Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
2
Plan :
Introduction
6. Memory
3
1. INTRODUCTION
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1. INTRODUCTION
A ‘typical’ computer system:
• screen, or monitor, on which there are windows
• keyboard
window 1
• mouse/trackpad
window 2
• variations
– desktop
– laptop 12-37pm
– PDA
keyboards
chord keyboards, phone pads
handwriting, speech
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1. TEXT ENTRY DEVICES : keyboards
The keyboard is still one of the most common input
devices in use today.
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1. TEXT ENTRY DEVICES: The alphanumeric keyboard:
• Standardised layout
but …
– non-alphanumeric keys are placed differently
alphabetic keyboard :
– keys arranged in alphabetic order
DVORAK:
– common letters under dominant fingers
– biased towards right hand
– common combinations of letters alternate between
hands
– 10-15% improvement in speed and reduction in fatigue
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1. TEXT ENTRY DEVICES: The chord keyboard
Only a few keys, four or five, are used and letters are
produced by pressing one or more of the keys at once.
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1. TEXT ENTRY DEVICES: Phone pad and T9 entry:
hello = 4433555[pause]555666
surprisingly fast!
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1. TEXT ENTRY DEVICES: Phone pad and T9 entry:
• T9 predictive entry
– hello = 43556 …
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1. TEXT ENTRY DEVICES: Handwriting recognition:
• Text can be input into the computer, using a pen and a digesting
tablet
– natural interaction
• Technical problems:
– segmenting joined up writing into individual letters
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1. TEXT ENTRY DEVICES: Speech recognition:
• Improving rapidly
• Problems with
– external noise interfering
– imprecision of pronunciation
– large vocabularies
– different speakers
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1. TEXT ENTRY DEVICES: numeric keypads:
– calculator, PC keyboard
• for telephones.
1 2 3 7 8 9
4 5 6 4 5 6
7 8 9 1 2 3
.
* 0 # 0 =
Telephone Calculator
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2. POSITIONING, POINTING AND DRAWING :
mouse, touchpad
trackballs, joysticks ,
touch screens, tablets
cursors
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2. POSITIONING, POINTING AND DRAWING :
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2. POSITIONING, POINTING AND DRAWING :
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2. POSITIONING, POINTING AND DRAWING :
The mouse
• Two characteristics
– planar movement
– buttons
(usually from 1 to 3 buttons on top, used for making a
selection, indicating an option, or to initiate
drawing etc.)
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2. POSITIONING, POINTING AND DRAWING :
The mouse
How does it work?
• Mechanical:
– Ball on underside of mouse turns as mouse is moved
– Can be used on almost any flat surface
• Optical:
– light emitting diode on underside of mouse
– may use special grid-like pad or just on desk
– less susceptible to dust and dirt
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2. POSITIONING, POINTING AND DRAWING :
The touchpad
Trackball :
– ball is rotated inside static housing
• like an upsdie down mouse!
– relative motion moves cursor
– indirect device, fairly accurate
– separate buttons for picking
– very fast for gaming
– used in some portable and notebook computers.
Thumbwheels :
– for accurate CAD
– for fast scrolling
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2. POSITIONING, POINTING AND DRAWING :
Joystick and keyboard nipple
Joystick :
– Indirect pressure of stick
= velocity of movement
– buttons for selection
on top or on front like a trigger
– often used for computer games,
aircraft controls and 3D navigation
Keyboard nipple :
– for laptop computers
– miniature joystick in the middle
of the keyboard
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2. POSITIONING, POINTING AND DRAWING :
Touch-sensitive screen
• Detect the presence of finger or stylus on the screen.
– works by interrupting matrix of light beams, capacitance changes or
ultrasonic reflections
– direct pointing device
• Advantages:
– fast, and requires no specialized pointer
– good for menu selection
– suitable for use in hostile environment:
clean and safe from damage.
• Disadvantages:
– finger can mark screen
– imprecise (finger is a fairly blunt instrument!)
• difficult to select small regions or perform accurate drawing
– lifting arm can be tiring 27
2. POSITIONING, POINTING AND DRAWING :
Stylus and light pen
Stylus
– small pen-like pointer to draw directly on screen
– use touch sensitive surface or magnetic detection
– used in PDA, tablets PCs and drawing tables
Light Pen
– now rarely used
– uses light from screen to detect location
BOTH …
– very direct and obvious to use
– but can obscure screen
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2. POSITIONING, POINTING AND DRAWING :
Digitizing tablet
• Useful for not much more than basic motion for text-editing tasks.
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5 Most Expensive Laptops in the World
2022
01. MJ’s Swarovski and Diamond Studded Notebook
32
5 Most Expensive Laptops in the World
2022
33
5 Most Expensive Laptops in the World
2022
02. Luvaglio
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02. Luvaglio
Price: $1 Million
Brand: Luvaglio
Brand Country: London, UK
Launching Year: 2018
Amazing fact: Nobody bought this laptop yet
Specialty: diamonds in the surface, the body can be customized
with woods, blue-ray disc reader, fingerprint ignition, first
handcrafted
laptop, power button is made up with diamond, integrated screen
cleaning
Specification: 128 GB of hard drive, 17 inches LED screen, USB
slots
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5 Most Expensive Laptops in the World
2022 03. MacBook Air Supreme
36
5 Most Expensive Laptops in the World
2022
03. MacBook Air Supreme
Price: $500K USD (Buy in cheap price)
Brand: Apple Inc.
Brand Country: USA
Launching Year: 2008
Design Developer: Apple Inc
Type: Subnotebook
Operating system: macOS
Specialty: Surface is coated with the platinum, machined
aluminum case, thin light structure, Intel Core i5
Customers review: 96% positive rating
37
5 Most Expensive Laptops in the World
2022
04. Tulip E-Go Diamond Notebook
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04. Tulip E-Go Diamond Notebook
Price: $355K USD
Brand: Tulip
Brand Country: Netherlands
Launched: 2005
Specification: 160 GB of hard disk, DVD burners, 12.1-
inch widescreen, 2 GB RAM
Attraction & Specialty: Designed with gold, ruby,
and high-quality brilliant-cut diamonds
Ratings: 90% good rating
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5 Most Expensive Laptops in the World
2022
05. MacBook Pro 24 Karat Gold
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5 Most Expensive Laptops in the World
2022
05. MacBook Pro 24 Karat Gold
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3. VIRTUAL REALITY AND 3D INTERACTION:
Positioning in 3D space
Moving and grasping
Seeing 3D (helmets and caves)
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3. VIRTUAL REALITY AND 3D INTERACTION:
Positioning in 3D space
• Cockpit and virtual controls
– steering wheels, knobs and dials … just like real!
• The 3D mouse
– six-degrees of movement: x, y, z + roll, pitch, yaw
• Data glove
– fibre optics used to detect finger position
• VR helmets
– detect head motion and possibly eye gaze
roll
pitch
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3. VIRTUAL REALITY AND 3D INTERACTION:
3D displays
• desktop VR:
• seeing in 3D:
– VR helmets
• VR headsets:
⁻ small TV screen for each eye
⁻ slightly different angles
⁻ 3D effect
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4. PHYSICAL CONTROLS, SENSORS AND
SPECIAL DEVICES :
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4. PHYSICAL CONTROLS, SENSORS AND
SPECIAL DEVICES : Special displays
• analogue representations:
– dials, gauges, lights, etc.
• digital displays:
– small LCD screens, LED lights, etc.
• head-up displays:
– found in aircraft cockpits
– show most important controls
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4. PHYSICAL CONTROLS, SENSORS AND
SPECIAL DEVICES : Sounds
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4. PHYSICAL CONTROLS, SENSORS AND
SPECIAL DEVICES : Touch, feel and smell
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4. PHYSICAL CONTROLS, SENSORS AND
SPECIAL DEVICES : Environment and bio-sensing
print technology
fonts, page description, WYSIWYG
scanning, OCR
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5. PAPER: PRINTING AND SCANNING
Printing
• critical features:
– resolution
– speed
• laser printer :
– like photocopier: dots of electrostatic charge deposited on
drum, which picks up toner (black powder form of ink) rolled
into paper which is then fixed with heat
– typically 600 dpi or better.
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5. PAPER: PRINTING AND SCANNING
Printing in the work space
• shop tills :
– dot matrix
– may print cheques
– same print head used for several paper rolls
• thermal printers :
– special heat-sensitive paper
– paper heated by pins makes a dot
– used in some fax machines
– poor quality, but simple & low maintenance
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5. PAPER: PRINTING AND SCANNING
Fonts
Courier font
Helvetica font
Palatino font
Times Roman font
(special symbol)
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5. PAPER: PRINTING AND SCANNING
Fonts
Pitch
– fixed-pitch – every character has the same width
e.g. Courier
– variable-pitched – some characters wider
e.g. Times Roman
• Serif or Sans-serif
– sans-serif – square-ended strokes
e.g. Helvetica
– serif – with splayed ends (such as)
e.g. Times Roman or Palatino
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5. PAPER: PRINTING AND SCANNING
Readability of text
• lowercase
– easy to read shape of words
• UPPERCASE
– better for individual letters and non-words
e.g. flight numbers: BA793 vs. ba793
• serif fonts
– helps your eye on long lines of printed text
– but sans serif often better on screen
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5. PAPER: PRINTING AND SCANNING
Screen and page
• WYSIWYG
– what you see is what you get
– aim of word processing, etc.
• but …
– screen: 72 dpi, landscape image
– print: 600+ dpi, portrait
• can try to make them similar
but never quite the same
• so … need different designs, graphics etc, for screen
and print
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5. PAPER: PRINTING AND SCANNING
Scanners
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5. PAPER: PRINTING AND SCANNING
Scanners