OBC.
- differently abled
- Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes
- Beggars
- Transgender
- minorities:muslims, sikhs, christians etc..
- women

WOMEN

1. Employment:
1. 96% of female workers are in the unorganized sector
2. LFPR: 21% (male 80%) - WB data
 4. IMF reported that India has one of the lowest Female LFPR
among emerging and developing countries.
UN Report on Women.Contribution of Indian women to the GDP is 17%
far below the global average (37%), China (41%) and sub-Saharan
Africa (39%) - NITI
6. Unpaid labour: Women constitute half the world's population, perform
nearly 2/3rd of its work hours, receive 1/10th of world's income and
own less than 1/100th of the world's property -
Gender Gap Index, 2017: 108 to 140 in 2021 bangladesh ranked @65
● If gender gap is filled by 2025 then Indian GDP could increase by 60%.
Land ownership: women constitute 65% of agriculture workforce, 75% of
rural workforce, but own only 13% of land (agriculture census)

Social and ∙ Missing women - 63m

Cultural ∙ Unwanted girls (Son meta preference) - 21m

Violence 1. NCRB every 4 minutes a women is assaulted - incidents

of serious crimes against women rose from 237 per day in
2001 to 313 per day in 2015.
2. crimes against women have more than doubled over the past
10 years (NCRB)
3. In 95% cases, offender is known to victim. (NCRB) 4. 39
crimes against women were reported every hour in India
(NCRB)

Political ∙ 49% of the Indian electorate consists of women.Yet,only 14% of

the 17th Lok Sabha members are women MPs. ( SC 3% and
HCs 9%) ∙ Inc in rep from 4.4 percent in 1951 to 11 percent in 2014 -
way below the global average of 23.4 percent. At this rate, it
would take another 180 years to reach the desired gender
balance
∙ Sarpanch Patis
 Education 1. Only 65% adult women literate as compared to 82%
men
2. GER of girls in elementary education has improved
dramatically, from 66% in 1991 to 97% in 2014.
3. GER of girls has also improved in higher education,
27% crossing men
4. women account for 51% of all post-graduates in India today.

Health 1. Latest Lancet series on maternal health reveal that one-

third of the total maternal deaths in 2015 happened in two
countries: India and Nigeria
2. Declining Child Sex Ratios (CSR): 945 in 1995, 927 in
2001 to 919 in 2011. Sex ratio is 943.

Despite the Child Marriage Restraint Act (1978), 34% of all women are married
below the legal minimum age of marriage (ie 18 years). NFHS-5

Personal Laws:
Muslim:
∙ The source of Muslim personal law is Muslim Personal Law (Shariyat)
Application Act 1937. Absence of a definition of Sharia, has led to chaos.
∙ Sharaya Bano vs UoI: SC pronounced Triple Talak as
unconstitutional ∙ Polygamy- is rampant among Muslim men
∙ Nikah halala (a practice under which a woman who wishes to remarry her
former husband must first consummate a nikah with another man).
Hindus:
∙ Dowry
∙ Property Rights- Only recently, Delhi High Court announced that the eldest
daughter can be the karta of the Hindu Undivided Family property.
∙ Bigamy- A Hindu second wife is devoid of her rights and also divested from
her status as “wife”.
UCC as a Solution:
∙ Expected to provide a stable system of judicial procedures dealing with
the personal matters along with uniformity and gender just framework.
∙ The laws can be well deliberated and debated with the involvement of all the
stakeholders. For example, recently the law commission released a
questionnaire on UCC to know people’s opinion on the issue.
∙ Like in Goa, UCC may guarantee a unified legal structure for the whole
 country irrespective of religion or ethnicity.
∙ The non-existence of a blueprint of what we call the Uniform Civil Code has
given way to heedless back-and-forth squabble and rhetoric + minority
apprehension. Way Forward:
∙ LC recommended ammendment of Registration of Births and deaths Act
1969 to make marriage registration compulsory. Can help fight gender
violence, bigamy, child marriage etc.

SURROGACY:

● surrogacy: Assisted reproductive sector could be a $2bn market

worldwide
● 25k surrogate children being born each year.
● Exploitation of women - Many instances were surrogates have
died due to complications
● 2. Lack of postnatal care and lack of insurance for mother
● 3. Frequent pregnancy of the same surrogate in absence of rules and
regulations
● 4. Middlemen exploiting ignorance of the illiterate women
● 5. Abandonment of babies born with disability or in case of twins ex: japanese
couple
● 6. Issue of citizenship of the born child in case of surrogacy facilities
adopted by foreign couples
● 7. Lack of privacy of surrogate mother which causes societal
embarrassment in many cases
● 8. depersonalize reproduction and create a separation of genetic,
gestational, and social parenthood.
● 9. Change in motives for creating children i.e. children are not conceived
for their own sakes, but for another’s benefit.
● the 2008: Manji's case (Japanese Baby) had held that commercial
surrogacy is permitted in India with a direction to the Legislature to pass
an appropriate Law governing Surrogacy.
● LC:against Commercial Surrogacy.
Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016:
● ∙ Seeks to ban commercial surrogacy and allow only infertile heterosexual
couples to bear a child using a 'related' - surrogate mother.
 ● ∙ Mandatory for surrogate mothers to be married and be a close
relative. .
● She should also have given birth to a healthy child before bearing a
baby for another couple. A woman can only bear one surrogate child.
● ∙ Single men and women, heterosexual couples who choose not to opt for
marriage, gay couples, transgender persons, single parent cannot have
baby through surrogacy.
● ∙ Nonresident Indians or People of Indian Origin card-holders will not be
allowed to take recourse to a surrogate mother in India.
● Legally wedded Indian couples can have a surrogate child only after five
years of legal marriage and will require a medical certificate as proof of
infertilit

Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017:

● Article 42 of the Constitution guarantees maternity benefits to all working
women. ∙
● 12 weeks to 26 weeks (better than WHO reco of 24 weeks for higher
survival rates and healthy dev)
● ∙ applicable to all establishments employing 10 or more persons. ∙
● In case of a woman who has two or more children, the maternity
benefit will continue to be 12 weeks
● ∙ 12 week Maternity leave for adoptive and commissioning mothers
(biological mother who uses her egg to create an embryo implanted in
another woman)
● ∙ Option to work from home,creche facility (50+ employees)
● Informing women employees of the right to maternity leave
● ∙ +ve: will help 18 lakh women workforce in organised sector, will inc
WFPR, dec IMR, inc breastfeeding <acc to ES, such early inv yield
more RoI than later life interventions>
∙ cons:
o Despite law commission reco, 90% of working women are in the
unorganised sector not covered. For them, Indira Matritva Sahyog
Yojana.
o perpetuates gender role stereotypes
o silent on paternity leave
o competitive set back for women
∙ Can follow Singapore Model: women in the city-state get 16 weeks of
maternity leave with the employer paying for eight weeks and the next
 eight reimbursed to the employer by the government
Paternity Leave:
∙ In India, Public sector grants 15 days of paternity leave while there is no law on
paternity leave in the private sector.
∙ Britain and Japan offer a years unpaid leave for both parents.

Medical Termination of Pregnancy 2020:

MTP Act, 1971 20th week→ fetus poses danger.
Now can do on 1 doctor.
20-24: 2 doctors.
More than 24 2 doctors.
For unmarried women, illicit pregnancy,
Privacy and punishment.
Advantages: autonomy, safe technologies reduce MMR and morbidity.
Disadvanateges: no autonomy, no time frame for the board, transgender.

Sexual Harrasment at Workplace:

● Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and
Redressal) Act, 2013
● ∙ Expands ‘workplace’ beyond traditional offices, includes places visited for
work and telecommuting.
● internal complaint committee (ICC) ∙ filing of an audit report of the
number of complaints and action taken at the end of the year.
○ 2015 research study, 36% of Indian companies and 25% of
MNCs no ICC. of multinational companies had not yet
constituted their Internal Complaints Committee (ICCs)
which is mandatory under the Act.
● Ministry of WCD online complaint management system titled Sexual
Harassment electronic–Box (SHe-Box) for the effective implementation
of the SH Act, 2013.
● not fix accountability as to who is in charge of ensuring that
workplaces comply with the Act
● 70% women don't even report sexual harrasment.
● Legisfy: NGO on free legal consultancy.
● B.artsy foundation: street plays, education, skits and story telling.
 ● Ed tech platform: be your own shakti.

Draft National Policy for Women, 2016:

● Priority Areas:
● 1. Health including food security and nutrition.
● 2. Education: innovative transportation models for better schooling
outcomes, advocate gender champions and address disparities with
regard to ICTs.
● 3. Economy: Raising visibility, engendering macro-economic policies and
trade agreements, generate gender-disaggregated land ownership
database, skill development and training for women, entrepreneurial
development, review of labor laws and policies, equal employment
opportunities
● 4. Governance and Decision Making: Increasing women’s
participation in the political arena, administration, civil services and
corporate boardrooms.
● 5. Violence Against Women: Legislations affecting /relating to women
will be reviewed/harmonized to enhance effectiveness, Improve Child
Sex Ratio (CSR),
● 6. Enabling Environment: Gender perspective in housing and
infrastructure, ensuring safe drinking water and sanitation, gender
parity in the mass media & sports, marginalized, migrant and single
women.
● 7. Environment and Climate Change: distress migration and
displacement in times of natural calamities due to climate change and
environmental degradation, green energy sources for women
● 8. The policy also describes emerging issues such as making cyber spaces
safe place for women, redistribution of gender roles, for reducing unpaid
care work, review of personal and customary laws in accordance with the
Constitutional provisions, Review of criminalization of marital rape within
the framework women’s human rights etc.relevant in the developmental
paradigms.
Operational strategies
● ∙ Enabling safety and security of women– with initiatives such as One Stop
Centres, Women Helpline, Mahila PoliceVolunteers, Reservation of
women in police force,
● creating immediate response mechanisms through panic buttons in
mobiles, public and private transport,surveillance mechanisms in public
 places.
● ∙ Creating eco-systems to encourage entrepreneurship amongst women –
through platforms like Mahila E-Haat, W-Hub telangana dedicated theme
based exhibitions, focussed skill training,mentoring through Women
Entrepreneurship Council,
● ∙ Training and capacity building of all stakeholders
● ∙ Facilitating women in workplace– through gender friendly work place, flexi
timings, increased maternity leave,provision of child care / creches.
● Ex. in Brazil, electronic kiosks have been set up at stations on railways
lines for providing information to women who are survivors of violent
crimes about the support services that can be accessed by them.
● ∙ Women's well being index

COVID-19 impact on women- “shadow pandemic”

1. Domestic violence :risk of violence towards women trapped with abusive partners.
● Womb to tomb
● 60% rise NCW
● Reasons: individual factors, social factors, community factors.
○ Toxic masculinity, internalized misogyny, marginalization
● Steps:
○ NCW-whatsapp.
○ NALSA
○ NGO: stree mukti sanghatana
○ Community: Bell bajao program in UP.
○ Legal: Domestic violence act 2005.
2. Job loss : Women are disproportionately represented in poorly paid jobs without
benefits, as domestic workers, casual laborers, street vendor
3.Increased domestic responsibility.

Digital technologies for women

● IT jobs.
● Jandhan yojana→ financial inclusion.
● 2015- Uber rape case.
● Time poverty→lack of time to do productivity activities. Work-life balance.

What are the Constitutional Provisions for Women and Children

● - Article 15 (3): It allows the state to make special provisions for women and
children. Several acts such as Dowry Prevention Act have been passed including
the recent Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005.
 ● - Article 23: Under the fundamental right against exploitation, flesh trade has
been banned.
● - Article 39: This ensures equal pay for equal work (gender biasness).
● - Article 40: This provides 1/3 reservation in panchayat for women.
● - Article 42: Provides free pregnancy care and delivery arrangements.
● - Article 44: It urges the state to implement the uniform civil code, which will help
improve the condition of women across all religions
● - Special Ministry of women and child development in 2006.

Schemes

- Rajiv Gandhi scheme for empowerment of adolescent girls (sabla) .

● Focus on all round development of adolescent girls.
● Anganwadi Centre is the focal point for delivery of services.
● Two components of scheme nutrition and non nutrition
● - Non nutrition focus on 11 to 18 years IIFA supplementation health checkups
referral services nutrition and health education download centre reproductive
sexual health counselling and guidance life skill education accessing public
services and vocational training.

Indira Gandhi matritva Sahyog Yojana or PM matru vandan

● 1. Conditional cash transfer for pregnant and lactating women
● 2. Cash incentive for providing health and nutrition to pregnant and narsing
mother.
● 3. Beneficiary are paid 4000 in 3 installments

Ujjwala scheme for prevention of trafficking,

● formation of community Vigilance groups and Rehabilitation reintegration and
repartition.

Gender budgeting initiative

● 1. Powerful tools for achieving gender mainstreaming to ensure that benefits of
development reach women as much as men.
● 2. Keeping a gender perspective in policy and program formulation and
implementation and review.
● 3. Institutionalization of gender budgeting in the country by setting up of gender
budgeting cells in all Ministries departments.
● MWCD as nodal agency.

-gender gap.
 ● Global Gender Gap Index of the World Economic Forum (WEF), takes 100 yrs to
close global gender gap.
● birth: even meta-preference for a son, which appears inoculated to development. 
● Education: higher enrolment of girls in schools, has not translated into equal
opportunities for women in the labour market.
● - Gender-Responsive Budgeting (GRB) did not see much results
● Economy: IMF research, said that women’s participation in the workforce to the
level of men can boost the Indian economy by 27 percent.
● Crime against women
● - Delhi recorded a rate of crime that is more than twice the national average.
● - Nirbhaya Fund was an important step, its implementation has remained
suboptimal.for women saftey

Beti Bachao Beti padhao

● Twin aim of increasing sex ratio and increasing girl education.a mass campaign
targeted at changing social mind set and creating awareness about the criticality
of the issue.
● 3. a tri-ministerial, convergent effort of Ministries of Women and Child
Development, Health & Family Welfare and Human Resource Development
● 4. Emphasis on gender mainstreaming and school curriculum having separate
chapter on gender mainstreaming by sensitizing students teachers and
community.
● 5. The objective of the scheme is to prevent gender based sex selective
elimination Anshul survival and protection of girl child.effective enforcement of
Pre-Conception & Pre Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PC&PNDT) Act
● 6. Social media presence and awareness
Sukanya Samriddhi account
● 1. Small Saving Scheme which has potential to have a phenomenal impact on
lives and self esteem of young girls in the country.
● 2. By facilitating to ensure a bright future for girl child by facilitating the education
and marriage expenses.
● 3. Rate of interest for scheme is 9.2% annually.
● 4. Validity of account till 21 years of age and cannot be withdrawn below 18
years.

"Mission for Protection and Empowerment for Women" for a period 2017-18 to 2019-20.
- ‘Pradhan Mantri Mahila Shakti Kendra',
● which will empower rural women through community participation to create an
environment in which they realize their full potential.
● is envisaged to work at various levels. While, National level (domain based
knowledge support) and State level (State Resource Centre for Women)
structures will provide technical support to the respective government on issues
related to women, the District and Block level Centres will provide support to
PMMSK and also give a foothold to BBBP in 640 districts to be covered in a
phased manner.
● - Student volunteers will play an instrumental role in awareness generation
regarding various important government schemes/ programmes as well as social
issues. More than 3 lakh student volunteers from local colleges will be engaged
in this process
● - one stop Centres will be linked with women helpline and will provide 24 hour
emergency and non-emergency response to women affected by violence both in
public and private space across the country.
minorities
∙ TMA Pai Foundation case: SC said religious or linguistic minorities to be decided
State wise
- Hindus constitute 79.8 %, Muslims constitute 14.2%, Christians 2.3%, Sikh 1.7%,
Buddhists 0.7% and Jains 0.4%

Nai Roshini
● Leadership development program for women.

Nai UDAAN
● Mains exam support.

Nai Manzil’
● Education and livelihood initiative.

National Commission for minorities 1992 

National Commission for religious and linguistic minorities

- Constitution of India doesn't define the word 'Minority' but has used the word minorities
considering two attributes religion or language of a person. 
- Ex cji Ranganat misra Commission 2004 issues related to Linguistic and Religious
minorities in India.
- 10% quotas for Muslims and 5% for other minorities in government jobs and edu and
seats in educational institutions 
reserves 8.4% out of existing OBC quota of 27% for minorities
SC reservation to Dalit converts
- critisied Mishra's report for creating "insecurities of the Dalit communities"

Constitutional provisions
- Right of ‘any section of the citizens’ to ‘conserve’ its ‘distinct language, script or
culture’; [Article 29(1)]
- Right of all Religious and Linguistic Minorities to establish and administer educational
institutions of their choice;[Article 30(1)]
- Freedom of Minority-managed educational institutions from discrimination in the matter
of receiving aid from the State;[Article30(2)]
Under Part XVII Official Language of Indian Constitution
● Rights for any section of population for language spoken by them ;[Article 347]
 ● Provision for facilities of instruction in mother tongue ; [Article 350A]
● Provisioning a special officer for linguistic minorities and defining his duties ;
[ Article 350B]

Schemes
- Ministry of Minority affairs in 2006 for enhanced approach and focus.
- 15 point programme for Welfare of minorities 2006. The objective is to
1.enhance opportunities for education.
2.Equitable share of minorities in economic activity improving standards of Living
3.prevention and control of disharmony and violence.
Exclusive scholarship schemes for minority students.
- Merit cum means scholarship.
- Post matric and pre matric scholarship.

Sachar committee report

● - Muslims constitute the largest religious minority and lag behind others in terms
of lag in economic, health and education parameters. 
● - The participation of Muslims in salaried jobs is also low.
● Muslim workers are largely concentrated in the informal sector which is
characterised by low wages, poor working conditions and little or no social
security.
● policies should “sharply focus on inclusive development and ‘mainstreaming’ of
the Community while respecting diversity.
● - Need for Transparency, Monitoring and Data Availability - Create a National
Data Bank (NDB) where all relevant data for various socio-religious categories
are maintained.
● Set up an Equal Opportunity Commission to look into grievances of deprived
groups like minorities.
● - Shared Spaces: Need to Enhance Diversity: The idea of providing certain
incentives to a 'diversity index' should be explored.
● - Education: a process of evaluating the content of the school text books needs
to be initiated to purge them of explicit and implicit content that may impart
inappropriate social values, especially religious intolerance.
● Need to ensure that all children in the age group 0-14 have access to free and
high quality education.
● - High quality Government schools should be set up in all areas of Muslim
concentration. Exclusive schools for girls should be set up, particularly for the 9-
12 standards.
● This would facilitate higher participation of Muslim girls in school education. In
co-education schools more women teachers need to be appointed.
 ● - Provide primary education in Urdu in areas where Urdu speaking population is
concentrated.
● - Mechanisms to link madarsas with higher secondary school board.
● - Recognise degrees from madarsas for eligibility in Defence Services, Civil
Services and Banking examinations.
● - Increase employment share of Muslims, particularly where there is a great deal
of public dealing.
● - Enhancing Participation in Governance: appropriate state level laws can be
enacted to ensure minority representation in local bodies
● - Create a nomination procedure to increase participation of minorities in public
bodies.
● - Establish a delimitation procedure that does not reserve constituencies with
high minority population for SCs.
● - Enhancing Access to Credit and Government Programmes: Provide financial
and other support to initiatives built around occupations where Muslims are
concentrated and that have growth potential.
● - Improve participation and share of minorities, particularly Muslims, in business
of regular commercial banks
● - Improving Employment Opportunities and Conditions.

SC
Constitutional framework
- Article 15(4)&(5) , 
- art-16 equality in public employment.
- Article 17 abolition of untouchability
DPSPs
- Article 40: Provides reservation of 1/3 seats in Panchayats to SC/ST.
- Article 46: It enjoins states to promote with care the educational and economic
interests of the weaker sections, specially SCs & STs.
Other
- Article 330/332: It allows reservation of seats for SC/ST in the Parliament as well as
state legislature respectively.
- Article 338/338 A/339: This article establishes a National Commission of SCs & STs.
Statutory
- The protection of civil rights act 1955
- The scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes prevention of atrocities act 1989
- SCs constitute 16.9% of the total population with approximately 80% living in
rural areas.

state of condition
● Disrespect- discrimination
● Social injustice
● Rohit Vemula.
● Bhima-Koregaon
● SC/ST Atrocities act.

Educational
- Pre Matric post matric scholarships for scheduled caste students a centrally sponsored
scheme with hundred percent assistance for expenditure.
- Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship for SC students for pursuing research studies in
MPhil and PHD another scientific Institutions UGC is nodal agency.
- National Overseas scholarship for scheduled caste provides for fees charged monthly
maintenance, insurance premium contingency allowances incidental journey for PhD
Masters program.
● National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation,
● Stand Up India,
● ∙ Dalit Capitalism: Dalit Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
(DICCI)
Telangana Dalith bandu
Economic
- Special Central assistance to scheduled castes sub plan Central sector scheme.
- National scheduled caste Finance Corporation and development the objective is to
provide financial assistance in the form of concessional loans and skill come
entrepreneur training to youth.

∙ NCRB data shows bw 2007-2017, crimes against dalits grew by 66%

and rape of dailt women doubled - but convinction rate is approx
29% (either due to false cases, bad prosecution, bias in system etc)
∙ STs: Poverty: In India 52 per cent of the STs belong to the category of
Below Poverty Line (BPL) and 54 per cent of them have no access to
economic assets such as communication and transport(World Bank,
2011).
 Manual Scavenging
● 3labourers died cleaning a sewage treatment plant in Loni, Ghaziabad, 2018
● Bezawada Wilson -
● ∙ Lack of technology, low investment in R&D
● No proper rehabilitation, no one being prosecuted in the act.
● Between 2014 and 2016, as many as 1,268 men died while cleaning sewers,
according to safai Karamchari andolan
● ∙ Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their
Rehabilitation Act, 2013 stated that it is the ‘duty of local authorities and
other agencies to use modern technology for cleaning of sewers’.
● ∙ Sewer Croc and Bandicoot - sewer cleaning robots, made recently by
private efforts of young ppl Kerala student: robot to clean sewers.
● 1. It also seeks to expand the definition of manual scavengers.
● ∙ 2. Every unsanitary latrine is to be demolished or converted into sanitary
latrines within 9 months of coming of the law.
● ∙ 3. Falls under residual powers under the Union list (Entry 97).
● ∙ 4. National Commission for Safai karmachari is the implementing
authority. ∙ 5. Rehabilitation of estimated 2 lakh manual scavengers with
one-time cash assistance, Rs 3,000 per month during training for other
livelihood options, concessional loans for at least one member of the
family and financial assistance for building a house.
● ∙ 6. It also fixes the responsibility on local governments for ensuring sanitary
community toilets.
● ∙ 7. It seeks a more strict punishment for employing manual scavengers with a fine
of Rs 50,000 or/and imprisonment up to a year. While the practice of hazardous
cleaning of sewers and septic tanks will attract a fine of Rs 2 lakh and up to 2
years of imprisonment.

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989

The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities)
Amendment Act, 2015
● more instances of “atrocities” recognised as crimes against SCs and STs.
○ These include forcible tonsuring of head, garlanding with footwear,
denying a SC/ST member access to irrigation facilities, using or permitting
manual scavenging, dedicating SC/ST women as devadasis, abusing in
the name of caste, committing atrocities by dubbing someone a witch,
social or economic boycott, preventing SC/ST candidates from filing
 nomination to contest elections, hurting a SC/ST by removing his or her
clothes, forcing a SC/ST member to leave his or her house, village or
residence, and so on.
○ Ram priya bhai set on fire a PVTG sahariya group- land conflict with upper
caste in MP.
● establishment of exclusive special courts and special public prosecutors to try
offenses under the PoA Act, so that cases are disposed of expeditiously.
● - SC ruling:ruling that the bar under the Act on grant of anticipatory bail, if prima
facile malafide.
● a non-SC or ST public servant who neglects his duties relating to SCs
or STs shall be punishable.
● not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP)
● Subhash Mahajan vs State of Maharashtra, 2018:SC established
procedural safeguards.
● o NCRB data shows that over the last ten years (2007-2017), there has
been a 66% growth in crimes against Dalits.
● NCRB data states that 75 % of cases under the Atrocities Act have
resulted in acquittal or withdrawal
● ∙ establishes special courts

Scheduled tribe- indedenous people

TRIBALS

Facts
● - STs:8.6% 0r 100 million 705 Sts and 75 PVTGs
● Census 2011: STs constitute 8.6%
● ∙ World Bank report: STs are nearly 20 years behind the average Indian
population as a result of their increasing isolation especially from traditional
livelihood sources like land and forests ∙ NSSO 2004–05 (61st Round), OBCs
constitute around 41%
● ∙ A366 - defined STs as those that are deemed to be so under A342
● ∙ A342 - Presi after consultation with the Governor may specify the
tribes of a State/UT Tribes -> Homogenous, unstratified, shyness of
contact, geographical isolation, distinct culture, distinct livelihood
● - Tribes live in contentious areas and unlike other communities therefore it is
much simpler to have an area approach for development activities.
Constitutional
● - Article 19 (5): It allows the State to impose restrictions on freedom of movement
or of residence in the benefit of scheduled tribes.
● - Article 275: Allows special grants in aid to states for tribal welfare.
● - To protect land alienation and other social factors provisions of 5th scheduled
and 
● 6th schedule for Assam Meghalaya Tripura Mizoram which are declared as tribal
areas provides for district councils and regional councils

Governors power
● - Prohibit or restrict transfer of land
● - Regulate the business of money lending
● any particular act of parliament of Legislature shall not apply to scheduled area
and making modifications.
● - Report to the president regarding the administration of Scheduled area.
● - Tribal Advisory Council shall be established in States having scheduled area
and advise state governments on matters pertaining to the benefit and
advancement of Scheduled Tribes.
● - Autonomous Council and district Council make rules and report for approval of
governor regarding construction management of primary schools dispensaries
markets Kadhal fish roads waterways in district.
● - Governor to regulate the royalties of natural resources.
● - Art 342: Only after consultation with governor the president notifies for
denotified the tribal communities as a part of schedule tribe.
● Bodies
● - National Commission for Scheduled tribe
● - Tribal sub plan for Rapid socio economic development I) identify the problem
and needs of tribal people and Critical gaps in their development.ii) identify all
available resources of sub plan.iii) repair God policy Framework for
development.iv) repair mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation.
● - National Scheduled Tribes finance and Development Corporation provides
loans and self employment opportunities for tribal people and marketing their
goods. I) adivasi Mahila Shakti Karan Yojana.2) micro credit scheme for self
employment Ventures.
● - Tribal Cooperative marketing development Federation of India national level
Apex body functions as market developer for tribal products and as a service
provider to its member Federation.

issues and challenges

● 20 years behind
 ● Government officials do not visit these villages for years together. Ex: Akunuri
Murali work.
● Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana scheme- TFRID
● Ekalavya schools.
● - Overseas scholarship for Scheduled tribe students.

Problems in Tribal areas

● ∙ Tribal land alienation and dispossession are at the crux of the crisis
tribal communities face across the country
● ∙displacement ex: niyam giri, polavaram.
● Acquisition of land by the state using the principle of ‘eminent domain’;
● ∙ Manipulation of records and incorrect interpretation of law;
● ∙ Encroachment of tribal land by non-tribal people and immigrants;
● Creation of national parks; ex: chenchu tribe and kaval tiger reserve.
● ∙ armed conflict resulting in forced migration and eviction from homelands. ∙
● routinisation of arbitrary arrest, illegal detention and torture- jai bhim in
custody of tribal people living in conflict areas.
● ∙ Added to this is criminal neglect and violent corruption that has systematically
obstructed the delivery of public goods and services.
● ∙ Bureaucratic apathy, lack political will, lack of awareness wrt rights and
entitlements, lack of credible data to make policy
● ∙ AAAQ of edu and health
● BULTOO Experiment - Alex Paul Menon is using this to transmit imp info using
bluetooth (because those villagers use it and call bluetooth bultoo)

TRIBAL SUB PLAN

● ∙ Earlier approach was based on “incidental” benefits that flew to them from
various sources. TSP aimed to ensure direct “policy-driven” benefits.
● ∙ It forms a part of the annual Plan of a State/UT and the funds provided
under the TSP have to be in proportion to the ST population of each
State/UT.
● ∙ 2015 CAG report - said plans for schemes were being formulated
without consulting the tribal beneficiaries. violation of TSP.
● ∙ PAC Report of 2018 - said need a central nodal unit for overview,
imposition of penality for violating TSP, create a non-lasable pool for
TSP
Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs): 75
∙ In 1973, Dhebar Commission recognised separate category of PVTGs.
∙ CENSUS 2001 - around 27.5 lakh PVTGs
∙ Characteristics of PVTGs:
1. Mostly homogenous
2. Small population
3. Relatively physically isolated
4. Primitive Social institutions
5. Absence of written language
6. Relatively simple technology and a slower rate of change
∙ Scheme for Development of PVTGs(2008):
o identifies 75 PVTGs as the most vulnerable
o gives state governments flexibility in planning initiatives - housing,
land distribution and development, agriculture, roads etc.
o Additional Funds are available for activities not already funded
o long term Conservation-cum-Development plan for five years for each
PVTG o entirely by the Central government
∙ Support to Tribal Research Institutes Scheme, Tribal Sub Scheme, ST girls eduction
∙ Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) study found that no baseline surveys have
been conducted for more than half of the PVTGs. Baseline surveys help
identify the habitat and socio-economic status.
o Repetitions and overlaps: E.g. Mankidia and the Birhor in Odisha refer
to the same group and are mentioned twice.
Some PVTGs are distributed in more than one State and are recognized
multiple times like Birhors spread in 4 States.
o Regional and State-specific variations in welfare schemes for
PVTGs. o Huge variation in population.
o Declining populations

Kodu tribe in araaku- savara, konda reddy, koya,

● Dongri kodu in bandam guda village
● They are involved in subsistence, like plucking leaves.
● I have not seen any development in that area. The sanitation is not good.
● I have asked them more malaria is prevalent in that araea.
● I have seen is their are leveraging the chechdams water→ drinking water.
● Their is no anganwadi→ lack of malnutrition.
● The primary school has been closed→ less tahn 20 children.
 ● Coffee plantation is now mooted in the anatagiri hills, but they are not owned by
adivasi and they work as plantation labour.

Land alienation in tribal areas

● development induced Displacement for projects: Large-scale development projects
such as dams, mines, and industrial complexes often result in the displacement of tribal
communities from their ancestral lands.
● Encroachment by non-tribal people: Non-tribal people, including forest officials,
landlords, and businessmen, often illegally occupy and claim ownership of tribal lands.
● Government policies: Government policies, such as those related to forest conservation
and wildlife protection, have often led to restrictions on the use of tribal lands, resulting in
land alienation.
● Lack of land rights: Many tribal communities do not have formal land rights and are often
denied access to their lands by government officials and non-tribal people.
● Cultural and social factors: Tribal communities often have different cultural and social
practices related to land use and ownership, which may not be recognized or respected
by the government or non-tribal people.
● Corruption: In some cases, officials and politicians may be involved in illegal land
grabbing from the tribes.
Promoting tribal products
● Creating a market: Encourage the development of a market for tribal products by
connecting tribal communities with potential buyers, such as wholesalers, retailers, and
export companies.
● Branding and packaging: Developing a strong brand and packaging for tribal products
can help to increase their visibility and appeal to consumers.
● Promoting traditional skills: Highlighting the traditional skills and techniques used to
create tribal products can help to increase their value and appeal to consumers.
● Government support: Government support through schemes and policies which support
tribal artisans, for example, through subsidies, training, and marketing assistance.
● E-commerce platforms: Utilizing e-commerce platforms to sell tribal products can help to
reach a wider market and increase accessibility. Ex: khai chutney.
● Building relationships: Building relationships with key stakeholders, such as buyers,
media, and other influencers, to help promote tribal products.
● Fair trade certification: Obtaining fair trade certification can help to ensure that tribal
products are ethically and sustainably produced and can increase their appeal to
consumers.
● Community-based tourism: Encouraging community-based tourism, where tourists can
visit tribal villages, learn about their culture and purchase their products directly.

1. Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED) under Ministry

of Tribal Affairs, Government of India, is one of the examples of promoting tribal
products by providing marketing support to tribal artisans and farmers. 25,000 tribal
products
 2. National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum (NHHM) in New Delhi, India, which
showcases and sells tribal products from different parts of the country.
3. Many NGOs are working to promote tribal products by providing training, design
development, and marketing support to the artisans.
4. Some e-commerce companies, for example, Amazon and Flipkart, have created
separate sections for tribal products where one can find a wide variety of tribal products.
5. The government of Odisha, India, has launched a scheme called “Maa Lukhi”, to
promote tribal products by providing financial assistance to artisans, and marketing the
products through exhibitions and fairs.
6. Many countries have fair trade organizations that provide fair trade certification to tribal
products, this certification verifies that the products are ethically and sustainably
produced and can increase their appeal to consumers.
7. Many museums and cultural centers around the world have regular exhibitions of tribal
art and crafts, and these exhibitions also provide an opportunity to purchase these
products.
8. Community-based tourism is also an effective way of promoting tribal products. For
example, in many tribal villages of India, tourists can buy tribal products directly from the
artisans and learn about their culture and traditions.

Adi mahotsav
○ Handicrafts
○ Bamoo
○ Shawls
○ Tribal medicine
○ Tribal branding
○ Modi wears
○ Honey, kai chutney immune booster
○ Life campaign and climate change
○ Export potential
○ Dokras- decorative
○ Tribal entrepreneurs
○ Tribal knowledge syste
● Horn bill festival in G20
Van dhan yojana- market and price for first produce

Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes:

∙ National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-nomadic Tribes has
given its report in 2016.
● ∙ “Scheduled Tribe” appeared first in the Constitution of India. Article 366 (25)
defined them as “such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under
 Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purpose of this Constitution.”
● ∙ Nomadic Tribes and Denotified Tribes both are the ones that were regarded
as criminal tribes under khaki movie CTA. ( Iyengar Committee - said
change criminal tribes to habitual offenders)
● ∙ During the British colonial rule, if the local government had reason to believe
that a gang or a tribe had “addicted to systemtic commission of non-bailable
offences” then it was registered as criminal tribe under the Criminbal Tribes Act
1871.
● ∙ Criminal Tribes Act, 1924. Under this act, the local government may
establish reformatory schools and separate criminal tribe children from their
parents and guardians and place them in such schools
● ∙ Ananthsayanam Ayyangar Committee (1949-50): as per this, CTA was repealed
in 1949 and was replaced by the Habitual Offenders Act, 1951.
● ∙ 2002, Justice Venkatachaliah Commission recommended for
strengthening the programmes for economic and educational
development of DNTs. Consequently, a National Commission for
Denotified Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes was constituted in 2005 ->
recommended to add DNT category to all benefits, SC/ST Act etc. DNT
under all categories like SC-DNT, OBC-DNT etc. Repeal Habitual
Offenders Act.
∙ Challenges: stereotyped, labeled as ex-criminals, excluded from reservation
benefits, alienation, loss of livelihood (as trad options like snake charming, street
acrobatics termed illegal)
∙ Denotified tribe dont have benefits of reservation!

GOVT INITIATIVES:
∙ National SC/ST Hub
● ∙ TRIFED - Tribal Cooperative Marketing ∙ Development
Federation of India ∙
● National Scheduled Tribes Finance & Development
Corporation

TRIBAL PANCHSHEEL: non-imposition by encouraging self governing Verrier

Elwin
● ∙ Tribals should be allowed to develop according to their own
genius ∙
● Tribals’ rights in land and forest should be respected
● ∙ Tribal teams should be trained to undertake administration and
development without too many outsiders being inducted
 ● ∙ Tribal development should be undertaken without disturbing tribal
social and cultural institutions
● ∙ The index of tribal development should be the quality of their life and not
the money spent

Recommendations Of Professor Xaxa Committee Report

● ∙ Tribal economy is the best development model and needs to be

replicated anywhere in the country.
● ∙ Protection of biodiversity rich mountains and forests (moratorium of
mining in biodiversity rich forest/zones)
● ∙ Use of renewable energy like solar and hydro through indigenous
techniques, Promote use of traditional transportation system for possible
distance coverage
● ∙ Implementation of Scheduled Area provisions (PESA) in true spirit
● ∙ De-scheduling of schedule area due to decline of
tribal population to be abolished.
● Declare all tribal populated areas as scheduled areas.
● ∙ Language used for learning in schools not suitable for tribal
children. Teachers are not familiar with tribal language, should be
take care of
● ∙ Develop curriculum in all tribal languages till Standard/Class 7
● ∙ Protect and promote traditional herbal medicines through the
community ownership ∙ Ensure ownership of community over their own
herbal treatment practices. ∙ Train traditional healers with improved
technology to ensure better healthcare in remote villages
● ∙ Ensure all NT and DNT communities are included in census with dignity. ∙
For social, economic and educational development one independent
authority should be established at national and state level.

CHILDREN:
● - Nelson Mandela’s :our children are our greatest treasure..Those who abuse
them tear at the fabric of our society and weaken our nation
Child STATS:

● 1/3rd
● DPSP: 39(f): development of child
● Art 24: age 14
● Child marriages: 1 in 3 in rural areas

2. Juvenile delinquency: refers to a large variety of disapproved behavior of

children and adolescents which the society does not approve of, and for
which some kind of punishment or corrective measure is justified in the
public interest.

The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015:

● Defined cognizable and non cognizable offences.

∙ Juvenile Justice Boards (JJB) and Child Welfare Committees (CWC) in each
district
o JJB will conduct a preliminary inquiry to determine whether a juvenile
offender is to be sent for rehabilitation or be tried as an adult by a
Children’s Court (Court of Session).
o The CWC will determine institutional care for children in need of care and
protection. ∙ Special provisions have been made to tackle child offenders committing
heinous offences in the age group of 16-18 years.
∙ Existing Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA)- hague convention
on adoption was given the status of a statutory body. ∙ New offences covered -
sale and procurement of children, corporal punishments, use by militant
groups, kidnapping etc.
2021 amendment of juvenile justice
● Power to adoption from court to DMs
● Adoption appeal to division commissioner
 ● Qualifications for child welfare committee.
● All offenses tried in children's court. And offenses are non cognizable.
● Defined serious offense according to shilpa mittal case.

∙ Analysis:
o JJ Act commits the state to provide education, skill development,
counselling, behaviour modification therapy and psychiatric support for
inmates. But juvenile homes in India are yet to acquire the expertise to
undertake such activities.
o There are differing views on trying juveniles as adults. Some argue that
the current law does not act as deterrence for juveniles committing
heinous crimes. Another view is that a reformative approach will
reduce the likelihood of repeating offences.
o Further, activists also cite the evidence of adult prisons not offering a
reformatory experience for inmates and the higher rates of criminal
recidivism among ex-prisoners.
o It violates the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child which requires
requires all signatory countries to treat every child under the age of 18
years as equal. However, many other signatories like UK, France,
Germany do the same.

child labour

● UNICEF defines child labour as working child in fcatories below 18 yrs.

● Labour bureau census: 1.26cr child labour.70% of CL in families. ∙ Over 20% in
UP alone, need special focus.
● undertaking dangerous work, living in areas affected by conflict and disaster and
they are the focus of the 2017 commemoration of the World Day Against Child
Labour.
● As the world strives to achieve the elimination of child labour by 2025.
● Trafficiking in homes and sexual abs use.
● Industrial belts:
● MASTER movie
● UNODC: increase in trafficking during COVID.
● 1.5 lakh children lost parents during COVID and become orphans.
 ● Anti trafficking bill 2021.

Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act 2016:

● ∙ Prohibits engagement of children (<14yrs) in all occupations and of

adolescents (14-18yrs) in hazardous occupations and process.
● ∙ Reduced list of hazardous occupations from 83 to just mining,
explosives and occupations mentioned in Factory Act. This list
can further be changed by Gov. authorities.
● ∙ States children may work in "family or family enterprises" and "be an artist in
an audio-visual ent.".
● Allows India's caste-based child labour from families trapped in inter-
generational debt bondage. Also doesn't define working hours.
● ∙ More stringent punishments for violators: jail term of 6mnths to 2
years and fine upto 50k.
● ∙ Has a provision for creation of a Rehabilitation Fund.
∙ Analysis:
∙ Current amendment contradicts Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act
of 2000 and reverses the gains of 1986 Act which included 83 hazardous
occupations. ∙ This also contravenes ILO's (International Labour Organisation)
min. age convention and UNICEF's Convention on Rights of the Child (India is
a signatory).
∙ If the amendments intended to preserve Indian art and craft by enabling parents
with traditional skills to pass them on to their children, this should be done
through reform and investment in education.
∙ UNICEF India

● children under 14 years will be allowed to work in family businesses, outside of

school hours and during holidays, and in entertainment and sports. MPs objected
to the definition of family which includes not only parents and siblings but also the
siblings of either parent
● IT platform PENCIL: acilitate monitoring of the National Child Labour Project
(NCLP) Mof labour which is for rehabilitation of child and adolescent labour. The
funds for the NCLP are provided by the Centre and the project is administered by
district magistrates.
 ● 1979: Gurupadswamy committe: as long as poverty continued, it would be
difficult to totally eliminate child labour.
● Mission VATSALYA- integrated child protection scheme.
● Bachpan bachao andolan freed more than 88,000 children from the servitude, by
kailash satyarthi.
● Need to broden to cyber trafficking.

1. POCSO Act, 2012: Bombay HQ skin contact

● Determining the age

● Delay in forensic collection
● Lack of police sensitivity
● 30% convection rate
2. signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of The Child
3. IPC and IT Act prohibit the production or transmission of so-called “obscene
material” even though there is no law explicitly prohibiting pornography.
4. Aarambh Initiative: hotline to curb sexual abuse of children through the
Internet and to remove child pornographic content online unveiled.
5. India recently has ratified the ILO Convention 182 on the worst
forms of child labour and Convention 138 on Minimum Age of
Employment.

National Policy of Children 2013:(2016)

∙ Recognizes a child to be a person below the age of 18 yrs.

∙multisectorial, multilevel convergence.
∙ Child has universal, inalienable and indivisible human rights.
∙ 4 priority areas
1. Survival, health and nutrition
2. Education and development
3. Child Protection
4. Child Participation

National Child Action Plan of 2016:

● ∙ Child Survival, Health and Nutrition: universal maternal and child
healthcare, immunisation, pre natal, pernatal and post-natal care
 ● ∙ Education and Development: universal and equitable access to Early
Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) for children below 6
years.
● ∙ Child protection and participation in prog concerning them.

Prohibition of child marriage act 2006

COVID impact on children

● Many orphaned. 1.47 lakh lost both the parents, 1 million lost atleast 1.
○ Rehabilitation with relatives.
○ Loans, property, insurance premiums.
○ Balwaraj portal of NCPCR.
● Child trafficking
● Child labour has grown.

Differently abled

∙ Census 2011: PwDs 2.21% of the total population (could be grossly

underestimated due to prevalent stigma)
70% of the disabled population was rural. 45% of all PWDs in India are illiterate.
More men than women.
 ∙Issues:

Attitudinal and stereotype

1. Disability is not being measured properly in India. Not all census measures +
different definitions.
2. India looks at disability from a medical or pathological angle only. Most
developed countries look from a social angle.
3. Census depends on self-reporting of disability; this may leave
out mental disability. 4. Social stigma => huge under reporting.
5. Unfriendly public infra
∙ GST 18% on aids and appliances of disabed which were 0 rated for the past 10
years.

STEPS TAKEN:

∙ India signatory to UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with

Disabilities and the Incheon Strategy (to “Make the Right Real” for
PwDs in Asia and the Pacific.)

Incheon strategy for Asia pacific for person with disabilities recognise
political participation as key.
∙ National Action Plan for Skill Development covers PwD
∙ 'Divyang' instead of Viklang.
∙ Kerala became the first state to conduct a census of its own called Kerala
Disability Census for 2014- 15.
∙ sugamya bharat: Accessible India Campaign: covers built up environment,
transportation eco-system and information & communication eco-system
∙ Accessibility Index + Special Univ for PwD

Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016:

● ∙ reservation from 3 to 4%
● ∙ disabilities increased from 7 to 19
 ● rights and entitlements to disabled persons + friendly access to all public
places ∙
● National and State Commissions for persons with disabilities +
Central and State Advisory Boards on disability, national and
state level funds
● Plenary guardian for mentally disabled
● Disability benchmark of 40%
● Right to free education upto 18years

● ∙ States should be encouraged to develop their own disability policies

similar to the Comprehensive Disability Policy Framework of
Chhattisgarh. Mandatory inclusion of PWD in panchayat

NITI ACTION PLAN:

● Awareness campaign to remove stigma - causing difficulties in data
collection ∙ Accessibility, Education: NCERT study found that disabled
children in schools across states still face serious infrastructure and
pedagogy handicaps. Include mandatory module on sensitization in
teacher training.
● ∙ Unique Disability Identity Card (UDID) Project should be rolled-out,
eventually create an electronic database of PwDs across the entire
country.
Draft policy on Disability 2022
● Commitment to education, heath, skills,
● Accessibility, employment, sports and social security.
● EC for more accessibility of the electoral offices.
● Coordination with NGOs.
● Work with center state and local.

Conclusion: paralympics 5 gold and 8 silver compared to normal olympics only 1 gold.
● Grit and glory
● Palak kohli- para badminton, jyothi aliyan-Archery- story of underdogs and
punching above their weight.
senior citizens
● Geriatric care and social development
● Old age: 13 cr or 8% in 2021 increase to 40% by 2050- MoSIP
● ∙ DPSP 41 recognises State's duty towards the aged
Welfare Government
● - Article 41 says that state shall (within its limits of economic capacity &
development) will make effective provisions for securing right to work, education
etc. and to Public Assistance in case of unemployment, old age, sickness,
disablement or any other case of undeserved want.
● various social sector schemes such as social assistance programme, right to
food security, old age pension scheme, schemes for sick and disabled,
MGNREGA etc.
issues
● Lack of digital literacy: 2% can operate computers.
○ *Recently, Google and Telangana govt signed MoU to

trai senior citizens in using internet.

● “A life with dignity is a right of every individual, in general, more so for the senior
citizens.
● - Ensuring the welfare of senior citizens will therefore assume even greater
importance in the future given the projected shift in demographic patterns.
● - Healthcare is a crucial area of focus since a large share of the elderly
population lives in rural areas-70% and belongs to the weaker socio-economic
segments.
● Feminisation of aging
● Ruralisation of aging.
● Longitudinal aging study: Geographic variation 40% of kerala will age in 2050.
● - financial support:senior citizens that are largely dependent on interest income.
The exemption limit on interest income on bank and post oce deposits has been
raised from 10,000 to 50,000 a year

Government schemes

National policy for older persons1999 new policy is coming

● 1. Objective is to encourage individuals to make provisions for their own as well
as their spouse old age
● 2. Oakridge families to take care of their older family members
● 3. Enable support voluntary and Non governmental organizations to supplement
Kale
 ● 4. Who provide care and protection to vulnerable elderly people and provide
Healthcare facility
● 5. Promote Research and training facility of geriatrics caregivers
● 6. Create awareness regarding elderly persons.

- Indira Gandhi National old age pension scheme

- Maintenance and welfare of parents and senior citizens. 2007.’

Recent
1. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana
2. Atal Pension Yojana
3. Varishtha pension Bima Yojana 2017
4. Senior citizen welfare fund
5. National awards for Senior Citizens ‘Vayoshreshtha Samman
Assessment
- Low level of awareness about the schemes.
- Annapurna scheme to provide food security to senior citizens is also low level of
awareness
- Inadequacy of returns schemes are often criticized for providing only minimal social
security coverage.
- No emphasis on geriatrics.

way forward
- new National Policy on Senior Citizens should be finalized and implemented
● Geriatrics.

- An integrated implementation and monitoring plan should be developed by the

Department with inputs from various government and non-government stakeholders.
- Aadhaar and Direct Benefit Transfer based implementation and monitoring of social
security programmes including the Old Age Pension Scheme and Senior Citizens
Welfare Fund should be introduced
Aged population should be seen as opportunity rather than dependency

NITI: ∙ Aadhaar-based smart cards containing the health details of senior citizens should be
piloted ∙ Mass media awareness campaign on their rights
∙ National Policy on Senior Citizens should be finalized

Conclusion
● - If properly utilised they can be bank of experience and rich human resources.
Transgender

∙intro 4.87 lakh transgender while a 2011 survey by NGO Salvation of Oppressed
Eunuchs put their number at 19 lakh.
Conclusion: Shivas Ardhanirshwara, Kamasutra recognises the third sex
∙ literacy rate of 46% (viz 76% of general pop)

‘Transgender’ refers to all those who differ in behaviour and appearance from
the usual gender stereotypes. It includes transsexuals, transvestites (cross-
dressers), intersexed individuals and gender queers. In the Indian context, it
also includes social identities such as hijras, kinnars, aravanis, jogtas,
Shivshaktis and aradhis.

Anecdote: Adam Harry 23 yr old denied the commercial pilot license- he was
countries 1st trans trainee piolet- medical exam- born women genitals but
masculine features- DGCA temporary unfit- dysphoria (mismatch between sex
at birth and appearence)-- is this a reason to not fly.

Issues:

● ∙ Social stigma-kanchana movie - since birth they are segregated

from society and discriminated against
● ∙ Education - lack of access to formal schooling or special
schools
● ∙ underemployment - represent less than 1% of workforce
● ∙ legislations such as Eunuchs Act of AP, have provisions discriminating
transgenders.
● ∙ Transgender identity is not recognised in Criminal law so there is no
clarity on gender specific laws. Also concerns the right to property,
adoption, marriage, pension etc.
● Instances of the non recognition of the LGBTQ+ student bodies in DU.
Govt steps:
 ∙ India's first transgender sports meet was organised by Kerala
∙ Kerala is the first state to formulate Transgender policy
∙ Learn from international examples - Ireland and Denmark allow for self-
determination of gender without medical treatment
- Expert Committee was constituted
- need an Umbrella Scheme for Educational, Economic and Social Empowerment of
Transgender Community.
-  Karnataka model: 1% horizontal reservation  was registered in Bengaluru
sc judgement 
- recognition of transgenders as a third gender is not a social or medical issue but a
human rights issue.
Transgenders are also citizens of India. The spirit of the Constitution is to provide equal
opportunity to every citizen to grow and attain their potential, irrespective of caste,
religion or gender.

Naz foundation∙ - recogntiton of the transgender.

NALSA v. Union of India, 2014: SC affirmed the fundamental rights of
transgender persons. The court gave a series of directives to the
government to institute welfare measures for transgender persons, including
affirmative action. It also directed that the Expert Committee Report
prepared by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MSJE) be
implemented.
Navtej singh johar and
Puttuswamy judgement
-
The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2019,
● To give shape to the NALSA judgement-transgenerd have equal rights and
Article 21, 14,15.
● Navtej singh johar 2018: decriminalizing adultery and same sex relations.
● transgender person as one whose gender does not match the gender assigned
at birth. It includes trans-men and trans-women, persons with intersex variations,
● gender-queers, and persons with socio-cultural identities, such as kinnar and
hijra. Intersex variations
● Yogyakarta Principles 2006
● The Bill | States that transgender persons will have the right to "self-perceived"
gender identity. subject to medical approval
 ● Activists | Change of gender identity in documents cannot be done without a
certification by the District Magistrate after proof of a sex reassignment surgery is
provided.
● 2) The Bill | Enforces a minor's right of residence compelling any trans person
below 18 to cohabit with their natal family.
● Activists | Families are often a source of gruesome violence against the trans
community leading them to separate from the natal family.
● 3) The Bill | Criminalizes begging.
● Activists |It does not offer reservations for employment and education.
● 4) The Bill | Strongly focuses on transwomen and hijras.
● Activists | There is little emphasis on the intersex, gender queer and even
transmen
● National Counsel for transgender persons is headed by union minister of social
Justice
● No reservation for the transgender’s but special schemes.
● Punishments for discrimination.
● Midway homes.

∙ Leading voices from the community have called for vocational programmes in
creative fields, a recommendation made by the Standing Committee too
∙ Fearing prejudice and mental strain they find mangti - traditional way of
making money more comfortable
EXAMPLES

1. Shanavi Ponnusamy, a transwoman from Tamil Nadu, wrote to the President

alleging that Air India had denied her a cabin crew job despite her clearing
the written exam.
2. Case of Manabi Bandopadhyay, a transgender who was appointed as
India’s first college principal in 2015. However, she resigned from the post
in 2016 citing “immense mental pressure” due to continued agitations
against her by faculty and students.
Chandigarh kare aashiqui: Maanvi-played by Vani kapoor- story of a
transwomen.
● Awareness and normalization
● Moral superiority of sexuality needs to break

way forward
ARC Recommendations: a) Government should craft an integrated social policy which
will ensure priority State action on the key issues relating to social justice and
empowerment. b) Government should provide a significant portion of its plan allocation
for implementation of this integrated social policy.
We need a Gender Identity Law, that would provide for a person to change name and
gender, and take inspiration from Argentina, which introduced a law based on self-
determination and provides full recognition of a person’s self-defined gender identity. 

YOUTH:

∙ Third of all Indians are between 15 and 29 years of age - largest youth
population in the world ∙ National Youth Policy, 2014
∙ Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS) is focused on the
development of personality and leadership qualities
∙ National Service Scheme (NSS) pertains to the character development of
youth enrolled in high schools, colleges and universities

Government Ministries Organisations

and Schemes

Guiding philosophy
● Constitutional morality
● Sarve jana sukino bhavantu.

MP LADS
● 5cr per MP per yr.
● 15%, 7% for SC, ST areas.
 ● LS: in constituency.
● RS: in an elected state.
● Nominated: anywhere.
● Work should be sanctioned in 75 days of recipient of the recommendation.

National Pension Scheme for Traders and Self Employed Persons Yojana
● extend the pension benefit to about three crore retail traders & small
shopkeepers whose annual turnover is less than 1.5 crore under a new Scheme
namely Pradhan Mantri Karam Yogi Maandhan Scheme.
● Enrolment into the Scheme will be kept simple requiring only Aadhaar and a
bank account and rest will be on self-declaration.

Youth Co:Lab
● Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), NITI Aayog and United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) aims at accelerating social entrepreneurship and innovation
in young India.
Jeevan praman scheme
● No need to be present in person for pensions digitalise through biometric
benefeciary: Central state and other organisations

Aarogya sanjeevani policy

Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP)

● cheap generic and medical supplies
● Bureau of pharama PSUs unde Dep of Pharama and Ministry of Chemicals

GOAL (Going Online As Leaders)

● flagship program of Facebook and Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
● The program will focus on three core areas – Digital Literacy, Life Skills
Leadership and Entrepreneurship, and o n sectors such as Agriculture, Art &
Culture, Handicrafts & Textiles, Health, Nutrition, among others.

PM van Dhan Yojana Van Dhan:

● harness forest wealthLivelihood generation through SHGs
● MSP for Minor FOrest produce
● TRIFED in implementing agency.
● primary processing and value addition for forest produce and to provide employment for
tribals and increase tribal income,
● Van Dhan Vikas Kendra Clusters will provide the Van Dhan Vikas Kendras economies
of scale, livelihood and market-linkages, as well as entrepreneurship opportunities
 ● TRIFED’s Sankalp Se Siddhi initiative.
● Van Dhan tribal start-ups programme, a component of the The ‘Mechanism for
Marketing of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) through Minimum Support Price (MSP
● Skill training through tribal SHGs
● amla, pineapple, wild apple, ginger, fig, tamarind), jam (pineapple, amla, plum), juice
spices (dalchini, turmeric, ginger),
● Be Vocal for Local Buy Tribal” to create an “Atmanirbhar Bharat”

Sustainable Action For Transforming Human Capital (SATH) Programme

● NITI AYOG Health and education

PM Street Vendor's Atmanirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi)

● Amid covid 19 distress
● streetvendors 10000 rs micro credit for 1 yr
● Housing and urban affairs ministry
● Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) is the implementation
agency.
● Central Sector Scheme interest subvention on early repayment.
● reward digital transactions
● No collotral
● KYC yes includes service providers like barbershops, cobblers, panshops,
laundry services etc.

Tech for Tribals

● initiative of TRIFED supported by Ministry of MSME,
● aims at capacity building and imparting entrepreneurship skills to tribal forest
produce gatherers enrolled under the Pradhan Mantri VanDhan Yojana(PMVDY).
● The trainees will undergo a 30 days program over six weeks comprising 120
sessions.

SVAMITVA (Survey of Villages and Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village

Areas)
● is a collaborative effort of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, State Panchayati Raj
Departments, State Revenue Departments and Survey of India.
● Aim: To provide an integrated property validation solution for rural India.
● It is a scheme for mapping the land parcels in rural inhabited areas using drone
technology and Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS).
● The mapping will be done across the country in a phase-wise manner over a
period of four years - from 2020 to 2024.
Ministry of corporate Affairs

Ministry of FInance

Ministry of Health and Family welfare

Women and Child development

Mission shakti
● Sambal mahila police voluntary
● Beti bachao
Mission vatsalya
● Child welfare and protection

Skill development

Rural development

PM Gram Sadak Yojana 2000 CDS 2021

● provide connectivity to unconnected Habitations as part of a poverty reduction
strategy.
● Centrally sponsored scheme.

financial management index

● Ministry of rural development has launched for rural development for ranking
states on the basis of certain parameters like internal audits social audit
submitting the utilisation of funds certificate. Public service delivery.

Tribal Affairs

Ekalavya schools
● ST
● Grants under 275(1)
● Implemented by Ministry of Tribal Affairs
● Every block with more than 50% of tribal population or 20000 population.
● States will be responsible for management
 ● will be on a par with Navodaya Vidyalayas and will have special facilities for
preserving local art and culture, besides providing training in sports and skill
development

Agriculture and farmers welfare

Food processing

Social Justice

Ambedkar social innovation and Incubation mission

● For SCs in higher education.
● Support

Nasha Mukti
● World Drug report by UNDCO:
● COVID
● Alcohol>cannabis/opioids
● Punjab-golden crescent, NE-golden triangle.
● BIMSTEC declaration on drug trafficking

Panchyat raj

Consumer affairs

Minority Affairs

AYUSH

North east development

Ministry of power

Petroleum and Natural gas

Ministry of Road Transport

Min of Railway

Ports and shipping

Coal

Mines

Steel

Chemical and fertilizers

Heavy industry

Ministry of MSME

Commerce and Industry

Electronics and Information technology

Labour and Employment

Min of Personnel

Home

External Affairs

Defense

Environment, Forest and climate change

NEw and renewable energy

Housing and Urban affairs

Law and justice

Information and Broadcasting

Statistics and program Implementation

Tourism

Textiles

Youth Affairs

Earth science

● 1st assessment report on climate change over Indian region.

○ 0.7 C temp rise
○ SST rise 1C
○ Decline in rain in western. Ghats and increase local rains
○ Cyclone intensity growing.

Science and technology

SATYAM: Science and Tech for Yoga and meditation- see the impact of intervention in
COVID

NIDHI: National Initiative for developing and harnessing->doubling the number of

startup’s CDS 2021
● innovation and entrepreneurship for aspiring individuals
● You are forgetting this

Knowledge Involvement in Research Advancement through Nurturing (KIRAN)” CDS

2021
● Scheme of DST had been instituted to encourage women scientists through
various programmes in the field of Science and Technology (S&T).
● ‘Women Scientist Scheme (WOS)’ under KIRAN provides career opportunities
including fellowships to unemployed women scientists and technologists,
 especially those who had a break in career, for pursuing research in frontier
areas of science and engineering.
● Under ‘Consolidation of University Research through Innovation and Excellence
in Women Universities (CURIE)’ Programme only women Universities are being
supported for development of research infrastructure and creation of state-of-the-
art research laboratories to enhance women’s participation in S&T domain.

Global Innovation and Technology alliance GITA

● DST and CII.

Scientific social responsibility

● On lines of CSR
● India is 1st
● Ex: Dr Jonas Salk did not patent the polio vaccines
● Enable society-science linkages
● Build public trust→ social capital
● COVID and science.
● IITs adopt a village

Jalshakti

Parliamentary affairs

Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-

governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens
charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures.

Probity in Governance: Concept of Public Service; Philosophical Basis of Governance

and Probity; Information Sharing and Transparency in Government, Right to
Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work Culture,
Quality of Service Delivery, Utilization of Public Funds, Challenges of Corruption
Philosophical bases of governance and probity
"happiness of king rests in the happiness of his subjects" -kautilya arthashastra
"only the wealth acquired by rightful means gives happiness and prosperity"-taittiriya
prashnopanishad

governance

World Bank report on governance- The mechanisms by which citizens and groups
define their interests and interact with institutions of authority and with each other.
● 8 major characteristics of good governance.‘It is participatory, consensus-
oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable
and inclusive and follows the rule of law.
● It is the complex mechanisms, processes and institutions through which citizens
and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights and obligations,
and mediate their differences.
● - The primary purpose of governance
○ is the welfare of citizens.
○ safeguarding the legal rights of all citizens,
 ○ concerned with ensuring equitable access to public services and the
benefits of economic growth to all.
● citizen centric should be participative and transparent. It should be effective,
efficient and responsive to the citizens.
● interaction between the administration, the legislature, and the judiciary.
● - The ability of government to create and to implement public policy.

Important Aspects of Governance

- UN Secretary-General had stated, “Good governance is perhaps the single most
important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development.
- As a functional democracy India faces key challenges in institutionalizing the
democratic system and institutions.
- The 4 pillars on which the edifice of good governance rests, in essence are:
- Ethos (of service to the citizen), •
- Ethics (honesty, integrity and transparency), •
- Equity (treating all citizens alike with empathy for the weaker sections), and •
- Efficiency (speedy and effective delivery of service without harassment and
using ICT increasingly)

World bank good governance

- perception about governance in india:

● transparency international: Corruption Perceptions Index-86/180
● - public administration in India is generally perceived to be unresponsive,
insensitive and corrupt.
 ● - For the common man, bureaucracy denotes routine and repetitive
procedures, paper work and delays
● - 5th pay commission falling productivity:
○ do not contribute to the gross domestic product.
○ Public servants are alleged to invariably come late to office, spend a large
part of the day in sipping tea, smoking and indulging in gossip, and leave
office early.
○ Consequently, productivity is said to be abysmally low, estimates of their
actual working hours ranging from one to two-and-a-half hours in a day
○ - safeguards under Article 311 of the Constitution.
Barriers to Good Governance
● - Attitudinal Problems of the Civil Servants,have become wooden, inflexible,
self-perpetuating and inward looking.
● - Lack of Accountability: the inability within the system to hold the Civil
Services accountable for their actions.
○ Cumbersome disciplinary procedures have added to the general
apathy towards discipline in Government.
○ Another reason for lack of accountability is that performance evaluation
systems within government have not been effectively structured.
● - Red Tapism Bureaucracies the world over are expected to adhere to rules
and procedures which are, of course, important for good governance. However,
at times, these rules and procedures are ab-initio ill conceived and cumbersome.
● - Low levels of Awareness of the Rights and Duties of Citizens: Similarly,
● Asian drama: low levels of compliance of Rules by the citizens also acts as
an impediment to good governance; when citizens do not adhere to their duties
they infringe on the freedom and rights of other citizens
- Ineffective Implementation of Laws and Rules
- way forward/reforms
● - shift from “social management” to “social governance top-down control
versus multiple social stakeholder cooperation, and government-centric
logic versus consensus-building rationale. This shift of governing methods
● Decentralization, Delegation and Accountability
● - Simplies that the Chinese government would encourage and support the
● - ERS
○ - The principle of subsidiarity is that citizens as sovereigns and
stakeholders in a democracy are the final decision-makers.
○ - “a principle that a central authority should have a subsidiary
function, performing only those tasks which cannot be performed at
a more local level.”
 ○ - citizens are no longer considered mere beneficiaries of the
fruits,Instead, they are seen as equal stakeholders in the
development process. In fact, popular participation as a
democratic right should be promoted in all development projects.
● - Grievance Redressal Mechanisms ex:Umang app
● - Active Citizens’ Participation – Information Dissemination, Mechanisms,
Target Group Consultation
● - Process Simplification Ex: E-passport
● - Rule of Law-Zero Tolerance Strategy- Ex: Agnipath protest and property
destruction
● - Single Window System for Delivery of Services: ex: www.direct.gov.uk
provides a single window web-enabled access to the information and
public services delivered by the UK government. In India also the National
Portal (http://india.gov.in) provides an interface to a large number of
government organizations at the Union and State levels.

citizen centric
● - Governance in order to be citizen centric should be participative and
transparent. It should be effective, efficient and responsive to the citizens.
● - Peoples’ Participation in Governance
● - Citizens Seeking Information ex:RTI
● - Citizens Giving Suggestions Ex: mygov.in idea box initiative
● - Citizens Demanding Better Services:Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and
Sewerage Board (Hyd M WSB) created a campaign called the Customers’ meets
campaign which “compelled senior managers to leave the comfort and security of
their offi ces to interact directly with citizens in neighborhoods throughout the city.
Th e campaign not only provided valuable customer feedback to the Metro Water
Management
● Metro rail system, passport delivery best form of Pub service delivery model
- Active Citizens’ Participation in Administration / Decision-making ex:communalization
of services in nagaland three very important areas Elementary education, Grass root
health services and Electricity management.
- Encouraging Citizens’ Participation:a interface between the agencies and the citizens
for the purpose of consultation, exchange of information, receipt of complaints and
suggestions, etc.
- Social Audit

way forward
- ARC :the simple ‘Suggestion Box’ to periodic consultations with citizens’ groups.
Use twitter like MEA, WHATSAPP LIKE CHINA(WEIBO)
FEEDBACK AND SURVEY

Transparency and Accountability

Transparency
● Intro: Attribute of a person/organization to opeaness, communication and
accountability.
● Personal: furnishing KYC, although unemployed I file ITR returns.
● History: gana-saghas.
● Governance: citizen charter, RTI.
● Judiciary disclosing minutes of collegium.

How transparency shapes governance?

● Transparency in government organizations makes them function more
objectively, predictably and also enables citizens to participate in the
governance process effectively. Ex: Coal scam→ E bidding.
● Expose corruption . Ex: Adarsh scam, common wealth scam, 2G.
● Enable basic necessity of good governance.
● Citizen empowerment and Welfarism and basic rights and entitlements, like
rations, pensions and health facilities.
● used extensively by citizens to question the highest offices in the country — from
the educational qualifications of the Prime Minister and assets of public servants
 to human rights violations and false claims made by government functionaries —
and seek answers from them.
● moral issue because lack of transparency leads to inefficiency and correct
decision making.
● Proactively look for opportunities to promote convergence and capacity building.
● Transfer of knowledge: Continuously look for opportunities to partner and transfer
knowledge and engage with stakeholders to create new ideas and solutions.
● Keep stakeholders informed about various initiatives and engage them with them
regarding new initiatives.
● Transparency can be seen in the following dimensions. Utilization of public
funds In government functioning Ex:Rafale deal.
● decision making is more rational and objectively.
● It holds the government functioning accountable for Miss handling It will
develop a cordial relationship between public servant and citizen.
● - key ways to address both developmental failures and democratic deficits.

● VP Venkayya naidu quotes""information with confirmation is more than an

ammunition"".

Mechanisms in place
● The institutional mechanism to achieve transparency in administration are
through parliamentary controls questioning and debating parliamentary
committees Right to Information Lokpal and Lokayukta independent judiciary
electronic governance and freedom of press.
● Ministry of Personnel, whereby senior bureaucrats have to seek permission for
commercial employment after their retirement. However, such grants of
permission within cooling period depend primarily on government discretion, with
no codied mechanism
● There is nothing wrong in letting experienced bureaucrats utilise their expertise in
the private sector — if adequate rules are framed and followed that enable the
elimination of any conflict of interest. We need legislation to make non•disclosure
of a conict of in• terest punishable.
● Public dis• closure of their interests would clear the air, enabling their views to be
given appropriate merit. An open, public data platform enlist• ing all
post•retirement appoint• ments of civil servants will in• crease transparency"

Opeaness/objectivity.
● Make decisions based on facts and empirical data.
● Me: when I was secretary→ choose based on objective criteria not on favoritism.
● Coal blocks allocation based on SC guidelines.
● Induction of women in the army.
Effectiveness vs accountability
● Effectiveness is the ability to produce results that are desired.
● Accountability is legal responsibility for one’s actions.
● For any organization or structure to deliver its mandate both effectiveness and
accountability are crucial.
● 2. There should be mechanisms to ensure both the ends and means of target
are met.
● Giving primacy to effectiveness or accountability and neglecting other can lead to
disaster or in other way doesn’t make any sense.
● Effectiveness will come along with accountability, because responsibility is to
deliver in limited time and resources. Accountability is indispensable if we are
aiming at effectiveness.
● Compromising accountability over effectiveness can also provide a high way for
corrupt politician and bureaucrats to mis-utilise the provision for corrupt ends. So
nothing can be taken as granted.
● India is plagued with the problem of ineffective accountability except for
elections. , Indian government doesn’t work with the structure of fixing the target,
working for it, analyze the result on ground, looking for improvements and holes,
and including them in the expansion.
● CAG, ED were constituted for accountability now recently acts like RTI, NJAC
are brought to increase accountability. They are giving some results, but India
has to travel a long road to overhaul the system to bring accountability in every
level of governance. Short term governments, political influence, frequent
transfers are rubbing salt to the wound.

Responsibility
● Quality of performing our duties diligently.
● Me: responsibility not throwing rappers, switch off fans.
● CSR- corporate social responsibility.
● IMF+ONGC→ himalaya expedition.
● IAS saurabh sonawane-MP → treated COVID due to doctor shortage.

accountability
● - accountability refers to the process of holding actors responsible.
● -Accountability involves both answerability for their actions– the responsibility
of duty-bearers to provide information and justification about their actions –
and enforceability – the possibility of penalties.
examples
 ● Satish Dhawan taking moral responsibility for the failure and giving credit for the
juniors for success.
● Failure to submit the report on time in office, i took full responsibility and
accountability.
● Ganas-sanghas, MPLADS geotagging.
● - One type as under the RTI Act merely seeks information/data and involves one
way transmission of information. It promotes transparency and to a much lesser
degree accountability in Government.
● - The second type of question enquires not just as to what was done but why;
and therefore involves a consultative two-way flow of information with the citizens
usually providing feedback in respect of the working of government
departments and service delivery of public agencies.
● Such mechanisms include citizens’ charters, service delivery surveys, social
audits, citizens’ report card and outcome surveys.

Social accountability
● - Social accountability can be defined as an approach towards building
accountability that relies on civic engagement.
● - improves the quality of governance:engaging with bureaucrats and politicians in
a more informed, organized, constructive and systematic manner’ - often referred
to often as the ‘democratic outcomes’ case
● - can lead to empowerment:
conclusion
● - TAIs focus on the relationships between transparency, accountability and
participation.
● - focus on transparency. Access to information via transparency initiatives is
seen as a right, an end in itself and also a ‘leverage right’ capable of delivering
further ends.

Right to Information
● any citizen of India may request information from a "public authority" (a body of Government
or "instrumentality of State") which is required to reply expeditiously or within thirty days.
● Conclusion: RTI is the master key to good governance: 2nd ARC.
● 5000 RTIs per day
● is a potent weapon to fight corruption.
● citizens’ voice can be effectively used to expose, denounce and restrain
corruption. in educating citizens about the evils of corruption, raising their
awareness levels and securing their participation by giving them a ‘voice’.
 ● This introduces a new dimension to the concept of accountability of government
to the people.

Right to Information 2005

● Right to Information act 2005
○ It opens governments' records to public scrutiny. Strengthen
participatory democracy Empower poor and vulnerable with information
in procedural democracy.
● A powerful tool for fighting corruption and ensuring an environment of
vigilance.
● Ashwanee K Singh case (2020)RTI is implicit in the Right to Freedom of Speech
and Expression under Article 19.
● It is a people centric approach.
● Sect4: sumoto disclosure
● Sec 8: exemption of information such as OSA 1923
○ Right to information vs right to privacy.
■ income tax returns and driving license details to census data and
medical information.
○ Right to secrecy.
● Replace the freedom of information act 2002.
● Time Period: 30 days.
○ 2days in case of threat to life and Liberty.
● CIC, SIC, PIO
● may request information from a "public authority" vs PM care as public charitable
trust.
○ Receiving funds from govt.
● If the person is from a disadvantaged community, he/she need not pay.
● NRI can file RTI.
Critics
● Attacks on RTI activists Ex: Wire 100 RTI activist dead.
● Use RTI as political weapon ex: Revanth reddy.
SC and RTI
Lok prahari vs Union of India 2018
● SC disclosure of information relating to sources of income of
● candidates and their “associates”, and government contracts where candidates
or their associates
● have direct or indirect interests.
CIC: Subhash Chandra Agarwal Case 2019 and SC
● Disclose property of judges
● Names of collegium not the reasons
 ● Still the registar general of SC holds the final say in the disclosure of the
information.

challenges
● 6 million RTI applications
● Complaints
● Non appointment of public information officer.
● Misinformation in application.
● Sumo to inquiry-> civil court.
● Center for Equity Studies and citizens’ group Satark Nagrik Sangathan has
highlighted several issues, including lack of transparency and skewed
composition of the Information Commissioners, inadequate imposition of
penalties, and the issue of delayed responses.
● -not much change already rules their.
● -CBI is still out of RTI
● -no timeframe
● -no penalities for delay
● From prevailing culture of secrecy a culture of transparency.: replacement of a
prevailing culture of secrecy with Under Section 4(2) of the RTI Act, which has
been poorly implemented, it says: “It shall be a constant endeavour of every
public authority... to provide as much information suo motu to the public at
regular intervals... so that the public have minimum resort to the use of this Act to
obtain information.”
○ Official secrets act is inconvenient in realising the objectives.
● Delay in appointment of CIC
● Since May 2014, not a single Commissioner of the Central Information
Commission has been appointed without citizens having to approach courts. It
was without a chief for 10 months.
● Suggestion:- 2nd ARC
Building Institution:- State government should take ownership for strengthening
RTI
All departments having more than 1 PIO should have a nodal assistant PIO.
Includes CJI in the selection committee of appointment of CIC.
Monitoring:- Regional office for better monitoring of application of RTI.
Capacity Building:- Training Centres should be opened.
Logistic:- Indexing and Cataloging.

CIC. Central Information commissioner

● CIC+10
 ● President on basis of the selection committee: PM,Lof opposition in LS, union
cabinet minister nominated by PM.
● 65yrs or govt prescribed.
● Removal: president
○ Proved misbehaviour and incapacity->recommend to SC.
○ Insolvent , moral turpitude, paid employment and unsound mind.
RTI amendment act 2019
● proposed amendment: Empowering the Central government to decide the tenure
and salaries of Information Commissioners is a clear attempt to undermine their
independence and to effectively make Commissions function like regular
government departments.
● CIC Salary will be same as the CEC, state they are same as CS or EC.
● Delay in appointment and non filling of vacancies.
●
State information commission
● appointed by governor.

Whistleblower
● Publicly air the discrepancies.
● - India annually witnesses cases of Murder violence and victimization against
whistleblowers example Satyendra Dubey Manjunath Shanmugam Narendra
Kumar Satish Shetty are some of the prominent examples and crimes against
whistleblowers in India.
● - With increasing number of RTI activists who have been subject to grow some
and sometimes satellite tax it is arguable that the country needs comprehensive
whistleblower protection.

Whistleblower Protection Act 2014

● 1. Disclosures Complaints against corrupt public officials can be made by any
person.
● 2. Protecting the Identity of the complaint will not be revealed further penality will
be imposed on the official who reveals the identity of complaint.
● 3. Penalty for false complaints.
● 4. Central Vigilance Commission is tasked with receiving complaints assessing
public disclosure requests and safeguarding complaints.
Limitations and resulting consequences
● - No provision for anonymous complaints resulting in preventing genuine
complaints due to fear of victimization therefore if your complaints are received
annually.
 ● - Limited to cover only public servants not ministers result is seriously limits the
power to curb corruption in highest offices.
● - No incentive for whistleblower therefore employees IR is interested if not
directly affected by it
● - No power to punish the public servant result is power of Central Vigilance
Commission is limited to recommending action against public servant.
● - Does not cover corporate leasing close O serious damages to public interest
the result is leading the act being in effective in the area of public private
partnerships and corporate participation in delivery of public goods and services.
● - Actors not Define victimization therefore ambiguity in awarding punishment.
Way forward
- There is a need to strengthen complaint SIM cards in the Act by clearly specifying
meaning of victimization entertaining anonymous complaints including ministers and of
the act.
- Time bound enquiry and incentives for whistleblowers among other reforms.
- Lokpal and Lokayukta act must be harmonized with the act for comprehensive
protection of complaints

corruption.
Intro: 2nd ARC formula: corruption= monopoly+discretion+secrecy- accountability.
Conclusion: 1 rupee earned with corruption is 1 rupee lost for a hardworking man
Swami Vivekanada

● Corrupt = destroy latin.

● Using public/private authority to illicitly benefit directly/ indirectlty to oneself, and
family, friends.
● Public office private gains
● WB: biggest obstacle to social and economic development.

forms of corruption
● Fraud
● Embezzlement
● Conflict of interest
● Non performance of duty
● Bribery
● Favoritism
● Abuse of discretion
why is corruption common in society ?
● Colonial legacy
● Discretion of power
● Illiteracy, unorganized
● Over centralisation
● Sanskritization of corruption

ways to prevent corruption

● Zero tolerance ex: singapore, South korea-where president was arrested.
● Technology ex: DBT, faceless assesment.
● Dilute regulations→ reduced description Ex: software sector, GST, faceless assessment.
● Lack of people participation.--> accountability and empowerment.
● Constitutional guarantee under article 311 needs to look into —> promotes
infalliablity.

Recommendations
● ARC rec amend sec 7 to include collusive bribery→ loss of state exchequer.
● 2 ARC: to include private sector and NGOs in PCA act.
○ Amend 311 to dilute invincibility.

Black money
● Non accounted and non payment of tax
● SC SIT: 1.5$ trillion, 50% of GDP black money
● $1 trillion in swiss bank.
● Threat to economy, security.
● Panama leak papers
Mechanism
● corporations practice transfer mispricing, by under-invoicing their exports and over-invoicing
their imports from tax haven countries such as Singapore, UAE, and Hong Kong.
○ Ex: vodafone deal.
● Hawala:
● P-Notes and
● double taxation avoidance-FDI
● Gold imports and smuggling. Ex:kerala gold smuggling scandal
● Real estate sector.
● Post liberalization: shell companies and enrouting through

initiatives
● ‘The Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of
Tax Act, 2015’,
● Income Declaration Scheme, 2016,
● Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Act, 2016 and
 ● the demonetization scheme.
● Anti corruption bureau
● Shivaji the boss
● 2012- anna hazare movement- India against corruption

GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM

● grievance is thus any sort of dissatisfaction, which needs to be redressed in
effective and fastly.
● It can be real or imaginary, legitimate or ridiculous, rated or unvoiced, written or
oral; it must however, find expression in some form or the other.
● - e basic principle of a grievance redressal system is that if the promised level of
service delivery is not achieved or
● three aspects of grievance handling: how they are received, how they are
resolved, and how they are prevented.
● if a right of a citizen is not honored then the citizen should be able to take
recourse to a mechanism to have the grievance redressal.
● Right to Public Services legislation in India comprises statutory laws which guarantee
time bound delivery of services for various public services rendered by the Government to
citizens and provides a mechanism for punishing the errant public servant. Ex: MP
enacted right to public service.
● RBI- Ombudsman to look into grievances.
● NHRC, NWC, NCSC, NCST
● - two designated nodal agencies in the Union Government handling these
grievances. These agencies are:
○ - a. Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances,
Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions. launched
Centralized Public Grievances Redress and Monitoring System
(CPGRAMS) ex:My grievance app.
○ - Directorate of Public Grievances, Cabinet Secretariat.
way forward
● - In order to facilitate interface with the public, Ministries and Departments have
been advised to observe one day in the week as a meetingless day. It was
revealed that most organizations are not even aware of this instruction.
● - Ministries and Departments have been advised to set up social audit panels for
examining areas of public interface. e study brings out that such panels have not
been constituted.
● - Public Grievance Cells often suffer from shortage of staff and resources.
Moreover, these cells have not been adequately empowered
● Use whatsapp, facebook, twitter for grievance redressal.
Conclusion: Azadi ka Amrit mahotsav
Pro people citizen centric governance.
Prashashan gaon ki aur

Consumer Protection: Sine Qua Non for Good Governance

Consumer protection Act 2019

● Consumer is the end consumer.
● Does Not include a person obtaining goods for resale or good or service.
● Concept of product liability on manufacturer not seller
● Consumer welfare fund under GST.
● Right to compensation
● CCPA
● CPC
● Complaint @ residence
● Compensation for harm
● District 1 cr, 10 10+
● E commerce also
● Settlement through mediation
● Prevention of misleading advertisements 2022
○ Penalty on endorsement- 10lh to 50 lkh.
○ Celebrities ensure due diligence before endorsement.

● State government can file an appeal on behalf of exploited consumers.

 ● Central consumer protection council: head central minister for consumer affairs.-
>advisory body.
● State and district commissions can review their own orders.
● District: 1cr.
The Consumer Protection (E-commerce) Rules, 2020
● The e-commerce entities will have to provide every detail relating to return,
refund, exchange, warranty and guarantee, delivery and shipment, modes of
payment, grievance redressal mechanism, payment methods, security of
payment methods, charge-back options and so on.
● Country of origin
● Acknowledge complaint in 48 hrs and redressal in 1 month.
● Appoint grievance redressal officer.
● Chief Compliance Officer and a Resident Grievance Officer, provisions of
fallback liability, registration of e-commerce entities and a ban on flash sales.
● Mandatory rules.
● Intention is to curb the monopoly of a company in e-commerce.

Quality of service delivery

● A great deal of public dissatisfaction with the functioning of government at all
levels arises from the quality of services provided by the government.
● 3 principles: quality of strategic planning, human resources, information
management,
● The public service quality has to do with the ground level officers who are
interested with the providing services to common man in a day to day interaction.
● Sevottam model 3 components-inform citizens(charters)-grievance redress-
excellence.
● Quality of services: Quality council of India-
○ SBM evaluation- swatch survekshan rankings.
○ Workplace Assessment for Safety and Hygiene (WASH).
● ISO, BSI standards.
○ -vallavanur police station bags ISO 9001:2015
○ Madurai collectorate gets ISO for ‘5S’ Practice, which expands to ‘Sort,
Straighten, Shine, Standardize, Sustain’ was a Japanese concept of
effective organization of the workplace,
● promoting the services to the citizen involves an wide range of complex process
and government machinery.
 ● problems Rajiv Gandhi-15 paise said that for every rupee sent to the common
man, only 15 paise reached him on the leakage issue,
● however after advent of economic liberalization and reduce of bureaucratic
hassle and
● advent of technology it has be reduced considerably.
● the government is lagging behind the service quality in terms of the private sector
in providing the quality of services, involved with time consumption of
citizens,hurdles and inefficiencies.
way forward
● engage the communities and a positive involvement will be helpful in making the
services successful.
● Ex: community policing can reduce the crime in a regions implemented. it was a
traditional in ancient indian society. promoting a work culture that engaging staff,
communities, stake holders will improve the quality People centric approaches
Ensure minimum tenure of public servant to create conducive environment E
governance or mobile governance cost efficient way inequality development.
Decentralization and strengthening local bodies.
● 80% feel aadhar has made public service delivery smooth
● 1.5% uses experience biometric authentication failure.

social auditing
● social audit involving client or beneficiary groups or civil society groups in
evaluating the effectiveness of the public services.
● One of the defining slogans of the RTI movement that emerged from these Jan
Sunwais and people’s agitations — “hamara paisa, hamara hisab” (our money,
our accounts)
● end user to scrutinize the impact of the developmental programs.
● scrutinizing official records with ground realities.
● public vigilance..
● - Democratic governance -participation- accountablity- transparency.
● process:“ performance audit” a service or programme, from planning, to
implementation and evaluation.
● - (MGNREGA) was the first law to mandate social audit as a statutory
requirement. However, even within the MGNREGA, social audits made painfully
slow progress. Meghalaya became the first State to pass and roll out a social
audit law to cover all departments.
● - it democratizes the process and empowers the local residents and bring
accountability in the PRIs and ULBs.(rajastan and ap).
● - rajasthans The Jan Sunwai facilitated the reading of information and recorded
the people’s response. The effective institutionalization of this platform could be a
 fundamental breakthrough in the attempt to give people and communities real
monitoring powers.
- Importance of social audit:
● helpful in various ways in procurement of products and services for government,
● in the distribution of welfare payments,
● in the checking of attendance of teachers and students in schools and hostels,
staff in the hospitals and a
● host it strengthens the citizen service-oriented activities of government.
● accurate identification of requirements,
● prioritisation of developmental activities,
● proper utilisation of the funds,
● benefit to targeted sections,
● conformity of developmental activities with stated goals,
● quality of services improving,
● reduction of wastage ,
● reduction in corruption.
● Ghost names and ghost works were exposed. Ex:bogus ration cards
● Fake development works paid for and ‘completed’ on paper
Underutilisation of funds
● 1. substantial mismatch between fund allocation and outlay planning at various
levels
● 2. long-running problem in Indian governance—the inability of Union ministries
and state governments to cash the cheques the Center writes.
● 3. poor state capacity.
● 4. Examples:CAG performance audit 87K cr unspent in RTE, clean ganga
unspent 2500 cr.nirbhaya 3K cr
● 2nd ARC: to provide detailed guidelines for social auditing.
● An independent facilitation structure needs to be set up,
● - The beneficiaries, implementing agency and the oversight mechanism come
together and discuss at length about the implementation and progress of a
particular programme.
- Strengths of social audit.
- Facilitates transparency and accountability in governance
- Provides the strongest and direct evidence of utilization of resources and assets
- Voice to the people and participation
- Making monitoring and appraisal mechanism multi-perspective in transparent
- Promotes integrity and sense of community among people
- Promote social capital.- ex: 50% dalith youth in auditing in TG.
- full and open access to records of development expenditure; the presence and
accountability of officials who are responsible to answer people’s questions; the
immediate redress of grievances, including the return of defalcated money to its
intended purpose; and mandatory ‘social audits’ .
- Limitations
- Hijack by Elite capture. Due to localize nature
- What was often sporadic and ad-hoc.
- Absence of properly trained auditors
- Lack of action on the submitted report.
- Not many people participate because their concern is breadwinning.
- Panchayat and Bureaucracy Nexus

Way forward
- Legislative binding example Meghalaya and fostering community participation.
- Public Service social audit act
- Drinking professional Agencies to evaluate.

citizens charters
● - a written, voluntary declaration by service providers that highlights the
standards of service delivery, availability of choice for consumers, avenues for
grievance redressal and other related information.
● - making governance more transparent and accountable.
● - e Citizens’ Charter is based on the premise that the Citizen is “King” and
government organizations exist not to rule but to serve the citizens
Salient Features of a Citizen’s Charter
● 1. explicit standards of service delivery so that users understand
● 2. Information and openness:information about services available,
● 3. available channels for grievance redressal
● 4. Courtesy and helpfulness:small initiatives such as ‘name badges’, ‘May I help
you’ counters etc.
Implementing the Citizen’s Charter
● - Standards must conform to TRAMS i.e. they must be Time bound, Realistic,
Achievable, Measurable and Specific.
● - Generating awareness of the Charter;
● - Establishing citizen friendly devices to bring the Charter to life;
● - Establishing a complaint handling system;
● - Establishing feedback mechanisms; and
● - Evaluating and reviewing the Charter
Deficiency
● - Poor design and content: critical information is missing
● - Lack of consultation: stakeholders like civil society NGOs citizens are not
consulted while drafting
 ● - Lack of public awareness: most of the educated citizens are in forward
regarding Citizen Charter.
● - resistance to change: vested interests work for installing the Citizen Charter all
to be there for making it toothless.
● - Absence of legal enforcement of Citizen Charter
● - Charters are rarely updated: Charters reviewed for this report rarely showed
signs of being updated even though some documents date back from the
inception of the Citizens’ Charter programme nearly a decade ago.
Way forward
● Charter mark-UK gives awards for best charter-
● 1. Design of charter: need for wider consultation among citizens staff and
periodic evaluation of the Charter and measures to check implementation and
addressing the deficiencies in the charter.
● 2. Redressal mechanism in case of default: Citizens’ Charter should clearly lay
down the relief which the organization is bound to provide if it has defaulted on
the promised standards of delivery.
● 3. Remedy for non action like penalty compensation will fix bureaucratic
accountability
● 4. Citizen awareness and engagement like taking feedback publicity through
social media.
● 5. Rating of public agencies feedback by the visitors' example savottam model.
● 6. 2ARC model charter is:a.Define all services which you provide and identify
your clients. b. Set standards and norms for each service. c. Develop capability
to meet the set standards d.Perform to achieve the standards e. Monitor
performance against the set standards. f. Evaluate the impact through an
independent mechanism. g. Continuous improvement based on monitoring and
evaluation results.
● - Citizen charter has desirable results in various countries like United Kingdom
Malaysia Australia and Canada we can study the implementation from these
countries.

E Governance
● Intro: carrying out the functions and achieving the results of governance through
the utilization of what has today come to be known as ICT (Information and
Communications Technology).

e-governance- applications, models

 ● Hyderabad declaration on E governance.(P)
○ Dharani portal-TG
○ Bhoomi Project for (Karnataka): Online Delivery of Land Records.
○ • eSeva (Andhra Pradesh)
○ • Gyandoot (MP): Service delivery initiative.
○ • Lokvani (UP): For handling of grievances, land record maintenance and
providing a mixture of essential services.
○ • FRIENDS (Fast, Reliable, Instant, Efficient Network for the
Disbursement of Services) in Kerala.
● - e-Governance or ‘electronic governance’ is basically the application of
Information and Communications Technology to the processes of Government
functioning in order to bring about Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive
and Transparent’ (SMART) governance.

uses
● - (GoI) recognizes that e-Governance, in the context of developing countries,
provides an excellent opportunity for improving governance.
● - a strategic tool for transforming Governance and improving the quality of
services
● - improving accessibility,
● cutting down costs,
● reducing corruption,
● extending help and
● increased access to un-served groups.
● Citizen-centric governance
● - a key element of the country’s governance and administrative reform agenda.
● E-Governance constitutes one of the nine pillars of the Digital India campaign.
initiatives
● - National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) in 2006
○ - Common Support Infrastructure: State Wide Area Networks (SWANs),
State Data Centers (SDCs), Common Services Centers (CSCs) and
Electronic Service Delivery Gateways.State Data Centers
○ - Governance: Suitable arrangements for monitoring and coordinating the
implementation of NeGP under the direction of the competent authorities
have also been substantially put in place.
○ The programme also involves evolving/ laying down standards and policy
guidelines, providing technical support, undertaking capacity building,
R&D, etc.
- Centralized Initiative, Decentralized Implementation:
- Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) model is to be adopted wherever feasible
 - Programme Approach at the National and State levels:
- Facilitatory Role of DIT: DIT is the facilitator and catalyst for the implementation
of NeGP by various Ministries and State Governments and also provides technical
assistance.
Limitations
- Adoption of new technologies such as mobile Cloud or not leveraged.
- Weak monitoring and evaluation system.
- Lack of government process reengineering in the schemes projects.
- Lack of integration and interoperability.
- Problem of last Mile connectivity.
e Kranti Framework National e-Governance program 2.0 was launched in 2014
● with the vision of transforming e-governance for transforming governance with 44
mission mode projects.
● important pillar of digital India program that strives to achieve the full potential of
e-governance including delivery of government services.
● - 3000 govt e services and 7000 govt websites has given a fillip
- Transformation not translation
- Mobile first
- Language localisation
- Information Communication Technology infrastructure on demand
- National GIS geospatial Information information system
- Security and electronic data preservation
- benefits and advantages
- Better access to information and quality services for citizens:
- Simplicity, efficiency and accountability in the government:
- Expanded reach of governance:

Applications of e-Governance
- Government To Citizen (G2C)
● - enables the citizens to benefit from efficient delivery of a large range of
public services.primary purpose is to make government, citizen-friendly.
● - e-citizen (eSeva -telangana): services like issue of Certificates, Ration
Cards, Passports, Payment of Bills and taxes etc.ex:AP Online (State
Government of Andhra Pradesh)
● Kerala, which last year became the first Indian State to declare Internet
a basic human right, has notched up another first to its credit by
launching mKeralam, an app that will serve as a single window for
accessing thousands of govt services.
● - E-Transport:Registration of motor vehicles, Issue of driving licenses,
Issue of plying permissions (Permits), Tax and fee collection through Cash
 and Bank Challans and Control of Pollution
● - E-Medicine:tele medicine and neha
● - E-Education: MOOC
- Consumer To Government (C2G)
● - e-democracy ex:social media twitter is an effort to change the role of
citizen from passive information giving to active citizen involvement.
● E-vote , consults,input about the various government policies by
organizing an e-debate.
● Government should use whatsapp to address grievances.
- Government To Government (G2G)e-Administration.
- horizontal and vertical flow of information,objective is to increase efficiency,
performance and output.
- Khajane Project in Karnataka . It is a comprehensive online treasury
computerization project of the Government of Karnataka.
- E-Secretariat:cross-linking of various departments and exchange of
information amongst various components
- E-Police:online filing of FIR’s, finding the case status of an FIR etc.further lost
and found of valuables and individuals.
- E-Court:
E office
- e-land:Bhoomi – Automation of Land Records (State Government of Karnataka)
- The Kerala State Unified Communication Service (KSUCS) envisages bringing
an estimated six lakh employees and 10,000 or so government offices across the State
irrespective of the kind of communication system they use under a common digital mail
network.
- Government To Business (G2B)
- e-Governance tools are used to aid the business community – providers of
goods and services – to seamlessly interact with the government. The objective is to cut
red tape, save time
- E-Taxation: GST , IT
- online procurement portal
- e bidding
- Government To NGO (G2N)
- E-Society:developing communities, building government partnerships and civil society.

Core Principles of e-Governance:

- Environment Building:This would require a strong will to change among various
stakeholders in the governance system.
- Political support at the highest level,willingness to change
- incentives and awareness generation
 - capacity building and training.considerable enhancement in managerial and
technical capabilities of government organizations as well as of government servants.
- take recourse to outsourcing.
- o prepare Capacity Building Roadmaps (CBRMs) for all the States
- internal integration to focus on individual
- external integration to focus on department.

Challenges and issues

● Penetration low-
● Digital poverty-
● Skilled manpower-
● Privacy issues.- ex:UIDAI data leakage
● Electricity blackouts.
● Cost of devices:
● Vernacular content.
● User interface and server down

- ARC recommendations:
● 1.Each government organization must conduct a capacity assessment which
should form the basis for training their personnel.
● 2.A network of training institutions needs to be created in the States with the
Administrative Training Institutes at the apex.
- E-preparedness and Step-wise Approach
- The basic approach in case of e-Governance projects should be to focus on
‘KISS’: ‘Keep it Small and Simple’ principle.
- Identification of e-Governance projects by each organization/entity:
- Business process re-engineering and
- identifying changes in the legal and regulatory framework lies at the heart of
business process re-engineering in government organizations
- Union and State Government levels are engaged in carrying out a study of their
business processes with the objective of re-designing them using ICT. These efforts are
at various stages of planning/ completion.
- Developing technological solutions: technological solution should ensure the
following:
i. Accessibility (at the citizens’ doorsteps)
ii. user-friendly interface
iii. cost-effectiveness (e.g. making use of open source software)
iv. Efficiency
v. Flexibility
vi. Scalability
vii. Sustainability
viii. Reliability and security

- Standards and Interoperability ex:states go with demand driven projects,thus not

possible for standards.
- No National e-Governance Service Delivery Gateway (NSDG) has created to
facilitate as a gateway for all services.
- Implementation of e-Governance projects:
- Each government organization should prepare a time-bound plan for providing
of transactional information through their websites. To begin with, this could be done by
updating the websites at regular intervals
- Implementation of e-Governance projects would involve a detailed ‘project
management’ thus breaking into small projects.
- Monitoring and Evaluation
- – financial viability, ease of use, assessment of in-house capacity, volume of
transactions, appropriateness of technological solutions, adequacy of business process
re-engineering, ability to handle difficult situations etc. The basic objective would be to
identify problems in a timely manner so that corrective measures could be taken.
- Developing Secure, Fail-safe Systems and Disaster Recovery Systems
- Allowing for Horizontal Applicability
- Development of Local Language Interfaces and Sustainability
Challenges and Limitations
- Funding:built either on BOO (Built Own Operate) or BOOT (Built Own Operate
Transfer) basis.
- Interoperability:Web-based form and transfer it to an agency’s systems for processing
and sharing that information in a common format.
- digital literacy:lower penetration of smart phones and lack o digital literacy.
- language:non availability in vernacular languages and need for audio video based
content.
- need for robust digital infrastructure.
- Globally, India ranked 107 out of 193 countries in the E-Government Development
Index (EGDI) in 2016.

way forward
- creat inter-operability between departments and ministries.
- (DARPG) has developed an online system known as the Centralized Public Grievance
Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) to effectively manage grievances.
- adoption of e offices and e-movement of papers to effectively monitor employ and
service performance.
- E-mitra with private partnership in rajasthan provides 250 services.
- scale up aadhar enrollment.
- Essentials for achievement:Citizen Feedback,Improving services
- NITI Ayog social progress index(india@58%)
- using social and environmental indicators on the basis of their capability to
provide for basic needs such as shelter, water, and sanitation;
- a foundation for well-being with education, health, and communication facilities;
analysing the prejudices that prevail in a region prohibiting people from making their
personal decisions; and evaluating whether citizens have personal rights and freedom
or whether they are susceptible to child labour, human tracking, corruption, etc.

conclusion
e-Governance initiative lies in how efficiently it has enhanced people’s participation in
government functioning through wide ICT access, bringing government and the services
it offers closer to its citizens, promoting accountability, transparency and
responsiveness in government functioning and ensuring that government works better
at lesser costs. These are the sine qua non for good governance and a vibrant
democracy.

Government
- National Optical Fibre mission 2011 is intended to provide digital connectivity to
more than 2.5 lacs Gram Panchayat
- Digital India initiative 2015 to connect rural areas with high speed internet network
and provide digital literacy
- Common service centres as Pan India network are the access point for delivery of
essential public utility services social welfare schemes financialand agricultural services.
- NABARD has launched e-Shakti initiative for digitisation of Self Help Groups (SHGs)
thus members to access credit based on their real time performance
Potential
- Study by World Bank found that Information and Communication Technology
contributes up to 60% of economic growth bringing digital divide would result in
inclusive growth and social inclusion.
MCkensey estimate 800 million internet use by 2025.

Fourth industrial revolution

● Growth of disruptive technologies like AI, IoT, Biotec, Block chain, 3D printing
that increasingly blurring the difference in cyber, physical and biological systems.
● Use of 4th Industrial revolution technology in E governance

jan dhan aadhar mobile(jam)

1. the PMJDY and the JAM revolution can link all Indians into one common nancial,
economic, and digital space. No Indian will be outside the mainstream.
2. There is no doubt that eliminating leakage in the transfer of welfare payments and
enabling the poor to have bank accounts are worthy objectives, and when achieved
should be considered signicant.
3. Amartya Sen eectively settled a longstanding debate on the question of the metric to
be used to gauge equality when he proposed that it should be human capabilities.
These are the endowments that allow individuals to undertake functionings they value.
We would have achieved a social revolution

Ethics: technology in ethical governance

● ARC recommendations Each Ministry/Department/Organisation of Government
should draw up a plan for use of IT to improve governance.
● In any government process, use of Information Technology should be made only
after the existing procedures have been thoroughly re-engineered
● The Ministry of Information Technology needs to identify certain governmental
processes and then take up a project of their computerization on a nationwide
scale
● For computerization to be successful, computer knowledge of departmental
officers needs to be upgraded. Similarly, the NIC needs to be trained in
department specific activities, so that they could appreciate each other’s view
point and also ensure that technology providers understand the anatomy of each
department •
● All offices having large public interface should have an online complaint tracking
system. If possible, this task of complaint tracking should be outsourced •
● A national database containing the details of all corruption cases at all levels
should be created. This database should be in the public domain. Identified
authorities should be made responsible for updating the database regularly
Development processes and the development industry- the role of NGOs, SHGs,
various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other
stakeholders

intro
● - UNDP 1993 report also acknowledges: People's participation is becoming the
central issue of our time. And a growing urge to participate in governance that
shapes their lives.--> role of civil soceity
● DARPAN portal: 31 lakh NGOs
● - tagore Shantiniketan and gandhi rural india vision are people centric
approaches.
● – Article 19 (1)(c); (b) through Article 43 which talks of States making
endeavour to promote cooperatives in rural areas; and (c) through explicit
mention in entries made in Schedule 7.

civil society is used in the sense of 1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations

and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens or 2) individuals and
organizations in a society which are independent of the government.

Development processes
● - Need to build linkage between citizens and the policy making process arising
from the necessity to have greater transparency in equality of Access for all
stakeholders that form the Bedrock of Democratic framework.
● failure of trickle-down effect.- conventional growth-oriented strategy of
development not producing the desired
● -people-centered vision: sensitize people and the need for drawing on the
indigenous knowledge system of the local people.and making them part of
development through participation and empowerment.
● - community organizations play pivotal roles in shaping people centric
approach and development. help in internal resource mobilization
supplemented by resource and knowledge support from outside.
● - participation leads to informed planning , programme implementation and
alignment with community values and preferences thus increasing
transparency and accountability and reduced project cost.
● - participation also leads to 2 way learning.
● - ‘Social Capital:. It refers to those institutions, relationships, and norms that
shape the quality and quantity of a society’s interaction. It consists of trust,
 mutual understanding, shared values and behavior that bind together the
members of a community and make cooperative action possible.

Role of non state actors in development

● - The Service Role:- It encourages people to cope with a public problem at the
primary level.
● The Value Guardian Role:- The role of the non-profit sector is to function as a
“value guardian” in society. Ex:pani foundation water conservation efforts.
● The Advocacy/Social Safety-Valve Role:- Non-profit organizations also play a
vital role in mobilizing public attention to societal problems and needs.
○ Bachpan bachao- child labour.
● The Community Building Role:- Finally, non-profit organizations play a vital
role in creating and sustaining social cohesiveness through bonds of trust
● it can broaden government accountability.
○ National Campaign for People's Right to Information demanded the
Whistleblowers Protection Bill, 2011
● - Civil liberty and/or human rights activists are lawyers, academics, journalists
and public minded citizens of India. What matters is their very human concern for
the poor and the disadvantaged, the dispossessed and the vulnerable. Ex: vineet
narain and prashant bhushan
● What matters is that civil society activists protect the moral conscience of our
society.
● Not all civil society groups do so, some are in the sole business of getting funds
from the state or others.
● Not all sections of the media do so, they are often cowered down by their
corporate bosses, and the lure of fame and lucre.
● - In the decades that followed, human rights groups have become the custodian
of the Fundamental Rights chapter of the Indian Constitution.
success
● They have investigated cases of arbitrary imprisonment, custodial deaths, deadly
encounters and coercion of any citizen who dares to speak up against the state
or dominant groups. Ex: harsh mandar
● These organizations have carefully documented the causes and the triggers of
communal and caste violence, and
● established an excellent archive on the abuse of power by governments.
● They have asked questions which few Indians have had the courage to ask. And
above all, they have protected the rights of vulnerable sections of our own
people, the Adivasis, the Dalits and Muslims.
criticism
 ● - lack of true nature of rural society where handfuls control the resources and
decisions.
● - has popularity without clarity and is subject to growing faddishness and a lot
of lip service
● - participation,to be really effective, needs profound social structural change at
both domestic and international levels.
role of state
● - plays a fundamental role in helping or hindering participation.
● - the political will to decentralize power and resources to local institutions.state in
reality is not willing to part with power and to devolve resources to local
community groups.
● - bureaucratic hurdles
● - marxist argue that in a capitalist state, it is illusion of development.state as
relatively autonomous.
Government initiatives
● - National Policy on the Voluntary Sector, 2007

FCRA
FCRA Amendment act 2020
● Regulation of NGO money uses not more than 20% for meeting the NGO
administrative expenses.
● Aadhar of the holder.
● Cannot transfer to other organization/ person.
● Prohibit public servants from receiving funds.
● Central govt→ summary inquiry for violation.
● Open bank account in delhi

NGOs
Non Governmental Organization
● - world bank defines NGOs are legally constituted organizations, operate
independently from the government and are generally considered to be “non-
state, non-profit oriented groups who pursue purposes of public interest”.
● - objective of NGOs is to provide social justice, development and human rights.
● - to achieve the desired objectives of constitution, it is imperative for the state to
engage withe the civil society organizations.
● - (NGOs) as the operational arm of the civil society therefore have an important
role in the development processes.
● - in india the government provides ngo with the much needed support like
financial assistance and grants.
 ● india
● - history
○ - various committees like balwantrai 1957, ashok mehta 1977, 7th plan
11th plan has acknowledged the role of ngos in mobilization of human and
other resources in meeting the development needs of the society.
○ - civil society based on the concepts of “daana” means giving and “seva”
means service.
○ - historical:Prathana Samaj (1864), Satya Shodhan Samaj (1873), Arya
Samaj (1875),The Societies Registration Act (SRA) was approved in 1860
to confirm the legal status
○ - 1970s which saw rapid growth
○ - LPG reforms: phenomenal growth in the number of non-governmental
organizations across the world in the last few decades.
○ - The much celebrated NREGA, ICDS, ICPS, Nirmal Gram and
SwasthyaBima of the government have their roots in the work of many
NGOs.
● - NGOs can and should play the “game changer” to pro-poor development
through leadership on participatory research, community empowerment and
search for development alternatives.
● - filling the gap in the capability of the government to deliver its social welfare
programmes to the targeted beneficiaries.
● - financial
○ - enjoy income tax exemption. Foreign contributions to non-profits are
governed by (FCRA), 1976.and FEMA
○ - foreign contributions regulations act monitored by home ministry
challenges
● structural and institutional
○ - non-profit sector organizations in India do not have any apex
organisation
○ - (CAPART) works as a nodal agency for catalyzing and coordinating the
emerging partnership between voluntary organizations and the
Government.NITI Aayog has been made the nodal agency for registration
and accreditation of voluntary organisations.
○ - unorganized’ nature of the sector,
○ lack of regulatory frameworks:::::
○ week institutionalized framework
● - multidimensional challenges
○ - involved in malpractices and acting irresponsibly, thus undermining the
credibility of civil society.
● - financial accountability and transparency to the benefit of all stakeholders.
● - issues of internal control mechanisms, professionalism,
 ● accountability, transparency and financial management must be given impetus.
● - security:Union Home Ministry has identified some NGOs as security threat to
the country. NSA-Doval- 4th gen warfare

issues with ngos

● 10% NGOs file returns.
● Recent rules- maintain account in delhi SBI→ small NGOs difficult to comply.
● - to provoke people against the developmental projects(), which is causing delay
● - engaging in religious conversion activities ex:Evangelical associations in
tribal/jharkand.
● - non compliance with the tax laws, avoiding to file income tax returns, where the
question of transparency of funding arises. Ex:Amnesty International and Aakar
patel
● - using NGOs as shells to transaction of money and other illicit activities.
ex:Vikas sahayog samati bagalpur NGO
● 2017, the MHA suspended the FCRA of Public Health Foundation of
India (PHFI), one of India’s largest public health advocacy groups, on
grounds of using ‘foreign funds’ to lobby with parliamentarians on tobacco
control activities.
● - ngos receiving money over 10L or 1cr from govt come under public servant
category under loakpal bill.

concerns from ngos

● - governments arbitrary in canceling funding to non compliance
● - to curb dissent ,violation of human rights and freedom of association

way forward
● Vijay kumar committee→ legal measures to enhance transparency.
● Conduct the social impact auditing.
● . implement a structure of ‘corporate governance’ principles would provide the
real value to the stakeholders.
● Ashok kumar vs central social welfare board case 2017 supreme court ordered
the govt to frame a comprehensive law for more effective monitoring of ngos in
bring transparency in the system. due to the extensive growth in foreign funding
and some NGOs getting foreign funding engaging in illicit activities.
● 3. to bolster public confidence in the voluntary sector by opening it up to greater
public scrutiny.
● 4. setting up of Joint Consultative Groups / Forums or Joint Machineries of
government and voluntary sector representatives, by relevant Central
Departments.similarly at district and local level.
 ● 5. get National Policy on volunteer sectors.

self-help groups(SHGs)
● Self governed, peer controlled associations of people who choose to come
together to find ways to improve their living conditions.
● They help to build Social Capital among the poor, especially women.
● 75 lakh SHGs
The most important functions of a Self-Help Groups are
● 1. to encourage and motivate its members to save
● 2. to persuade them to make a collective plan for generation of additional
income
● to act as a conduit for formal banking services to reach them.
● - emerged as the most effective mechanism for delivery of microfinance
services to the poor. products such as deposits, loans, money transfer and
insurance.

SHG movement in India:

● - Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) was formed as a Trade Union
under the leadership of Ela Bhatt.organised women.
● 1999: swarna jayanti rojgar yojana-> poverty alleviation
● - Kudumbashree programme of Kerala:Womens’ Empowerment is being
projected as a strategic route towards the ultimate goal of Poverty reduction.
Because of their active involvement in various income generation activities

major organizations
● 1. NABARD→ e shakti→ digitalisation of SHGs
● 2. Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI): specialised department
viz. ‘SIDBI Foundation for Micro Credit’ (SFMC)
● 3. RashtriyaMahilaKosh (RMK): a unique credit delivery model “RMK – NGO-
SHG- Beneficiaries”.
● 4. Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO)

Is Role of women collectives intervening with the PRIs ?

● 1. Work with government, community and private sector
● 2. Implementation and evaluation of projects
● 3. Train women
● 4. Reach upto most vulnerable women:“local” and “close to the people.”
 ● 5. Act as dispute resolution platform for crime against women: the Nari Adalats
(women courts), Women’s Resource Centers (Rajasthan).

impact of SHGs on rural life

● - improvement in their socio-economic condition but also enhances their self-
esteem.
● - has a multiplier effect in improving women’s status in society as well as in the
family.
● - Leadership development:They start to see themselves not only as
beneficiaries but also as clients / informed citizens seeking better services. Ex:
kudumbashree.
● - skill development:their new found awareness and the confidence generated
out of their micro-entrepreneurial skills make them more confident vis-à-vis
their menfolk.
● - financial inclusion: reduced dependence on informal money lenders and other
non institutional sources. Ex: SHG-bank linkage program.
● - financial inclusion attained through SHGs has led to reduced child mortality,
improved maternal health and the ability of the poor to combat disease through
better nutrition ex: project sampoorna.
● - health: better nutrition and reduced mortality.
● SHGs as pressure group ex: lobby for anti arrak policies ex: Azadika jhansi SHG
● Spillover effect: children nutrition, children’s education,

study carried out by NABARD:

● - employment expanded, increase in assets, developed savings habit, decrease
in poverty
● - improvement of self-confidence, more vocal and assertive on social and family
issues.
● - setting up micro-enterprises e.g. personalized business ventures like tailoring,
grocery, and tool repair shops.
● - growing acceptance the women began to bring in an income, their husbands
and families became more accepting. ( Waluj village=SHG+NRLM+NGO).
● - EShakti or Digitisation of SHGs will help in bringing SHGs on a common web
based e-platform by making bookkeeping easy for low literacy clients. This will
help in promoting national agenda of Financial Inclusion

weaknesses
● 1. lack of qualified resource personnel
● 2. based on primitive skills related mostly to primary sector enterprises. With
poor value addition with low subsistence wages.
 ● 3. economic gains are inadequate to bring a not a significant qualitative change
in their life.
● 4. steep territorial variations in different parts of the country.
● 5. Many areas of the country still lack banking services.
● 6. elite capture
● - international experience :A major micro-finance experiment was initiated in
Bangladesh by Mohd. Yunus in 1974-76 when he began lending to groups of
poor people in areas neighbouring Chittagong.Yunus succeeded in founding the
‘Grameen Bank’
● - Issues of Sustainability, Capacity Building and use of Technology
○ - e quality of operations of the SHGs are matters of considerable debate. It
is generally held that only a minority of the Self-Help Groups are able to
raise themselves from a level of microfinance to that of micro-
entrepreneurship.
○ - SHGs are heavily dependent on their promoter NGOs or government
agencies.
○ - Capacity building of small groups / members is an important component
of organisational effectiveness.
○ - example:on a study done by NITI Ayog, Bihar Jeevika SHG-bank
linkage model which has worked well in under-banked areas and
encouraged rural branches of banks which were making losses.by social
inclusion financial inclusion with livelihood promotion.
way forward
● - good results in socio-economic conditions,concentrated in certain pockets of
country.
● - need to address this imbalance and use them as conduit to reach the
marginalized sections
● - Extension of Self-Help Groups to Urban / Peri-Urban Areas
● - need adequate investment for building their capacities.
● - ARC-2 recommended amendments to the MicroFinance Sector (Development
and Regulation) Bill, 2007, The scope of Micro-finance Services should be
substantially widened to cover credit / savings, insurance, pension services,
money transfer, issue / discount of warehouse receipts and future / option
contracts for agricultural commodities and forest produce.
● - explore Corporate-SHG linkages for rural markets

Micro-credit
● 6 lakh villages, 1.5 lack bank branches, 2.5 lack gram panchyats.
 ● - Micro-credit is defined as provision of thrift, credit, and other financial
services (such as deposits, loans, payment services, money transfer, insurance
and related products) of very small amounts to the poor in rural, semi-urban and
urban areas for enabling them to raise their income levels and improve living
standards.
● - Micro-finance institutions are those which provide such micro-credit facilities.
Leaving aside the commercial Banks, the needs of this sector are currently being
handled by the following four major players:
○ - (i) Rural Banks
○ - (ii) Cooperatives
○ - (iii) Institutions which have been registered as Societies, Public Trusts,
and Section 25 Companies or as NBFCs to take up the work of micro-
finance on operational/financial sustainability
○ - (iv) Individual money-lenders.
● - Micro-credit is an instrument of both social as well as economic policy. It opens
up integral development processes such as use of financial and technical
resources, basic services and training opportunities to the unprivileged. Access
to savings, credit, money transfer, payment, and insurance can help poor people
take control of their financial life. It also empowers them to make critical choices
about investing in business, sending children to school, improving health care of
the family, covering the cost of key social obligations and unforeseen situations.
● - Raghuram Rajan Committee:“Broadening of Access to Finance”branch-
expansion-focused strategy (to Micro Banks).
Limitations
● Studies found: rather than asset creation going for consumption needs.
● Collateral free loans: the proliferation of unregulated SHGs also puts poor
women’s savings at risk, calling for further guidelines and measures.”
● Their is a need to integrate the women’s sustainable traditional practices into the
mainstream of microfinance Ex: Integrating the TFRID forest produce
organisations into micro finance domain in the hinterlands.

Wayforward
● Leverage technology instead of brick and mortar banking model.
● Banking correspondence
● Post office dastaks
● Leverage technology
associations
● - In the current model of economic growth, the voluntary/ civil society sector has
been recognized as a key player in achieving equitable, sustainable and inclusive
development goals.
● - Both the State as well as the market-led models of development have been
found to be inadequate and there is an increasing realisation that active
involvement of the voluntary sector is needed in the process of nation building.

classified into following broad categories:-

- Registered Societies formed for specific purposes.
- Charitable Organizations and Trusts
- Local Stakeholders Groups, Microcredit and Thrift Enterprises, SHGs
- Professional Self-Regulatory Bodies
- Cooperatives
- Bodies without having any formal organisational structure
- Government promoted Third Sector Organisations.

cooperative sector
● - A cooperative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to
meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations
through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise”.
● Article 19 and 43 of IC.
● Vaidhyanathan committee.
● Cooperatives are meant to be enterprises of the citizens and it is envisaged that
a vibrant and robust cooperative movement can significantly contribute in
harnessing the positive potential of social capital for the greater good of
society
● - lacked attention since independence, played a crucial role in development
especially in the primary sector (Agro-based industries) in contribution to socio
economic development.
● - success of
○ milk cooperatives in gujarat 75 yrs of AMUL-> worlds largest milk
cooperative
○ and sugar cooperative in Maharashtra,
○ cotton ginning cooperatives in vidarbha
○ - In New Zealand, with one of the world’s most productive dairy industries,
most of the dairying is carried out by cooperatives, which, in turn, are
registered under the Co-operative Companies Act, 1996. The Act allows
cooperatives to serve producers while competing successfully in the
international market.
potential
● significant contributions in poverty alleviation, food security, management of
natural resources and the environment.
● Agro based industry: livestock development, dairy production, fisheries and
agroforestry.
● Cooperatives can establish linkages between credit and market and thus develop
into multipurpose rural institutions.
● - The role of cooperatives could be very important in other related operations as
well such as sale of consumer goods, sugar production and housing.
● There is need to comprehensively revive and strengthen this sector by adopting
a multi-dimensional reform agenda covering all aspects of legal, institutional and
policy changes.
challenges
● True, the sector has become an instrument of patronage and pilferage.
Mismanagement and corruption destroyed the sector in some States.
● - government control and bureaucratization:
● - politicization of cooperative leadership and local level patronage system
● - non accountability:
● - non competitiveness
● The Indian cooperative sector has failed to inculcate two of the very essential
cooperative values. The first is that of self-help.
● Failure of Self-help has been envisaged as a basic tenet of cooperatives.
● member-centrality.
● Cooperatives by their very nature are inward looking organisations. They are
meant to serve the member community unlike outward looking organisations
such as the corporates which operate for profits.

Credit cooperatives
● - Cooperative Credit and Banking Institutions: came into existence as a
mechanism for pooling of resources in rural areas and for providing easy
credit access to the rural people. But in the course of time their financial health
has declined considerably.
● The primary reasons are
- (a) undue State interference and politicization, and
- (b) poor quality of management.
● - poor resource base, dependence on external funding, excessive State intrusion,
multiplicity of control, huge accumulated losses, low recovery, lack of business
initiatives and regional disparity.
● - Around half of the Primary Agriculture Credit Societies (PACS), a fourth of the
intermediate tier, viz., the District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs).
 ● Maharashtra PMC bank-run and loss of money → defaulting
Formation of new cooperative ministry
● Cooperatives are dominant in agriculture, credit and marketing, but not limited to
those.
● Some are big — IFFCO has around a third of the market share in fertilizers.
● In milk, cotton, handlooms, housing, edible oils, sugar and fisheries, they are
formidable.
● As market conditions are evolving, cooperatives in States such as Kerala have
got into complex operations: running IT parks and medical colleges.
● Due to liberalization their role is undergoing transformational change.-->
multisector cooperative act 2002.
govt measure
● - national policy on cooperative sector 2002,for promotion and development
of cooperatives as autonomous, independent and democratic organisations so
that they can play their due role in the socio-economic development of the
country.
● - 97th constitutional amendment gives cooperatives constitutional status in
par with PRIs.
● it also granted right to form cooperatives under art 19., included in DPSP art
43B2.
● 97th CAA and Union interference in state jurisdiction.
recommendations
● - replacing the government dominated law with people centric law.
● - ensure periodic free and fair elections.
○ The Haryana government announced that a Cooperative Election
Authority would be set up in the State for supervising the election
process in cooperative bodies.
● - bring them under the purview of RTI improving transparency.
● - empower state govt to obtain periodic performance reports to fix accountability.

charities
- a ‘Charity’ as a ‘body or trust which is for a charitable purpose that provides benefit to
the public’.
- The modern concept of social capital may partly be thought of as an offshoot of the
above tradition of (i) charity / faith based philanthropy; and (ii) strong and cohesive
community life.
- laws
● The Indian Trusts Act, 1882
● • The Charitable Endowments Act, 1890
- Institutional Arrangements
- The Charity Commission, Under the provisions of Charities Act, 1992
- Charitable Purpose include range of activities....
- A Charity that is not a company must have a professional audit of its accounts
- All registered Charities that have to submit annual returns to the Commission must do
so within ten months of the end of the Charity’s financial year.
- The multiplicity of charity laws in India has prevented evolution and growth of a proper
institutional framework in this sector. While, voluntary organisations often feel harassed
in complying with various legal obligations, institutions of the government too have not
been effective in regulating the sector and securing legal compliance. Instances of
misuse of tax provisions, fraud and poor governance have become frequent.

donors
● - individual donations to charity organisations has been meagre.
● While the quantum of donation to the voluntary sector from government and
foreign donor sources has increased considerably during the past decade,
private philanthropy by individuals, Trusts, foundations, and corporates has not
expanded commensurately.
● This kind of fund raising consists of direct donations by the public (either a one
time act or a recurring transaction).
● Donations may also come through by patronizing sales of items like greeting
cards, diaries, handlooms and handicraft products and by organizing events like
art auctions, music programes etc.
● - Bilateral Assistance:(British Government), Swedish International Development
Cooperation Agency (SIDA) (Swedish), Norwegian Agency for Development
Cooperation (NORAD) (Norway), and Danish International Development Agency
(DANIDA) (Denmark) are permitted to support NGOs directly without seeking
specific project approval from the Government of India. However, some of the
agencies need specific project approval of the Government before they can
finance an NGO.
● - Corporate Philanthropy:many big business houses set up Trusts and
Foundations to support schools, colleges and charitable hospitals. Later, some of
the multinationals also joined in.
○ - Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR):s a corporate entity’s commitment
to welfare of society and community and its adherence to ethical values.
■ - In recent years, CSR has shifted from the domain of charity to the
domain of standard business practices. Together with ‘profit’ and
‘growth’,
■ - Companies in India now explicitly recognize their social
responsibility and many of them allocate sizable resources to it.
 The TATAs, ITC and the Azim Premji Foundation are among major
corporate entities which have linked their business plans with
ethical and social commitment.
■ - fulfils its social responsibility by forging public-private partnership
as a business link in the areas of social forestry, integrated
watershed development, web enablement of the tobacco farmers,
e-choupal’s farm extension services and livestock development.
●

religious trusts
- Trusts, Endowments and Waqfs are legally created as modes of property
arrangement/settlement dedicated for definite charitable and religious purposes.
- Article 26:to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes;
(b) to manage its own affairs in matters of religion; (c) to own and acquire movable and
immovable property; and (d) to administer such property in accordance with law.
- Waqfs in India,implies a surrender of properties to God.dedicated property such as
land and its revenue rights to Waqf created with the purpose of maintaining mosques,
tombs, orphanages (yatimkhanas), madrasas etc. Land could also be Waqfed for the
creation of a graveyard.
- Currently, 300000 Waqfs in India are being administered under various provisions of
the Waqf Act, 1995. This Act is applicable throughout the country except for Jammu and
Kashmir and Dargah Khwaja Saheb, Ajmer. The management structure under the Act
consists of a Waqf Board as an apex body in each State. Every Waqf Board is a quasi-
judicial body empowered to rule over Waqf-related disputes. At the national level, there
is Central Waqf Council which acts in an advisory capacity.
Trade Unions
- Trade Unions Act, 1926, a “Trade Union means a combination, whether temporary or
permanent, formed primarily for the purpose of regulating relations between workmen
and employers or between workmen and workmen or between employers and
employers, or for imposing restrictive conditions on the conduct of any trade or
business, and includes any federation of two or more Trade Unions.
- The objective of the Trade Unions Act is to provide a legal existence and protection to
the Trade Unions as defined above.

way forward
- Non-Profit / Voluntary Organisations in our country operate on a wide variety of issues
covering almost all aspects of socio-economic development and polity. There are
separate laws under which Societies, Trusts, charitable institutions, religious
endowments and Waqf etc.
- Diversity of laws across the States has given rise to emergence of nonuniform
practices in the management of voluntary organisations.
- ARC suggests that the Union Government should formulate a comprehensive model
law covering both Societies as well as Trusts. This model law could be sent to the
States who could adopt it with suitable modifications.
- Planning Commission considered this issue and recommended setting up of a
National Accreditation Council (NAC) would award accreditation to Voluntary
Organisations based on documentation and evaluation of the assessors.
-
conclusion
- People’s participation in governance is recognized the world over as a prerequisite of
good governance. The growth and development of society is critically dependent on its
internal institutions, particularly those created by people’s initiative and vigour. Some of
these institutions are for non-profit, some for mutual benefit of a group and some for
raising income levels of their members. Collectively they play a major role in
contributing to good governance and to economic and social development.

institutional (Self-Regulatory Authority)

- The Self-Regulatory Authority of a profession means a select Body of its members
which is responsible for growth and development of the profession in the background of
its responsibility towards society and State. The functions of such a Self-Regulatory
Body may include:
- (i) issues of professional education: development of curriculum, setting up of
teaching standards, institutional infrastructure, recognition of degrees etc. and
- (ii) matters connected with licensing, and ethical conduct of the practitioners.
- Bar Council of India (BCI) – formed under the Advocates Act, 1961 Medical Council of
India (MCI) – formed under the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 Institute of Chartered
Accountants of India (ICAI) – formed under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949
Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India (ICWAI) – formed under the Cost and
Works Accountants Act, 1959 Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) – formed
under the Company Secretaries Act, 1980 Council of Architecture (COA) – formed
under the Architects Act, 1972
- Trust between Professionals and Citizens
- professional practitioner is in a position to have access to the most personal
details of a person and hence he is obliged to act in consonance with the principles of
beneficence and justice to justify this trust. The professionals need to maintain high
standards of practice and show respect for professional ethical values.
- self-regulatory, Regulatory Bodies have become “self-promoting lobbies running
to the rescue of delinquents, starting agitations against any action that is taken,
organising strikes and hardly taking steps to uphold standards or action against
professional misconduct”.
- Separating Professional Education from Self-Regulatory Authorities
- National Knowledge Commission has recommended establishment of an
Independent Regulatory Authority
- e limited to their role as Professional Associations.
- England, professional legal education and the admission to the profession are
controlled by a body consisting exclusively of professional men.
- arc recom:Professional education should be taken away from the domain of the
existing Regulatory Bodies and handed over to specially created agencies – one for
each of the streams of higher/professional education.

CIVIL services
● Patel-steel frame.
● PM Modi: civil services as agent of change.and need transformation of mindset
for amrit kaal on CIVIL service day
● Atal bihari: it is not the availability of resources but resourceful persons.

● tenure system= rotation of senior officers from state to center and center to state.
● Spoils system
● Cadre system=

Mission Karmayogi
 ● from rule based to role based HR management
● Capacity building program for all civil services.
● By prime minister Human Resource council.
● Cab Sec will oversee.
● Create shared infrastructure
● On site learning
● Behavioural and domain competency.

https://theprint.in/opinion/what-does-an-ias-officer-bring-to-the-table-that-regular-
mortals-cant/68636/

● Civil servants have immunity, they can only be removed or dismissed by the
president.
● They cannot be dismissed by the authority lower than them.
● Their emoluments and salaries, rank cannot be deducted except by central
government.

Role of civil services in a democracy.

role
● - civil service plays a pivotal role in providing shape to policies that reflect
people’s needs and put their suggestive, analytical and informative roles to
implement the policies.
● - to ensure good governance
● foster national integration →to balance a national perspective with more local
views.
● Dr. Ambedkar thought of the civil service as forming a protective ring
around the Constitution unaffected by political changes, having an all- India
perspective rather than a parochial regional

views
● - First is its constitutional status.
● one and secure enough to maintain an independent, non-partisan perspective
without fear or favour.
● process of ‘learning by doing’, of gaining experience by handling complex social
and political challenges.
● develop leadership skills in the management of such diversity
● - strategic role: That the IAS was meant for higher strategic functions is also
evident from Dr.
● From regulation to facilitation in post LPG era.
 ● - decentralization by 73rd and 74th CAA, the role of panchyats and
municipalities has increased participation, however they lack exparties and
efficient administrators for policy development and implementation. IAS at junior
scale act as an bridge between local panchyats and district administration.
● - The scientific and technological development:expanded the government
and large scale administration
● - Industrial revolution:Suffice it to point out two twenty first century trends which
most votaries of the supremacy of the ‘specialist’ over the ‘generalist’ seem
ignorant of. First that the new knowledge economy is moving into a realm
which is multi/ interdisciplinary, and knowledge convergence skills are the
most sought after; second, that both in Government and public policy circles and
in corporate/business strategy circles sectoral fragmentation and narrow
specialisation has given way to a team based, multi- sectoral approach to
problem solving because each sector is so inseparably interconnected with the
other that sectorally-fragmented approaches can be calamitous. Good
governance practices require skills in fusion and synthesis. It is these skills
which are in abundance in the IAS and instead of nurturing them and honing
them further, simple minded attempts at reform only go to marginalise the talent
already available.
● - Economic Planning:goals of welfare state.plan formulation and
implementation and creation of elaborate necessary administrative machinery
● - Calamities and crisis:Thus crisis management is an important function of
public administration.
● - Emergence of welfare state:
● - Most democracies train their higher civil servants to be accountable rather than
efficient and India is no exception. What haunts a civil servant is the spectre of
having to answer to a quo warranto writ against his alleged action/inaction. If this
dynamic renders bureaucracy slow to act, it’s a welcome trait. In any case, a civil
servant is expected to follow the decisions taken by the political executive which
is the real master.

civil services in governance

● - for implementing Laws and Policies:
● 1.regulates the behaviour of the people in society.
● 2.it delivers the promised goods and services to the intended beneficiaries.
● - policy formulation:the chief policy maker in government.it is source of facts;
experience; ideas and solution
● - Provides continuity:civil services form the backbone of administration.steel
frame by patel
● socio- economic development
 ● - An instrument of social change and economic development:with largely agri
societies and socially rooted morality they the change facilitators.
● - services in the public interest: maintaining law and order.
● Facilitative services: such as basic amenities.socio-economic justice.Welfare
services:for vulnerable.Developmental functions:banking,insurance etc..
● - to properly manage community resources such as land, water resources,
forests, wetlands and wasteland development
● - To facilitate industrial development, infrastructural facilities such as roads,
electricity, communications, market centres etc have to be provided.
● - Mobilization of natural, human and financial resources and their proper
utilization
● - Development of human resources to secure the necessary managerial skills
and technical competence. focusing HEALTH and EDUCATION.
● - Developing a sense of nationhood and reducing social tensions among
communities.
● - facilitating democracy:in maintaining the democratic ideals by assisting their
political heads (Ministers) in policy-making function

problem areas/has IAS failed by duvvuri

● D Subba rao- has IAS failed the nation.
○ Complacent.
○ Lost of Moral compass.
○ Privileges makes them complacent
○ Loss of competency →
● - From its inception the critique has focussed on four points, that the IAS is an
outmoded colonial legacy
● - old rules and politicization of bureaucracy( do the politicians’ biddings rather
than adhere to rules ), lack of transparency and accountability.
● - Undue political interferences: politicians distrust All India Service, whose
loyalty must be more to the Centre than to the state. This is utter nonsense, but
the politician believes it, and it is what he believes that is the important thing, not
the truth. ... At state level, therefore, the IAS is a foundling.
○ - The most recent one pertained to the alleged assault on Delhi Chief
Secretary Anshu Prakash by some AAP MLAs at Chief Minister Arvind
Kejriwal’s residence
● - Shortfall in personal: nearly 1500 IAS or understand does increasing the
burden on the existing.
● - Lack of specialised skills in bureaucrats: decisions regarding promotion and
staffing general competencies banking however lack of specialised skills can
make them redundant in a fast changing world
 ● - Detachment from public this leads to a gap in policy formulation and
implementation.
● - Increased corruption: hi level of connection in geography is associated with
low level of investment and growth.
● - Lack of transparency and accountability
● - Resistance to change: resistance to change towards blockchain Technology
and decentralization of governance.
● - The 2002 Final Report of the National Commission to Review the Working
of the Constitution was also critical of the IAS. They wrote that “we allowed
the colonial legacy of administration to continue to hold sway in the post-
independence era.” Further, they noted that “the present structure of the All India
Services would appear to be incompatible with the development of full-fledged
democratic representative government at the district level
- question of integrity
● observations of 2nd ARC regarding civil services in India:
● - more concerned with the internal processes than with results.
● - rigidities, needless complexities and over-centralization in the policy and
management structures
● - Rapid and fundamental changes are taking place in the country in terms of
rapid economic growth, urbanization, environmental degradation, technological
change,civil servants have to be ready to manage such change.
● - with expanding private sector, civil servants should view civil society
organisations and the private sector as partners in the process of the country’s
governance.
● - need to shift from pre-eminence of governance to effective governance with a
focus on decentralization and citizen-centricity.
● Art: 310: pleasure of president
● Article 311 (1) says that no government employee either of an all India
service or a state government shall be dismissed or removed by an
authority subordinate to the own that appointed him/he

need to do
● - Santhanam Committee recommended to sack officers on grounds of
incompetence and/or corruption.amend art 311 for conducting disciplinary
proceedings and make bribery substantive offence.The rules always existed in
the rule book but no government has had the courage to use.
● - The Hota Committee recommended that a Model Code of Governance
should be drawn up benchmarking the standards of governance to be made
available to the citizens.
 ● replacing the ACR with a system of performance assessment in which
greater emphasis is placed on objective assessment.
○ - Performance review According to rules, performance review of an all-
India service ocer is conducted twice first after the completion of 15 years
of qualifying service, and then after 25 years.
- six IPS in two years removed.
● - Rigid rule bound bureaucracies should be changed into flexible and action-
oriented
● - decentralization of authority and collegiate decision making; de-emphasis of
hierarchy in the administrative structure
● - tendency to arrogate themselves to the colonial mai-baap status needs a reality
check.
● - To insulate the bureaucracy from political interference and to put an end to
frequent transfers of civil servants by political bosses, the Supreme Court on
based of hota committe, 2nd ARC report based on TSR Subramaniyam
petition. directed the Centre and the States to set up a Civil Services Board
(CSB) for the management of transfers, postings, inquiries, process of
promotion, reward, punishment and disciplinary matters.
● - Implement an HR system for government employees
● - Longer tenure of Secretaries
● - Introduction of specific domain expertise in early stage.

lateral entry
● - lateral entry into the higher civil services should be welcomed but with some
caveats.
Advantages
● - lateral entry is indeed a necessary condition of good governance.
○ ARC 1, 2
● Private Talent and knowledge
○ Nandan nilekani work on Aadhar
● Domain expertise.
○ Complex political economy and thus no expertise.
○ Manmohan, Raguram rajan,
○ hota committee recommended domain knowledge and expertise is
necessary in the ever changing world for better and efficient performance.
○ ashok parthasarathi recommended the formation of sectors/clusters
from defense and security to health etc..
○ HW Riggs: need for structural differenciation to aoid developmental trap
● Hegemonize the IAS
 ○ Prevent babudom and bureaucratic lethargy
Disadvantages
● Civil servants have the “experience of ground reality”, which laternetry many not
bring.
● No reservations and social justice.
○ 13-point roster clause allows no reservations for posts under single filling.
Rather than group of posts.
● Alleged Backdoor filling of candidates that suit the govt of day.
○ - the second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) recommended
an institutionalized, transparent process for lateral entry at both the
Central and state levels. But pushback from bureaucrats, serving and
retired.

Reforms in civil service

Harsh mandar https://scroll.in/article/883768/civil-services-need-urgent-reform-but-the-
modi-governments-proposals-will-destroy-the-institution

Labeling Key

L Extracted Text
a
b
e
l

N
a
m
e

Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out
of their design and implementation.

Government policies and interventions

Conclusion: reform performs transform.

ARC rec:

Policy failure in tackling environment

Indian state and LPG

New Public management

Universal Basic Income (UBI)

direct benefit transfer

data protection

Exit policy

Laws and Acts

Education

Kothari Commission, education is the tool for socio political economic transformation.

National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030).
It intends to restructure and reorient the education system in India. Critically examine the
statement.

RTE Act:

Higher edu

Health

conclusion: health system - promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative. But our system is
only curative.

AYUSH

Maternal health and reproductive health

In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care
policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss.

MENTAL HEALTH:

WHO:State of mental well being to realize true potential and attain mental happiness.
Community led initiatives

Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for

All ‘ in India. Explain

Human development

Despite Consistent experience of High growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human
development. Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive.

Poverty and hunger exclusion

Goal 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere

SANITATION:To ensure effective implementation of policies addressing water, sanitation and

hygiene needs, the identification of beneficiary segments is to be synchronized with the
anticipated outcomes’ Examine the statement in the context of the WASH scheme.

UNGA 2010: access to sanitation and safe drinking water as human rights.

Nutrition and hunger

malnutrition

- Malnutrition indicates that the daily nutritional intake is inadequate

SDGs

SDG report progress decline.-117 rank

WOMEN

Gender budgeting initiative

minorities

SC

Scheduled tribe- indedenous people

issues and challenges

CHILDREN:

Differently abled

senior citizens

Geriatric care and social development

Transgender
∙intro 4.87 lakh transgender while a 2011 survey by NGO Salvation of Oppressed Eunuchs put their
number at 19 lakh.

Conclusion: Shivas Ardhanirshwara, Kamasutra recognises the third sex

YOUTH:

Philosophical bases of governance and probity

World Bank report on governance- The mechanisms by which citizens and groups define their
interests and interact with institutions of authority and with each other.

shift from “social management” to “social governance top-down control versus multiple social
stakeholder cooperation, and government-centric logic versus consensus-building rationale.

Decentralization, Delegation and Accountability

effective, efficient and responsive to the citizens.

Transparency and Accountability

Transparency

Intro: Attribute of a person/organization to opeaness, communication and accountability.

Opeaness/objectivity.

Make decisions based on facts and empirical data.

Effectiveness vs accountability

Effectiveness is the ability to produce results that are desired.

Accountability is legal responsibility for one’s actions.

Responsibility

Quality of performing our duties diligently.

accountability

- accountability refers to the process of holding actors responsible.

-Accountability involves both answerability for their actions–

justification about their actions

- Social accountability can be defined as an approach towards building accountability that relies
on civic engagement.

Right to Information

any citizen of India may request information from a "public authority" (a body of Government or
"instrumentality of State") which is required to reply expeditiously or within thirty days.
Conclusion: RTI is the master key to good governance: 2nd ARC.

Whistleblower

Publicly air the discrepancies.

corruption.

Intro: 2nd ARC formula: corruption= monopoly+discretion+secrecy- accountability.

Conclusion: 1 rupee earned with corruption is 1 rupee lost for a hardworking man Swami
Vivekanada

Corrupt = destroy latin.

Black money

Non accounted and non payment of tax

GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM

grievance is thus any sort of dissatisfaction, which needs to be redressed in effective and fastly.

Quality of service delivery

A great deal of public dissatisfaction with the functioning of government at all levels arises from
the quality of services provided by the government.

E Governance

Intro: carrying out the functions and achieving the results of governance through the utilization of
what has today come to be known as ICT (Information and Communications Technology).

Fourth industrial revolution

- UNDP 1993 report also acknowledges: People's participation is becoming the central issue of
our time. And a growing urge to participate in governance that shapes their lives.--> role of civil
soceity

Development processes

NGOs

self-help groups(SHGs)

Self governed, peer controlled associations of people who choose to come together to find ways
to improve their living conditions.
They help to build Social Capital among the poor, especially women.

employment expanded, increase in assets, developed savings habit, decrease in poverty

associations

charities

- a ‘Charity’ as a ‘body or trust which is for a charitable purpose that provides benefit to the
public’.

donors

religious trusts

- Trusts, Endowments and Waqfs are legally created as modes of property

CIVIL services

Patel-steel frame.

lateral entry

1950 to 1970: five year plans with sector wise

1970 to 1990: poverty became the major agenda

1990 to 2000: privatisation and globalisation

2000 to 2015: rights based delivery of welfare services

2015 onwards: consolidation of schemes

from rights based to clientelism- freebees distribution

conditional cash transfer

indira gandhi matrutv yojana.

policy design must minimize the costs

world bank report 2015

- and focus on the behavioral aspects of marginal people

3 stages of the policy process- policy formulation, implementation, evaluation.

Policy failure
Awareness on MSP.

Beti Bachao: 80% funds for publicity

Nirbhaya unspent funds.

Political bias: Farm bills: lack of proper consultation.

2013, in the Mid-day Meal tragedy in Bihar, 23 children were killed

Interoperability of schemes ex: One nation one ration.

Beneficiary exclusion: Use of SECC 2011 does not reflect the ground realities.

Quantity and quality fraud in PDS.

Dams

EPCA and Delhi pollution and odd even.

Gadgil committe vs kasturirangan committee.

Diwali cracker ban

EIA.

DPSP(welfare role) and developmental role

Regulatory role

Changed role of bureaucracy from managing to facilitating economic activities

Emergence of e-government,

Managerialism

pushing the ‘State’ towards compliance of certain global standards

emergence of a ‘Competition State’,

‘roll back’ of the State

key role in restructuring of markets

PPP model- risk sharing.

Resource mobilization and channelisation.

Dependency on FDI.

Result rather than process.

competition, and contracting out i

Customer driven- service delivery ethics.

competition, and contracting out

NGOs and wider participation.

Developing bottom-up participatory processes s

state -society synergies.

Limitations

increased unemployment (especially among older workers),

that put pressure on the welfare budget, human effects (in loss of pride and purpose among
workers made redundant), and

increased economic inequality.

Crisis of governability.

Aadhaar-based direct benefit transfers

ES 2018

sidestep the exclusion, misallocation, and leakage

survey advocated a quasi-universal transfer

eradicate welfare bureaucracies and weak state capabilities.

Scandinavian social democracy

logistics of last-mile delivery

public expenditure is in the form of collective goods, such as roads or railways, or law and order

not clear data to show success:

a social wealth fund—a government-owned portfolio of stocks,

norwegian social welfare fund.

675 Central sector schemes as per Budget 2017-18

12-digit-UID

biometric and demographic data.

section 7 of the Aadhaar

desirous of availing any subsidy from CFI,

world's largest biometric ID system

WB: the most sophisticated ID programme in the world"

eliminates duplication and saves government Treasury

identification of beneficiary

Problems

mandatory Aadhar:2014, Supreme Court

Aadhaar was not mandatory

Aadhar Bill introduced as money bill:

Not foolproof: discrepancies

homeless excluded.Denied service

Privacy issue

financial data: “UIDAI do not collect details of transactions.

technological glitches:authentication failures

lack of infrastructure:lack of electricity,

no exit facility available

restricts diversion, prevents leakages, and brings about greater transparency, accountability and
effciency

Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi as saying how only ₹17 of ₹100 spent

Example PAHAL, MGNREGA, NSAP etc.

JAM (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar and Mobiles) trinity

Business Correspondents

payments bank

Mobile money is a fast moving way of payment

Imported technology: ex:android os

Localisation of data is not feasible

Big Brother is watching you

Orwellian nightmare of a surveillance state

social networking sites: Cambridge Analytica (CA)

“data colonialism and data dictatorship”

Christopher Wylie, the whistleblower

psychographic targeting

US Model

innovation by consent:

EU Model-GDPR: based on rights allowed to use data only for the original purpose

Kailash Satyarthi - one million for one million- end child labour and bring back to school

Low quality of instruction

“crisis of credibility” due to outside interference, absence of accountability, unregulated

commercialization and lack of standards.

Out of School Children (OOSC):

retention and poor quality and learning outcome

teacher absenteeism ex: geo-app to denote longitude and latitude for attendance. CCTV
cameras, selfie.

curiosity and inquisitiveness- Activity based learning- ex: rishi valley school in AP.

National Education Mission or Samagra Shikha Abhiyan

Saakshar Bharat- literacy

Vidhyanjali 2017

Taking help from private and community t

Mana Ooru-Mana Badi/Mana Basti-Mana Badi programme.

Telangana to strengthen govt schools.

86 CAA

21 A.

positive liberty and Amartya sen capability approach

6-14 free

25% reservation

Norms and standards

Pupil-teacher ratio

schools wn 1km walking distance upto class 5

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation.

old pass-fail system

Issues raised by CAG Report: use for primary education and critic of RTI

less funds

Retention of huge balances by state governments

Children with special needs

Ineffective National advisory council,

inter state disparity

6-14 yrs under NFSA.

Limitations: quality, adultration, social discrimination, teachers loosing out time, corruption.

Akshaya patra:

Titi bhojan: community dining

NGOs or SHGs can be given contracts

involvement of local bodies + parents

NITI 3 YEAR AGENDA:

School edu - 3 goals:

1. Orient the system towards outcomes

School Education Quality Index:

RTE should be Right To Learning, instead of just Right to go to School.

Provide tools to teachers and students for effective learning:

evidence based ICT tools

Focus on foundational learning

o Need 'exams on demand' to allow students to take re-exams when ready.

PPP models

Soln: integrated schools by merging primary and secondary schools in the same compound
which are called “Adarsh” schools.

MP:Library on wheels in local tribal language)

Happiness Curriculum in Delhi schools

Swayam

Swayam prabha

National digital library

E Pathshala

PM DIKSHA: digital infra for the teachers.

Pragyata guidelines:

Challenges

Accessibility

Affordability

Language barrier

Operational burden: one-on-one tutors.

Lack of evidence

Reverse migration 1.4 million COVID migrants

German model of classroom + apprentice training

Poor employability ex: India skills report- 45%

Excess stress on adolscents ex: Rohit vemula. 111 suicides in 100 universities in 8yrs.

lack of practical curriculum(exams), lack of interdisciplinarity(IIts), employability, infra missing,

problem of funding, poor R&D, poor faculty quality(UGC 1:10), commercialisation of edu

no autonomy(JNU)

HEFA, HECI

Unnat Bharath Abhiyan 2017

Adopt a village.

IIT Delhi has connected with the NGO Chintan to make a comprehensive proposal for solid waste
management in the pyala village

o IMPRINT (IMPacting Research INnovation and Technology) India, to boost research in IITs

learn from China and Singapore

Autonomy for top colleges and universities

‘prize’ system with funding going to research/innovation groups that deliver solutions

Institutions of Eminence

HEFA Higher Education Finance Agency:

. SPV would leverage equity and CSR to fund.

MOOCs (massive online open courses)

Check MMR: access to contraceptive, high age deliveries, Assam 213 MMR. 130 dsts has 200+
MMR.

National Health Mission

2006

National Ayush Mission

Centrally sponsored scheme

develop centers in PHCs, CHCs etc.

Ayushman Bharat PM Ayushman

HWC, PM JAY

10 cr SECC, 5lk per family.

Help towards the goal of UHC coverage , reduce OOPE, private asset creation.

Brain drain ->Gulf,

RMNCH+A

Janani suraksha- institutional- 90%--> c section/cesarean→ midwives- NGO- Birth village.

Matruvandana- NFSA

PM surakshit matritva- trimester care

Beijing declaration of 1980’s

NCDs - cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes make most
contribution.

morbidity pattern shifting from communicable to non-communicable, but health facilities didn't
adapt

∙ National Mental Health Policy 2014: universal access, leadership and role allocation to center, state and
local bodies

∙ Mental Health care Act 2017: right to mental health care

regulates electro convulsive therapy, decriminialised suicide, Central and State Mental Health
Authority

Mental Health Review Commission

under reporting, lack of infra, stigma, wellness focused, rehab

∙ Karnataka govt. dedicated helpline called Arogyavani - counselling

Deepika Love laugh foundation

,

Shift from sick-care to wellness

o Intersectoral approach

LE: 70 years from 67.5 years by 2025

Reduce Out Of pocket expenditure

ASHA and ANM.

Mohalla clinics.

Tamil Nadu model:

Para medical staff-chhattisgarh model.

MISSION INDRADANUSH: eVIN technology system

Universal Immunisation Programme 1985

Ex TN Model of procurement directly from manufacturers,

WHO’s Health in All Policies (HiAP) framework

Absolute (deprivation) vs relative (exclusion)

∙ Chronic poor, Churning poor (in and out - ex farmers)

definition of poverty

poverty line a satisfactory

economic factor or social, cultural,political structures interplay

- best way to tackle poverty: growth or redistribution

Consumption based on basket of goods.

Income based PPP

Rangarajan committee

socio economic caste census

oxford and UNDP measures comprehensively.

0. To 1 ->high value is high poverty.

Health: nutrition and child mortality

Education: years of schooling and attendance

Living standards

MPI: 51.91% population of Bihar is poor,

Kerala (0.71%), Goa (3.76%), Sikkim (3.82%), Tamil Nadu (4.89%)

Historical

"unofficial zamindars" and rural exploitative system

Policy failure

land reforms and redistribution policies.

population explosion

Wrong economics:

leakages.

Economic causes
Slow economic growth

Social causes
Untouchability

feminization of poverty

Geographical
Non arable lands

With in family

Feminisation of poverty

trickle down approach

incremental assets by means of work generation. Food for work scheme, later MNREGA

5th FYP - provide minimum basic amenities, like food grain, edu, health

MGNREGS, PDS,PMGSY,MID DAY MEAL,n

Economic growth

providing minimum basic amenities:

BEGGING

Decriminalized by Delhi HC

psychological/attitudinal: Recently, Norway has replaced poverty with LIG.

ending of poverty, ignorance, disease and inequality of opportunity.

RUBAN

Destitute faced a problem.

Child labour.

Benefits: IMR, hygiene, school outcome, anemia, dignity and communicable diseases

Schemes: WASH, water sanitation and hygiene.

UNICEF: 1 lakh child death, malnutrition, stunting, human capital formation.

Target: behavioral change,

National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey (NARSS) 201718

Urbanization of pandemics

International: International covenant on social, economic and cultural rights.

India: DPSP and SC implicit in Article 21

Food coupons and food banks in the US, UK.

NGOS: Akshaya patra

Religious: Langgars in gurudwaras.

Governments:

NFSA 2013.

wasted: weight to height 

underweight

affects the development of children by retarding cognitive and physical abilities.

insufficient intake of macro- and micro-nutrients.

diet diversity,

cereals, roots and tubers;

 - legumes and nuts;

- dairy products;

- flesh foods;

- eggs; fish;

- dark green leafy vegetables;

deepening agrarian crisis.

Vicious cycle: intergenerational impact malnourished mother→ malnourished child.

weakening of public nutrition programmes

- paradox of self sufficiency and hidden hunger( micronutrients deficiencies).

- Our policy response has to move from “food security” to “nutrition security”.

hot cooked meal or fortified food packets to

Ex:balamrutham in telangana

locally produced, diverse food options

 factory-made and energy-dense nutrient packets

dalia(broken wheat) and khichdi (rice and lentil stew)

self-help groups.  Ex: project sampoorna in Assam.

DBT

- Envisaging kuposhan Mukt Bharat

Integrate: ICDS+ NHM+ JJY+ MDM

Project sampoorna in Assam → near zero cost, they integrated SHG-Anganwadi-counseling support to see
good results.

Community based participation and patriarchy is key

Special focus on maternal care and nutrition:

preventive action linking with sanitation and timely intervention.

- Role of local self government

Social Audits: setting-up Nutrition Resource Centres,

 rajasthan: National Nutrition Mission with a State Vision Document 2022 being formulated

nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive behaviors

diet diversity,

- hand-washing, thanks to COVID

- deworming,

Severely Acute malnourished children (SAM)

moderately acute malnourished (MAM) children

Good:

OKAY:

Low

Muslim Personal Law (Shariyat) Application Act 1937.

Nikah halala (a practice under which a woman who wishes to remarry her former husband must
first consummate a nikah with another man).

Bigamy- A Hindu second wife is devoid of her rights

Lack of postnatal care

Frequent pregnancy

exploiting ignorance of the illiterate women

Abandonment of babies

ex: japanese couple

Issue of citizenship of the born child

privacy of surrogate mother

Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016:

∙ Seeks to ban commercial surrogacy

Mandatory for surrogate mothers to be married

close relative

also have given birth to a healthy child

can only bear one surrogate child

gay couples, transgender persons, single parent cannot have baby through surrogacy.

People of Indian Origin card-holders will not

only after five years of legal marriage

Article 42

26 weeks (better than WHO reco of 24 weeks

all establishments employing 10 or more persons.

Option to work from home,creche facility (50+ employees)

18 lakh women workforce in organised sector,

90% of working women are in the unorganised

For them, Indira Matritva Sahyog Yojana

gender role stereotypes

silent on paternity leave

Singapore Model: women in the city-state get 16 weeks of maternity

Britain and Japan offer a years unpaid leave for both parents.

internal complaint committee (ICC)

Ministry of WCD online

Sexual Harassment electronic–Box (SHe-Box)

not fix accountability as to who is in charge of ensuring that workplaces comply with the Act

Priority Areas:

1. Health including food security and nutrition.

2. Education:

Economy

engendering macro-economic policies

Governance and Decision Making:

Violence Against Women:

initiatives such as One Stop Centres, Women Helpline, Mahila PoliceVolunteers

panic buttons in mobiles, public and private transport,surveillance mechanisms in public places.

Mahila E-Haat, W-Hub telangana

Women Entrepreneurship Council,

child care / creches.

Brazil, electronic kiosks

Womb to tomb

Toxic masculinity, internalized misogyny

Time poverty→lack of time to do productivity activities.

the Constitutional Provisions for Women and Children

Rajiv Gandhi scheme for empowerment of adolescent girls (sabla) .

Indira Gandhi matritva Sahyog Yojana or PM matru vandan

cash transfer for pregnant and lactating women

Ujjwala scheme for prevention of trafficking,

formation of community Vigilance groups and Rehabilitation reintegration and repartition.

gender mainstreaming

gender perspective in policy and program

Institutionalization of gender budgeting

gender budgeting cells in all Ministries departments

MWCD as nodal

Global Gender Gap Index

birth: even meta-preference for a son

Education: higher enrolment of girls in schools,

Economy:

sex ratio and increasing girl education

tri-ministerial, convergent effort

gender mainstreaming

sensitizing students teachers and community.

Pre-Conception & Pre Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PC&PNDT) Act

Social media

9.2% annually.

‘Pradhan Mantri Mahila Shakti Kendra',

empower rural women through community participation

Student volunteers will play an instrumental role in awareness

Nai Roshini

Leadership development program for women.

Nai Manzil’

Education and livelihood initiative.

National Commission for minorities 1992 

National Commission for religious and linguistic minorities

"insecurities of the Dalit communities"

[Article 29(1)]

[Article 30(1)]

Ministry of Minority affairs in 2006

15 point programme for Welfare of minorities 2006.

participation of Muslims in salaried jobs is also low.

concentrated in the informal sector

policies should “sharply focus on inclusive development

15(4)&(5) , 

- art-16 equality in public employment.

- Article 17

Article 40:

Panchayats to SC/ST.

Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship for SC

National Overseas scholarship for scheduled caste

National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development

Stand Up India,

Dalit Capitalism:

DICCI)

3labourers died cleaning a sewage treatment plant in Loni, Ghaziabad, 2018

Bezawada Wilson

No proper rehabilitation, no one being prosecuted in the act.

Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013

‘duty of local authorities and other agencies to use modern technology for cleaning of sewers’.

- sewer cleaning robots,

Kerala student: robot to clean sewers

National Commission for Safai karmachari is the implementing authority.

Rehabilitation of estimated 2 lakh manual scavengers

responsibility on local governments

The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2015

more instances of “atrocities” recognised

establishment of exclusive special courts

special public prosecutors

Governors power

Tribal Advisory Council

Autonomous Council and district Council

Tribal sub plan for Rapid socio economic development

National Scheduled Tribes finance and Development Corporation

20 years behind

Government officials do not visit these villages

Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana scheme- TFRID

Ekalavya schools.

land alienation

∙displacement

Acquisition of land

principle of ‘eminent domain’;

Encroachment of tribal

Creation of national parks;

armed conflict

illegal detention and torture- jai bhim

Bureaucratic apathy, lack political will

TRIBAL SUB PLAN

Plan of a State/UT and the funds

2015 CAG report

without consulting the tribal beneficiaries. violation of TSP.

Scheme for Development of PVTGs(2008):

Tribal Research Institutes Scheme,

Regional and State-specific variations in welfare schemes

∙ National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-nomadic Tribes

Article 342

khaki movie CTA. ( Iyengar Committee - said change criminal tribes to habitual offenders)

∙ 2002, Justice Venkatachaliah Commission recommended for strengthening the programmes for economic
and educational development of DNTs.

TRIFED - Tribal Cooperative Marketing ∙

TRIBAL PANCHSHEEL: non-imposition by encouraging self governing Verrier Elwin

o develop according to their own genius ∙

rights in land and forest

development without too many outsiders

social and cultural institutions

Tribal economy

Protection of biodiversity

renewable energy like solar and hydro

(PESA) in true spirit

Language used for learning in schools

traditional herbal medicines through the community ownership

Juvenile delinquency: refers to a large variety of disapproved behavior o

The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015:

Defined cognizable and non cognizable offences.

∙ Juvenile Justice Boards (JJB)

Child Welfare Committees (CWC)

Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA)- hague convention on adoption

law does not act as deterrence for juveniles committing heinous crimes

a reformative approach

UN Convention on the Rights of the Child which requires requires all signatory countries to treat
every child under the age of 18 years as equal.

UNICEF defines

below 18 yrs.

affected by conflict and disaster

elimination of child labour by 2025.

Trafficiking in homes and sexual abs use.

Industrial belts:

Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act 2016:

(14-18yrs) in hazardous occupations

Reduced list of hazardous occupations

India's caste-based child labour

inter-generational debt bondage

creation of a Rehabilitation Fund.

contravenes ILO's

to preserve Indian art and craft by enabling parents

∙ UNICEF India

children under 14 years will be allowed to work in family businesses

PENCIL: acilitate monitoring of the National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Mof labour

rehabilitation of child and adolescent labour.

Mission VATSALYA- integrated child protection scheme.

Aarambh Initiative: hotline to curb sexual abuse of children

ILO Convention 182 on the worst forms of child labour and Convention 138 on Minimum Age of
Employment.

below the age of 18 yrs.

∙multisectorial, multilevel convergence.

Child has universal, inalienable and indivisible human rights.

1. Survival, health and nutrition

2. Education and development

3. Child Protection

4. Child Participation

National Child Action Plan of 2016:

Survival, Health and Nutrition:

Prohibition of child marriage act 2006

Attitudinal and stereotype

not being measured properly

ooks at disability from a medical or pathological angle only

∙ GST 18% on aids and appliances

UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Incheon Strategy (to “Make the Right Real”

Incheon strategy for Asia pacific for person with disabilities recognise political participation as key.

∙ 'Divyang' instead of Viklang.

sugamya bharat: Accessible India Campaign:

Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016:

∙ reservation from 3 to 4%

∙ disabilities increased from 7 to 19

Disability benchmark of 40%

Right to free education upto 18years

NITI ACTION PLAN:

Awareness campaign to remove stigm

pedagogy handicaps.
module on sensitization in teacher training.

Unique Disability Identity Card (UDID) Project should be rolled-out,

social assistance programme,

Lack of digital literacy: 2%

shift in demographic patterns.

Feminisation of aging

Ruralisation of aging.

- financial support:

National policy for older persons1999 new policy is coming

Indira Gandhi National old age pension scheme

- Maintenance and welfare of parents and senior citizens. 2007.’

Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana

2. Atal Pension Yojana

. Senior citizen welfare fund

Low level of awareness

Annapurna scheme

- new National Policy on Senior Citizens should be finalized

Geriatrics.

Aged population should be seen as opportunity rather than dependency

(cross-dressers), intersexed individuals and gender queers.

hijras, kinnars, aravanis, jogtas, Shivshaktis and aradhis.

∙ Social stigma-kanchana movie

Education - lack of access

underemployment - represent less than 1% of workforce

Transgender identity is not recognised in Criminal law so there is no clarity on gender specific
laws.

to property, adoption, marriage, pension etc.

human rights issue.

Gender Identity Law

inspiration from Argentina,

15 and 29 years of age

National Youth Policy, 2014

Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS)

(NSS)

PM van Dhan Yojana Van Dhan:

Sustainable Action For Transforming Human Capital (SATH) Programme

PM Street Vendor's Atmanirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi)

Amid covid 19 distress

10000 rs micro credit for 1 yr

SVAMITVA (Survey of Villages and Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village Areas)

PM Gram Sadak Yojana 2000

financial management index

ranking

internal audits social audit submitting the utilisation of funds certificate. Public service delivery.

Ekalavya schools

ST

Grants under 275(1)

SATYAM: Science and Tech for Yoga and meditation- see the impact of intervention in COVID

NIDHI: National Initiative for developing and harnessing->doubling the number of startup’s CDS
2021

innovation and entrepreneurship for aspiring individuals

Knowledge Involvement in Research Advancement through Nurturing (KIRAN)”

encourage women scientists

8 major characteristics of good governance.‘It is participatory, consensus- oriented, accountable,

transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law.

primary purpose of governance

is the welfare of citizens

safeguarding the legal rights of all citizens,

concerned with ensuring equitable access to public services

citizen centric

participative and transparent

interaction between the administration, the legislature, and the judiciary.

create and to implement public policy.

challenges in institutionalizing the democratic system and institutions.

Ethos (of service to the citizen), •

- Ethics (honesty, integrity and transparency), •

- Equity (treating all citizens alike with empathy for the weaker sections), and •

- Efficiency (speedy and effective delivery of service

unresponsive, insensitive and corrupt.

routine and repetitive procedures,

safeguards under Article 311

Attitudinal Problems

Lack of Accountability

Cumbersome disciplinary procedures

performance evaluation

not been effectively structured.

Red Tapism Bureaucracies

Asian drama: low levels of compliance of Rules

The principle of subsidiarity

citizens are no longer considered mere beneficiaries

equal stakeholders in the development process.

Grievance Redressal Mechanisms

Citizens’ Participation – Information Dissemination, Mechanisms, Target Group Consultation

Process Simplification

Rule of Law-Zero Tolerance Strategy-

Single Window System for Delivery of Services:

(http://india.gov.in)

Citizens Seeking Information

- Citizens Giving Suggestions

- Citizens Demanding Better Services

Personal: furnishing KYC, although unemployed I file ITR returns

gana-saghas

How transparency shapes governance?

objectively, predictably

Expose corruption

good governance.

Citizen empowerment and Welfarism

basic rights and entitlements, like rations, pensions

moral issue

to promote convergence and capacity building.

Transfer of knowledge:

Utilization of public funds

rational and objectively.

government functioning accountable

address both developmental failures and democratic deficits.

Mechanisms in place

parliamentary committees Right to Information Lokpal and Lokayukta independent judiciary

electronic governance and freedom of press.

to seek permission for commercial employment after their retirement.

conflict of interest

Me: when I was secretary

based on SC guidelines.

Induction of women in the army.

Compromising accountability over effectiveness can also provide a high way for corrupt politician

India is plagued with the problem of ineffective accountability except for elections.

CAG, ED were constituted for accountability now recently acts like RTI, NJAC are brought to
increase accountability.

Me: responsibility not throwing rappers, switch off fans.

CSR- corporate social responsibility.

IMF+ONGC→ himalaya expedition.

IAS saurabh sonawane-MP

Ganas-sanghas, MPLADS geotagging

RTI Act merely seeks information/data and involves one way transmission of information

second type of question

what was done but why

usually providing feedback

citizens’ charters, service delivery surveys, social audits, citizens’ report card and outcome
surveys.

citizens’ voice

expose, denounce and restrain corruption

educating citizens

concept of accountability of government

public scrutiny.

participatory democracy

in procedural democracy.

environment of vigilance.

people centric approach.

Sect4: sumoto disclosure

Sec 8: exemption of information such as OSA 1923

Right to information vs right to privacy.

income tax returns and driving license details to census data and medical information.

Right to secrecy.

30 days.

2days in case of threat to life and Liberty.

Attacks on RTI activists

Use RTI as political weapon

6 million RTI applications

Non appointment of public information officer.

Misinformation in application.

Center for Equity Studies

lack of transparency and skewed composition of the Information Commissioners

CBI is still out of RTI

-no timeframe

-no penalities for delay

From prevailing culture of secrecy a culture of transparency.

Section 4(2) of the RTI Act,

Delay in appointment of CIC

President on basis of the selection committee:

Removal: president

Proved misbehaviour and incapacity

recommend to SC.

Insolvent , moral turpitude,

Whistleblower Protection Act 2014

Protecting the Identity

Penalty for false complaints.

Central Vigilance Commission is tasked with receiving

No provision for anonymous complaints

fear of victimization

Limited to cover only public servants not ministers

No incentive for whistleblower therefore

- No power to punish the public servant

Public office private gains

WB: biggest obstacle to social and economic development.

forms of corruption

Fraud

Embezzlement

Conflict of interest

Non performance of duty

Bribery

Favoritism

Abuse of discretion

why is corruption common in society ?

Colonial legacy

Discretion of power

Illiteracy, unorganized

Over centralisation

Sanskritization of corruption

ways to prevent corruption

Zero tolerance ex: South korea

Technology ex: DBT

Dilute regulations→ reduced description Ex: software sector, GST, faceless assessment.

Lack of people participation. Ex:

Panama leak papers

Mechanism
corporations practice transfer mispricing, by under-invoicing their exports and over-invoicing their
imports from tax haven countries such as Singapore, UAE, and Hong Kong.

Ex: vodafone deal.

Hawala:

P-Notes and

double taxation avoidance-FDI

Gold imports and smuggling.

Real estate sector.

shell companies and enrouting through

initiatives

‘The Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015’,

Income Declaration Scheme, 2016,

Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Act, 2016 and

the demonetization scheme.

Anti corruption bureau

Shivaji the boss

2012- anna hazare movement- India against corruption

can be real or imaginary, legitimate or ridiculous,

rated or unvoiced, written or oral;

promised level of service delivery is not achieved

three aspects of grievance handling: how they are received, how they are resolved, and how they
are prevented.

right of a citizen is not honored

Right to Public Services legislation

guarantee time bound delivery of services for various public services rendered by the
Government to citizens and provides a mechanism for punishing the errant public servant.

RBI- Ombudsman

NHRC, NWC, NCSC, NCST

Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances

one day in the week as a meetingless day

set up social audit panels for examining areas of public interface.

Use whatsapp, facebook, twitter for grievance redressal.

Conclusion: Azadi ka Amrit mahotsav

Pro people citizen centric governance.

Prashashan gaon ki aur

3 principles: quality of strategic planning, human resources, information management,

service quality has to do with the ground level officers

Rajiv Gandhi-15 paise

economic liberalization and reduce of bureaucratic hassle

advent of technology

lagging behind the service quality in terms of the private sector

time consumption of citizens,hurdles and inefficiencies.

engage the communities and a positive involvement

community policing

Decentralization and strengthening local bodies.

end user to scrutinize the impact of the developmental programs.

scrutinizing official records with ground realities.

public vigilance..

- Democratic governance -participation- accountablity- transparency.

process:“ performance audit”

MGNREGA) was the first law to mandate social audit as a statutory

PRIs and ULBs.(rajastan and ap).

institutionalization of this platform

- Importance of social audit:

procurement of products and services

distribution of welfare payments,

checking of attendance of teachers and students

citizen service-oriented

accurate identification of requirements,

prioritisation of developmental activities,

proper utilisation of the funds,

benefit to targeted sections,

conformity of developmental activities with stated goals,

quality of services improving,

reduction of wastage ,

reduction in corruption.

Ghost names and ghost works were exposed.

Fake development works paid for and ‘completed’

Underutilisation of funds

poor state capacity.

clean ganga unspent 2500 cr.nirbhaya 3K cr

Making monitoring and appraisal mechanism multi-perspective

Promote social capital.-

- Limitations

- Hijack by Elite capture

sporadic and ad-hoc

Absence of properly trained auditors

- Lack of action on the submitted report.

- Not many people participate because their concern is breadwinning.

- Panchayat and Bureaucracy Nexus

Public Service social audit act

premise that the Citizen is “King”

Salient Features of a Citizen’s Charter

explicit standards

Information and openness

channels for grievance redressal

Courtesy and helpfulness:

‘May I help you’ counters etc.

TRAMS i.e. they must be Time bound, Realistic, Achievable, Measurable and Specific.

awareness

feedback mechanisms

Deficiency

Poor design and content:

Lack of consultation:

resistance to change: vested interests

Absence of legal enforcement

rarely updated:

nearly a decade ago

Redressal mechanism in case of default:

non action like penalty compensation

Rating of public agencies feedback by the visitors'

improving accessibility,

cutting down costs,

reducing corruption,

extending help and

increased access to un-served groups.

Citizen-centric governance

E-Governance constitutes one of the nine pillars of the Digital India campaign.

State Wide Area Networks (SWANs), State Data Centers (SDCs), Common Services Centers
(CSCs) and Electronic Service Delivery Gateways.

standards and policy guidelines, providing technical support, undertaking capacity building,

PPP) model

new technologies such as mobile Cloud

Weak monitoring and evaluation system.

Lack of integration and interoperability.

last Mile connectivity.

e Kranti Framework National e-Governance program 2.0

important pillar of digital India program

3000 govt e services and 7000 govt websites

Mobile first

- Language localisation

GIS geospatial Information

Government To Citizen (G2C)

E-Transport:

Consumer To Government (C2G)

use whatsapp to address grievances

Government To Government (G2G)e-Administration.

E-Secretariat:cross-linking

E-Court:

E office

- e-land:Bhoomi

Government To Business (G2B)

E-Taxation: GST , IT

online procurement portal

- e bidding

- Government To NGO (G2N)

Challenges and issues

Penetration low-

Digital poverty-
Skilled manpower-

Privacy issues.- ex:UIDAI data leakage

Electricity blackouts.

Cost of devices:

Vernacular content.

User interface and server down

heart of business process re-engineering

Accessibility (at the citizens’ doorsteps)

ii. user-friendly interface

iii. cost-effectiveness (e.g. making use of open source software)

iv. Efficiency

v. Flexibility

vi. Scalability

vii. Sustainability

viii. Reliability and security

Standards and Interoperability

Funding:built either on BOO (Built Own Operate) or BOOT (Built Own Operate Transfer) basis.

National Optical Fibre mission 2011 is intended to provide digital connectivity to more than 2.5
lacs Gram Panchayat

- Digital India initiative 2015 to connect rural areas with high speed internet network and provide
digital literacy

jan dhan aadhar mobile(jam)

nkage between citizens and the policy making process

failure of trickle-down effect

people-centered vision

indigenous knowledge system of the local people.

- community organizations

internal resource mobilization

alignment with community values and preferences

2 way learning.

- ‘Social Capital:

trust, mutual understanding, shared values and behavior

Service Role

Value Guardian Role

Ex:pani foundation water conservation efforts.

Advocacy/Social Safety-Valve Role:-

Bachpan bachao- child labour.

Community Building Role:

social cohesiveness

broaden government accountability.

National Campaign for People's Right to Information demanded the Whistleblowers Protection
Bill, 2011

human rights activists are lawyers, academics, journalists and public minded citizens of India

moral conscience of our society.

investigated cases of arbitrary imprisonment, custodial deaths,

speak up against the state or dominant groups. Ex: harsh mandar

documented the causes and the triggers of communal and caste violence,

excellent archive on the abuse of power by governments.

asked questions which few Indians have

lack of true nature of rural society

popularity without clarity

lip service

- National Policy on the Voluntary Sector, 2007

social justice, development and human rights.

operational arm of the civil society

government provides ngo with the much needed support like financial assistance and grants.

role of ngos in mobilization of human

concepts of “daana” means giving and “seva” means

Prathana Samaj (1864), Satya Shodhan Samaj (1873)

,The Societies Registration Act (SRA) was approved in 1860

LPG reforms: phenomenal growth

much celebrated NREGA, ICDS, ICPS, Nirmal Gram and SwasthyaBima of the government have
their roots in the work of many NGOs.

play the “game changer” to pro-poor development

participatory research, community empowerment and search for development alternatives.

enjoy income tax exemption.

(FCRA), 1976.and FEMA

do not have any apex organisation

NITI Aayog has been made the nodal agency for registration and accreditation of voluntary

unorganized’ nature of the sector,

lack of regulatory frameworks

malpractices and acting irresponsibly

credibility of civil society.

ssues of internal control mechanisms, professionalism

accountability, transparency and financial management

Union Home Ministry has identified some NGOs as security threat

against the developmental projects()

religious conversion activities ex:Evangelical associations in tribal/jharkand.

non compliance with the tax laws,

money and other illicit activities.

ngos receiving money over 10L or 1cr from govt come under public servant category under
loakpal bill.

Conduct the social impact auditing.

implement a structure of ‘corporate governance’ principles

setting up of Joint Consultative Groups / Forums

National Policy on volunteer sectors.

motivate its members to save

make a collective plan for generation of additional income

conduit for formal banking services

delivery of microfinance services

(SEWA) was formed as a Trade Union under the leadership of Ela Bhatt.organised women.

- Kudumbashree programme of Kerala:

NABARD→ e shakti→ digitalisation of SHGs

‘SIDBI Foundation for Micro Credit’ (SFMC)

RashtriyaMahilaKosh (RMK): a unique credit delivery model “RMK – NGO-SHG- Beneficiaries”.

vulnerable women:“local” and “close to the people.”

the Nari Adalats (women courts), Women’s Resource Centers (Rajasthan).

self-esteem.

multiplier effect in improving women’s status in society

Leadership development:

. Ex: kudumbashree.

skill development

micro-entrepreneurial skills

financial inclusion

Ex: SHG-bank linkage program.

financial inclusion

reduced child mortality, improved maternal health

ex: project sampoorna.

SHGs as pressure group ex: lobby for anti arrak policies ex: Azadika jhansi SHG

study carried out by NABARD:

tailoring, grocery, and tool repair shops.

- EShakti or Digitisation of SHGs

. lack of qualified resource personnel

primitive skills

poor value addition with low subsistence wages.

not a significant qualitative change

elite capture

Bangladesh by Mohd. Yunus in 1974-76

‘Grameen Bank’

SHGs are heavily dependent on their promoter NGOs or government agencies

study done by NITI Ayog, Bihar Jeevika SHG-bank linkage model

- explore Corporate-SHG linkages for rural markets

provision of thrift, credit, and other financial services (such as deposits, loans, payment services,
money transfer, insurance

enterprises of the citizens

social capital for the greater good of society

primary sector (Agro-based industries)

milk cooperatives in gujarat

and sugar cooperative in Maharashtra,

cotton ginning cooperatives in vidarbha

New Zealand,

dairying is carried out by cooperatives,

contributions in poverty alleviation, food security

Agro based industry:

linkages between credit and market

multipurpose rural institutions.

sale of consumer goods, sugar production and housing.

instrument of patronage and pilferage. Mismanagement and corruption

government control and bureaucratization:

- politicization of cooperative leadership and local level patronage system

- non accountability:

- non competitiveness

Failure of Self-help

missing value is the member-centrality.

inward looking organisations.

Cooperative Credit and Banking Institutions:

State interference and politicization, and

- (b) poor quality of management.

Some are big — IFFCO

third of the market share in fertilizers.

States such as Kerala have got into complex operations: running IT parks

multisector cooperative act 2002.

- national policy on cooperative sector 2002,

97th

cooperatives constitutional status in par with PRIs.

art 19., included in DPSP art 43B2.

ensure periodic free and fair elections.

Haryana government announced that a Cooperative Election Authority

bring them under the purview of RTI improving transparency.

concept of social capital

faith based philanthropy; and (ii) strong and cohesive community life.

The Indian Trusts Act, 1882

• The Charitable Endowments Act, 1890

foreign donor sources

private philanthropy by individuals,

Bilateral Assistance:

(NORAD) (Norway),

Corporate Philanthropy:

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR):

- Article 26:to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes;

Central Waqf Council

Trade Unions Act, 1926,

suggestive, analytical and informative roles

good governance

foster national integration

balance a national perspective with more local views

independent, non-partisan perspective without fear or favour.

process of ‘learning by doing’, of gaining experience by handling complex social and political
challenges.

leadership skills in the management of such diversity

- strategic role:

From regulation to facilitation in post LPG era.

decentralization by 73rd and 74th CAA,

IAS at junior scale act as an bridge between local panchyats and district administration

scientific and technological development:

supremacy of the ‘specialist’ over the ‘generalis

interdisciplinary, and knowledge convergence skills

multi- sectoral approach to problem

Good governance practices require skills in fusion and synthesis.

Economic Planning:goals of welfare state.

Calamities and crisis:Thus crisis management

properly manage community resources such as land, water resources, forests

facilitate industrial development, infrastructural facilities

- Development of human resources

facilitating democracy:in maintaining the democratic ideals

IAS is an outmoded colonial legacy

Undue political interferences:

assault on Delhi Chief Secretary Anshu Prakash by some AAP MLAs

Shortfall in personal: nearly 1500 IAS

Implement an HR system for government employees

- Longer tenure of Secretaries

- Introduction of specific domain expertise in early stage

Nandan nilekani work on Aadhar

Prevent babudom and bureaucratic lethargy

economic survey

- subsidies distort the market and cross subsidization

shivraj singh panel recommended to reduce CCS to 27.

ES 2019: social sector as % of GDP from 7.5% to 8.8%

Arc- report

2. Focusing on the Core Functions of Government: Right-sizing, Outsourcing

contracting

franchising;

subsidizing private bodies

vouchers to most needy buy,ex: e-voucher in covid

management of public service

Delivery of Public Services - Dismantling Monopolie

91% of India now has Aadhar card

Last 4 yrs 1400 laws abolished and steemlined

GER

elementary (6-13yr)

108

secondary edu (14-17yr)

65%

Higher edu (18-23 years) all india higher education survey 2020

27% China 54%

LITERACY -> MALES 82%, FEMALES 65%

SDG4: Ensure inclusive and quality education

. Kothari Commission, 1966 - reco 6% of GDP spending on education, now its 3.5%

ASER: Annual status of Education report

55% in rural areas cannot read basic text.

50% cannot do basic math in class 5.-->

Education+ entertainment= edutainment

R&D: 0.7%, China 2.1%

Times Higher edu rankings, only 2 indian univ - IISc and IIT B

TSR Subramanian panel recco:

AIS - Indian Education Service (IES)

TSR panel rec Higher Education Commission of India

To replace UGC, Standard setting, Accreditation, Regulation, Funding.

IMR

infant death per 1000/yr: 32

Performers: Kerala, Goa

Decliners: MP, Odisha.

MMR: 113

Global Burden of Disease

SDG 3: health and well-being to all by 2030

Mental health: WHO - 8lk people die by suicide globally and over 1.3lk in India.

1.7 nurses for 1000, WHO 3:1000.

1:1400 doctors, WHO= 1:1000.

2020 Human development report: 10 beds for 10000 people.

only 10% of indian doctors work in public health sector

Large unregulated private sector: over 60% (unregulated sector -> OOP

India - 1.2% GDP, China - 3% GDP.

only 86% of births and 71% of deaths were registered in 2013.

80% no health insurance

RSBY could only cover 12% of urban and 13% of rural population

WHO - 70% OOP, responsible for 1/6th of India's poverty!

WORLD BANK - India loses 6% of GDP due to preventive illness

By 2030, India is expected to be the diabetes capital of the world. (Lancet)

WEF estimated that India stands to lose $4.58 trillion before 2030 due to NCDs and mental
health conditions.

Lancet report 1.2 million death due to pollution related causes, chronic heart disease, lungs etc..

Doctor to bed ratio should be 3 but we have 0.7 beds per 1000

WHO GBD: 1 in 7 is depressed 90 million, WHO india is most depressed country

NITI ACTION PLAN:

NITI Aayog proposed partial privatisation of district-level government hospitals through 30 year
lease bids.

public and private

Canada and Taiwan.

evidence-based interventions preventive health interventions like breastfeeding,

strengthen grassroot work by ASHAs. Ex. China had three million bare-foot doctors

Convergence with programs

social determinants of health (nutrition, drinking

(AWWs) should be offered performance-based admissions to Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM)

NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY, 2017:

inc to 2.5% of GDP by 2025 from current 1.15%.

NCDs 60% of deaths

Human development report: life expectency increased by 12 yrs, mean school yrs by 3.5 yrs and
GNI by 300%.

Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security

Poverty

NSSO: 22%

Decline from 37% to 21% till 2013.

364 million are below poverty line

More than 3 lakh farmers suicides.

Alagh committee 1979:

nutritional requirements
Rural 2400 cal
Tendulkar committee 2009
moved away from calories based poverty estimation to per capita consumption

Included food + non food items

Rural 816 rs per month

21%

WB: 2 U.S. dollar

Reserve Bank of India named the state of Goa as having the least poverty of 5.09%

SECC-2011, 35% of urban households are poor

ST has 48% poverty rate

CMIE- 400 million migrants, 1 million salaried lost jobs.

ASER- inequality in learning.

SDG 6: access to safe water

Swachh bharat: 36 states ODF free and ODF+, SBM 2.0

UN Water: 50% don't have access to water.

NSO: 30% don't have access to latrines → dysfunctional

85% rural drinking water needs by ground water.

22% of school dropouts from drought hit.

1 out of 7 people on the planet go to bed hungry.War against hunger is mankind's greatest war for
liberation- john F Kennedy

NFHS-5: 35%

stunted height to age.  34%

- NHFS-5 nearly 54% of women suffer from anaemia,

20% of tribal families did not receive rations (public distribution system) in Vikramgad (in Palghar)

(ICDS), with its network of 1.4 million Anganwadi Centres,

100 million beneficiaries who include pregnant and nursing mothers and children up to 6 years

(MDM) that reach almost 120 million children in schools;

800 million people under the National Food Security Act.

exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and in 1st hour is at 40% NFHS-5.

3 Good Health and well being, 6 Clean water sanitation, 7 Affordable and clean energy, 10
Reduced inequalities, 11 Sustainable cities and communities, 12 Sustainable consumption and
production.

1 No Poverty

4 Quality education

8 Decent work and economic growth

9 Industry innovation and infrastructure

13 Climate action.

16 Peace, justice and strong institutions

17 Partnership for the goals

2 Zero Hunger 5 Gender equality

14 Life below water., 15 Life on land.

NITI SDG: States: achievers, front runners, perforers, aspirational states.

Kerala tops and Bihar last. Telangana at 6

1. 96% of female workers are in the unorganized sector

2. LFPR: 21% (male 80%) - WB data

UN Report on Women.Contribution of Indian women to the GDP is 17% far below the global
average (37%), China (41%) and sub-Saharan Africa (39%) - NITI

Gender Gap Index, 2017: 108 to 140 in 2021 bangladesh ranked @65

Land ownership: women constitute 65% of agriculture workforce, 75% of rural workforce, but own
only 13% of land (agriculture census)

Missing women - 63m

NCRB every 4 minutes a women is assaulted

49% of the Indian electorate consists of women.Yet,only 14% of the 17th Lok Sabha members
are women MPs.

Only 65% adult women literate as compared to 82% men

GER of girls has also improved in higher education, 27% crossing men

Latest Lancet series on maternal health reveal that one-third of the total maternal deaths in 2015
happened in two countries: India and Nigeria
2. Declining Child Sex Ratios (CSR): 945 in 1995, 927 in 2001 to 919 in 2011. Sex ratio is 943.

34% of all women are married below the legal minimum age of marriage (ie 18 years). NFHS-5

Sharaya Bano vs UoI: SC pronounced Triple Talak as unconstitutional

LC recommended ammendment of Registration of Births and deaths Act 1969 to make marriage
registration compulsory.

surrogacy: Assisted reproductive sector could be a $2bn market worldwide

the 2008: Manji's case (Japanese Baby) had held that commercial surrogacy is permitted in
India with a direction to the Legislature to pass an appropriate Law

LC:against Commercial Surrogacy.

2015 research study, 36% of Indian companies and 25% of MNCs no ICC.

70% women don't even report sexual harrasment.

60% rise NCW

Article 39: This ensures equal pay for equal work (gender biasness).

- Article 40: This provides 1/3 reservation in panchayat for women.

- Article 42: Provides free pregnancy care and delivery arrangements.

- Article 44: It urges the state to implement the uniform civil code,

2006.

TMA Pai Foundation case: SC said religious or linguistic minorities to be decided State wise

Hindus constitute 79.8 %, Muslims constitute 14.2%, Christians 2.3%, Sikh 1.7%, Buddhists 0.7%
and Jains 0.4%

- Ex cji Ranganat misra Commission 2004 issues related to Linguistic and Religious minorities in
India.

10% quotas for Muslims and 5% for other minorities in government jobs and edu

facilities of instruction in mother tongue ; [Article 350A]

special officer for linguistic minorities and defining his duties ; [ Article 350B]

Sachar committee report

Create a National Data Bank (NDB)

data for various socio-religious categories

Set up an Equal Opportunity Commission

'diversity index'

evaluating the content of the school text books needs to be initiated to purge them of explicit and
implicit content

High quality Government schools should be set up in all areas of Muslim concentration.

co-education schools more women teachers need to be appointed.

link madarsas with higher secondary school board.

Recognise degrees from madarsas

Access to Credit and Government Programmes:

Article 46:

educational and economic interests

330/332: It allows reservation of seats for SC/ST

Article 338/338 A/339: This article establishes a National Commission of SCs & STs.

Statutory

- The protection of civil rights act 1955

- The scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes prevention of atrocities act 1989

SCs constitute 16.9% of the total population with approximately 80% living in rural areas.

NCRB data shows bw 2007-2017, crimes against dalits grew by 66%

52 per cent of the STs belong to the category of Below Poverty Line (BPL) and 54 per cent of
them have no access to economic assets such as communication and transport(World Bank,
2011).

1,268 men died while cleaning sewers, according to safai Karamchari andolan

Subhash Mahajan vs State of Maharashtra, 2018:SC established procedural safeguards.

o NCRB data shows that over the last ten years (2007-2017), there has been a 66% growth in
crimes against Dalits.

NCRB data states that 75 % of cases under the Atrocities Act have resulted in acquittal or
withdrawal

- STs:8.6% 0r 100 million 705 Sts and 75 PVTGs

Census 2011: STs constitute 8.6%

∙ World Bank report: STs are nearly 20 years behind

NSSO 2004–05 (61st Round), OBCs constitute around 41%

∙ A366 - defined STs as those that are deemed to be so under A342

∙ A342 - Presi after consultation with the Governor

- Article 19 (5):

to impose restrictions on freedom of movement

Article 275: Allows special grants in aid to states for tribal welfare.

5th scheduled and 

6th schedule for Assam Meghalaya Tripura Mizoram

1973, Dhebar Commission recognised separate category of PVTGs. ∙

Xaxa Committee Report

Child STATS:

1/3rd

DPSP: 39(f): development of child

Art 24: age 14

Child marriages: 1 in 3 in rural areas

Labour bureau census: 1.26cr child labour.70% of CL in families.

Over 20% in UP alone

UNODC: increase in trafficking during COVID.

1.5 lakh children lost parents during COVID and become orphans.

UNICEF's Convention on Rights of the Child (India is a signatory).

1979: Gurupadswamy committe:

poverty continued, it would be difficult to totally eliminate child labour.

Bachpan bachao andolan freed more than 88,000 children from the servitude, by kailash
satyarthi.

∙ Census 2011: PwDs 2.21%

70% of the disabled population was rural. 45% of all PWDs in India are illiterate.

More men than women.

Old age: 13 cr or 8% in 2021 increase to 40% by 2050- MoSIP

∙ DPSP 41 recognises State's duty towards the aged

large share of the elderly population lives in rural areas-70%

Longitudinal aging study: Geographic variation 40% of kerala will age in 2050.

∙ literacy rate of 46%

Naz foundation∙

NALSA v. Union of India, 2014: SC affirmed the fundamental rights of transgender persons.

affirmative action.

Navtej singh johar and

Puttuswamy judgement

transparency international: Corruption Perceptions Index-86/180

- 5th pay commission falling productivity:

- ARC :the simple ‘Suggestion Box’ to periodic consultations with citizens’ groups.

Use twitter like MEA, WHATSAPP LIKE CHINA(WEIBO)

FEEDBACK AND SURVEY

5000 RTIs per day

Lok prahari vs Union of India 2018

SC disclosure of information relating to sources of income of

candidates and their “associates”, and government contracts

CIC: Subhash Chandra Agarwal Case 2019 and SC

Disclose property of judges

Names of collegium not the reasons

2nd ARC

All departments having more than 1 PIO

Capacity Building:

Logistic:- Indexing and Cataloging.

ARC rec amend sec 7 to include collusive bribery→ loss of state exchequer.

2 ARC: to include private sector and NGOs in PCA act.

Amend 311 to dilute invincibility.

SC SIT: 1.5$ trillion, 50% of GDP black money

$1 trillion in swiss bank.

80% feel aadhar has made public service delivery smooth

1.5% uses experience biometric authentication failure.

Meghalaya became the first State to pass and roll out a social audit law to cover all departments

2nd ARC: to provide detailed guidelines for social auditing.

2ARC model charter is:

- ARC recommendations:

government organization must conduct a capacity assessment

training their personnel.

‘KISS’: ‘Keep it Small and Simple’ principle.

Globally, India ranked 107 out of 193 countries in the E-Government Development Index (EGDI)
in 2016.

DARPAN portal: 31 lakh NGOs

Vijay kumar committee→ legal measures to enhance transparency.

Ashok kumar vs central social welfare board case 2017 supreme court ordered the govt to frame
a comprehensive law

75 lakh SHGs

ARC-2 recommended amendments to the MicroFinance Sector (Development and Regulation)

Bill, 2007, The scope of Micro-finance Services should be substantially widened to cover credit /
savings, insurance, pension services, money transfer, issue / discount of warehouse receipts and
future / option contracts for agricultural commodities and forest produce.

6 lakh villages, 1.5 lack bank branches, 2.5 lack gram panchyats.

Raghuram Rajan Committee:“Broadening of Access to Finance”branch-expansion-focused

strategy (to Micro Banks).

Article 19 and 43 of IC.

Vaidhyanathan committee.

Currently, 300000 Waqfs in India

2002 Final Report of the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution was also
critical of the IAS

2nd ARC regarding civil services in India:

- more concerned with the internal processes than with results.

- rigidities, needless complexities and over-centralization in the policy and management structures

Art: 310: pleasure of president

Article 311 (1) says that no government employee either of an all India service or a state
government shall be dismissed or removed by an authority subordinate to the own that appointed
him/he

- Santhanam Committee

sack officers on grounds of incompetence and/or corruption.amend art 311

Hota Committee

Model Code of Governance

replacing the ACR with a system of performance assessment

2nd ARC report based on TSR Subramaniyam petition. directed the Centre and the States to set
up a Civil Services Board (CSB) for the management of transfers,

lateral entry is indeed a necessary condition of good governance.

ARC 1, 2

hota committee recommended domain knowledge and expertise is necessary in the ever
changing world for better and efficient performance.

ashok parthasarathi recommended the formation of sectors/clusters from defense and security to
health etc..

(ARC) recommended an institutionalized, transparent process for lateral entry at both the Central
and state levels.

Aadhaar

Primary edu:

digital initiatives in India

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE:

multidimensional poverty

Reasons for poverty

Focus groups: Inter generational and intragenerational poverty

Government approach: Poverty alleviation:

Cultural poverty
Drinking water

role of anganwadis

National nutrition strategy

SURROGACY:

Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017:

Sexual Harrasment at Workplace:

Draft National Policy for Women, 2016:

Schemes

-gender gap.

Beti Bachao Beti padhao

Sukanya Samriddhi account

Manual Scavenging

(PVTGs): 75

Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes:

GOVT INITIATIVES:

child labour

Government schemes

Important Aspects of Governance

perception about governance in india:

Barriers to Good Governance

citizen centric

Right to Information 2005

challenges

CIC. Central Information commissioner

National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) in 2006

Ethics: technology in ethical governance

Role of non state actors in development

issues with ngos

Micro-credit

To a starving person, God will appear in the form of bread alone.

SC/minority/ST live on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material
prosperity.

Legisfy: NGO on free legal consultancy.

B.artsy foundation: street plays, education, skits and story telling.

Ed tech platform: be your own shakti.

Ex: Akunuri Murali work.

ex: niyam giri, polavaram.

BULTOO Experiment - Alex Paul Menon

transmit imp info using bluetooth

Balwaraj portal of NCPCR.

Kerala became the first state to conduct a census

Kerala Disability Census for 2014- 15.

Comprehensive Disability Policy Framework of Chhattisgarh. Mandatory inclusion of PWD in

panchayat

*Recently, Google and Telangana govt signed MoU to trai senior citizens in using internet.

Instances of the non recognition of the LGBTQ+ student bodies in DU.

Kerala is the first state to formulate Transgender policy

international examples - Ireland and Denmark allow for self-determination of gender

Karnataka model: 1% horizontal reservation

Manabi Bandopadhyay, a transgender who was appointed as India’s first college principal in
2015.

"happiness of king rests in the happiness of his subjects" -kautilya arthashastra

"only the wealth acquired by rightful means gives happiness and prosperity"-taittiriya
prashnopanishad

ex:Umang app

Ex: E-passport

Ex: Agnipath protest and property destruction

ex: www.direct.gov.uk
ex:RTI

Ex: mygov.in idea box initiative

(Hyd M WSB) created a campaign called the Customers’ meets campaign which

Metro rail system, passport delivery best form of Pub service delivery model

citizen charter, RTI.

disclosing minutes of collegium.

Ex: Coal scam→ E bidding.

Ex: Adarsh scam, common wealth scam, 2G.

educational qualifications of the Prime Minister

Ex:Rafale deal.

VP Venkayya naidu quotes""information with confirmation is more than an ammunition"".

Satish Dhawan taking moral responsibility

Failure to submit the report on time in office, i took full

Ex: Wire 100 RTI activist dead.

ex: Revanth reddy.

Satyendra Dubey Manjunath Shanmugam Narendra Kumar Satish Shetty

Ex: MP enacted right to public service.

Centralized Public Grievances Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) ex:My grievance
app.

Sevottam model 3 components-inform citizens(charters)-grievance redress- excellence.

Quality of services: Quality council of India-

SBM evaluation- swatch survekshan rankings.

Workplace Assessment for Safety and Hygiene (WASH).

ISO, BSI standards.

-vallavanur police station bags ISO 9001:2015

Madurai collectorate gets ISO for ‘5S’ Practice, which expands to ‘Sort, Straighten, Shine,
Standardize, Sustain’ was a Japanese concept of effective organization of the workplace,

rajasthans The Jan Sunwai

Ex:bogus ration cards

 ex: 50% dalith youth in auditing in TG.

Charter mark-UK gives awards for best charter-

example savottam model.

Dharani portal-TG

Bhoomi Project for (Karnataka): Online Delivery of Land Records.

• eSeva (Andhra Pradesh)

• Gyandoot (MP): Service delivery initiative.

• Lokvani (UP): For handling of grievances,

Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive and Transparent’ (SMART) governance.

e-citizen (eSeva -telangana)

Kerala, which last year became the first Indian State to declare Internet a basic human right,

- E-Medicine:tele medicine

E-Education: MOOC

e-democracy ex:social media twitter

E-mitra with private partnership in rajasthan provides 250 services.

Ex: vineet narain and prashant bhushan

Waluj village=SHG+NRLM+NGO

Dr. Ambedkar thought of the civil service as forming a protective ring around the Constitution
unaffected by political changes, having an all- India perspective rather than a parochial regional

COVID Effect on different classes.

Advantages: autonomy, safe technologies reduce MMR and morbidity.

Disadvanateges: no autonomy, no time frame for the board, transgender.

National Policy of Children 2013:(2016)