Algebra and Functions

Part 1; Index Laws & Surds

AS Level A-Level
Pt. 1: Index Laws & Surds Pt. 2: Quadratic Functions Pt. 5: Composite Functions
Pt. 3: Simultaneous Equations Pt 4: Graph Functions & Transformations Pt. 6: Modulus Functions
Pt. 7: Partial Fractions

125𝑥𝑥 6 1
1. Simplify ( )3
64
(2)
3
(4√𝑥𝑥)
2. Simplify 1
6𝑥𝑥 3
(2)
3. Express 93x + 2 in the form 3y, giving y in the form ax + b, where a and b are constants. (2)

4. Express 164x - 10 in the form 4y, giving y in the form ax + b, where a and b are constants. (2)

5. Given y = 2x
a) Express 4x in terms of y (2)
b) Hence, or otherwise, solve 4x - 6(2x) – 16 = 0 (3)

6. Find the value of x such that 162x - 1 = 84x + 2 (3)

7. Factorise completely:
a) x – 25x3 (2)
b) 75x – 12x3 (2)

8. Expand and Simplify

a) (4x + 2)(x - 5)(x + 8) (2)
b) (3x – 2)(x – 5)2 (2)

9. Find the value of x such that

1 + 𝑥𝑥
= √5
𝑥𝑥

Giving your answer in the form a + b√5 where a and b are rational numbers. (4)

6 + √5
10. Rationalise
3 – √5
(3)
5 + 2√3
11. Show that can be written as 4 – √3
2 + √3
(3)

5 − √7
12. Rationalise
6 − 3√7
(3)
 Mark Scheme

1.
5𝑥𝑥 3 M1 Numerator
4 M1 Denominator

2.
3 3
(4√𝑥𝑥) 64𝑥𝑥 2 32 7 M1
= = 𝑥𝑥 6
1
6𝑥𝑥 3
1
6𝑥𝑥 3
3 M1

3.
M1
93x + 2 = 32(3x + 2) = 36x + 6
M1

4.
M1
164x – 10 = 42(2x – 10) = 44x - 20
M1

5a.
a) 4x = 22x M1
= 2x x 2x
M1
= y x y = y2

5b.
b) 4x - 6(2x) – 16 = 0
M1
y2 - 6y - 16 = 0
(y - 8)(y + 2) = 0
y=8 M1
y = -2
2x = 8, x = 3
M1
2x = -2, no solution

6.
24(2x - 1) = 23(4x + 2)
M1
28x - 4 = 212x + 6
8x – 4 = 12x + 6 M1

20x = -10
1 M1
x=-
2

7a.
x(1 – 25x2 M1
x(1 + 5x)(1 – 5x) M1

7b.
3x(25 – 4x2) M1
3x(5 – 4x)(5 + 4x) M1

8a.
(4x + 2)(x2 – 3x – 40) M1
4x3 + 2x2 – 12x2 – 6x – 160x – 80
M1
4x3 – 10x2 – 166x - 80
8b.
(3x – 2)(x – 5)(x – 5) M1
(3x – 2)(x2 – 10x + 25)
3x3 – 2x2 – 30x2 + 20x + 75x – 50 M1
3x3 – 32x2 + 95x - 50

9.
1 + 𝑥𝑥 M1
= √5
𝑥𝑥
1 + x = x√5
1 + x2 = 5x2 M1
4x2 = 1
x2 =
1 M1
4

x=±
1 M1
2

10.
6 + √5 3 + √5
x M1
3 – √5 3 – √5

=
18 + 5 + 6√5 + 3√5 M1
9+5

=
23 + 9√5 M1
14

11.
5 + 2√3 2 − √3
x M1
2 + √3 2 − √3

10 − 6 − 5√3 − 4√3 M1
4−3
4 – √3 M1

12.
5 − √7
x
6 + 3√7 M1
6 − 3√7 6 + 3√7

30 − 21 + 15√7 − 6√7 M1
36 − 63 + 18√7 − 18√7
7 + 9√7 M1
−27
 Algebra and Functions
Part 2; Quadratic Functions
AS Level A-Level
Pt. 1: Index Laws & Surds Pt. 2: Quadratic Functions Pt. 5: Composite Functions
Pt. 3: Simultaneous Equations Pt. 4: Graph Functions & Transformations Pt. 6: Modulus Functions
Pt. 7: Partial Fractions

1. Given that, 4x2 + 8x + 3 = a(x + b)2 + c, find the values of the constants a, b and c. (3)

2. Given that, 5x2 + px - 8 = q(x - q)2 + r, for all values of x, find the values of the constants p, q and r. (4)

3. The curve C has the equation,

x2 + ax + b = 0

Where a and b are constants. Given that the minimum points of C has co-ordinates (5, -2), find the values of a and b.

4. By completing the square, find in terms of the consntant k, roots of the equation (4)

x2 + kx - 9 = 0

b) Hence find the exact roots of the equation, x2 + 5x – 9 = 0 (2)

5. State the co-ordinates of the minimum point of the curve, y = x2 + 12x + 3 (4)

6. The equation x2 + kx + 5 = 0, where k is a constant and has no real roots. Find the possible set of values for k. (3)

7. The equation kx2 + 6kx + 2 = 0, where k is a constant and has two distinct roots. Find the possible set of values for k. (4)

8. The equation x2 + (2k - 3)x + (k + 3) = 0, where k is a constant and has no real roots. Find the set of posibles values for k.
(4)

9. The curve with equation y = px² – 8px – 7p, where p is a constant does not intersect the line with equation y = 4x – 10.

(a) Show that 9p2 – 8p +1 < 0 (4)

(b) Find the set of possible values for p. (2)

10. The line y = mx + 2 is a tangent to the circle (x – 5)2 + (y + 1)2 = 15. Find the two possible values of m, giving your
answers in exact form.
(7)
11. Find the set of value of x for which
a) 2(3x + 4) > 1- x (2)

b) 3x2 + 8x – 3 < 0 (2)

12. a) Solve the inequality x2 + 8x > 20 (3)

b) Find the set of values of x for which satisfy both of the inequalities: (2)
x2 + 8x > 20
18 + 3x < 23 + x

13. Solve the inequality x(x + 1) ≤ 12 (3) (3)

14. Find the set of values for x which satisfy both of the inequalities (5)

x2 + 3x – 10 < 0
9 + 3x ≤ 12 + x
 Mark Scheme

1.
4x2 + 8x + 3 = 4(x2 + 2x) + 3 M1
= [4(x2 + 1) – 1] + 3
= 4(x2 + 1) – 4 + 3 M1
= 4(x2 + 1) – 1
a = 4, b = 1, c = -1 M1

2.
5x2 + px - 8 = q(x – 1)2 + r M1
= q(x – 1)(x – 1) + r
= q(x2 – 2x + 1) + r M1
= qx2 – 2qx + q + r M1
Compare co-efficients:
x2: q = 5
x: p = 2q, p = -10
constants: q + r = -8, r = -13 M1

3.
Using co-ordinates:
(x – 5)2 – 2
(x – 5)(x – 5) – 2 M1
x2 – 10x + 23
a = -10 M1
b = 23 M1

4a.
x2 + kx – 9 = 0
𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 2 M1
(x + )2 – � � – 9 = 0
2 4
𝑘𝑘 2 𝑘𝑘 2
(x + ) = +9 M1
2 4
𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 2
x+ =±� +9 M1
2 4

𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 2
x = - ±� +9 M1
2 4

4b.
k=5
x = - ±�
5 52
+9 M1
2 4

−5 + √61
x= or
2
5 + √61 M1
x= −
2

5.
y = x2 + 12x + 3 = (x + 6)2 – 36 + 3
M1 M1
= (x + 6)2 – 33
Minimum point = (-6, -33) M1 M1
6.
No real roots, therefore, b2 – 4ac < 0
M1
a = 1, b = k, c = 5
k2 – (4)(1)(5) < 0
k2 – 20 < 0 M1
k = ± √20
− √20 < k < √20 M1

7.
Equal roots, therefore, b2 – 4ac > 0
M1
a = k, b = 6k, c = 2
(6k)2 – (4)(k)(2) > 0
36k2 – 8k > 0
M1
2k(16k – 4) > 0
2k > 0, k > 0
1
16k – 4 > 0, k > M1
4
1
0<k< M1
4

8.
Two distinct roots, therefore, b2 – 4ac > 0
M1
a = 1, b = 2k - 3, c = k + 3
(2k - 3)2 – (4)(1)(k + 3) < 0
4k2 - 12k + 9 – 4k - 12 < 0 M1
4k2 – 16k - 3 < 0
Using calculator:
4 + √19
k= or
2 M1
4 − √19
k=
2

4 − √19 4 + √19
< 𝑘𝑘 < M1
2 2

9a.
y = px² – 8px – 7p = 4x – 10
px² – 8px – 7p – 4x + 10 = 0 M1

px² - (8p - 4)x + (10 – 7p) = 0 M1

No intersection, therefore, no solutions, b2 – 4ac < 0
M1
a = p, b = 8p – 4, c = 10 – 7p
(8p – 4)2 - (4)(p)(10 – 7p) < 0
64p2 - 64p + 16 – 40p + 28p2 < 0 M1
92p2 – 104p + 16 < 0

9b.
92p2 – 104p + 16 = 0
p = 11.39 (to 2 d.p) or M1
p = 0.16 (to 2 d.p)
0.16 < p < 0.16 M1
10.
(x – 5)2 + (mx + 2 + 1)2 = 15 M1
(x – 5)2 + (mx + 3)(mx + 3) = 15
M1
x2 – 5x – 5x + 25 + m2x2 + 3mx + 3mx + 9 = 15
x2 + m2x2 – 10x + 6mx + 19 = 0
M1
(1 + m2)x2 + (6m – 10)x + 19 = 0
As the line is at a tnagenet, there is one solution, therefore b2 – 4ac = 0
a = 1 + m2
M1
b = 6m – 10
c = 19
(6m – 10)2 – (4)(1 + m2)(19) = 0
(6m – 10)(6m – 10) – 76(1 + m2) = 0 M1
36m2 – 60m – 60m + 100 – 76 – 76m2 = 0
-40m2 – 120m + 24 = 0 M1
5m2 + 15m – 3 = 0
− 15 + √285
m= or,
10
− 15− √285 M1
m=
10

11a.
2(3x + 4) > 1- x
6x + 8 > 1 – x M1
7x > -7
M1
x > -1

11b.
(3x – 1)(x + 3) = 0
1 M1
x = or x = -3
3
1
-3 < x <
3
M1

12a.
x2 + 8x – 20 > 0
x=2 M1
x = -10
x > 2, x < -10 M1 M1

12b.
(From part a) x2 + 8x – 20 > 0, x > 2, x < -10
18 + 3x < 23 + x
M1
2x < 5
x < 2.5
2 < x < 2.5 M1

13.
x(x + 1) ≤ 12
x2 + x – 12 ≤ 0 M1
(x + 4)(x – 3) ≤ 0
M1
x ≤ -4, x ≤ 3
-4 ≤ x ≤ 3 M1
14a.
x2 + 3x – 10 < 0
(x + 5)(x – 2) < 0 M1
x = -5, x = 2 M1
-5 < x < 2 M1
9 + 3x ≤ 12 + x
2x ≤ 3 M1
x ≤ 1.5
Both satisfied by:
M1
-5 < x ≤ 1.5
 Algebra and Functions
Part 3; Simultaneous Equations
AS Level A-Level
Pt. 1: Index Laws & Surds Pt. 2: Quadratic Functions Pt. 5: Composite Functions
Pt. 3: Simultaneous Equations Pt. 4: Graph Functions & Transformations Pt. 6: Modulus Functions
Pt. 7: Partial Fractions

1. Solve the simultaneous equations,

x+y=2
2
x + 2y = 12 (6)

2. Solve the simultaneous equations,

y – 3x + 2 = 0
y2 – x – 6x2 = 0 (7)

3a) By eliminating y from the equations,

y=x–4
2x2 – xy = 8

Show that
x2 + 4x – 8 = 0 (2)

b) Hence, or otherwise, solve the simultaneous equations,

y=x–4
2x2 – xy = 8 (4)

Giving your answers in the form a ± b√3, where a and b are integers.

4. Solve the simultaneous equations,

y – 2x – 4 = 0
4x2 + y2 + 20x = 0 (6)

5. The curve C has the equation y = x2 – 2x + 7. The line L has the equation x + y = 7. Find the coordinates of the
points where L and C intersect.
(7)

6a. Solve the inequality, x2 + 3x – 10 < 0 (3)

b. Find the set of values for x which satisfy both of the inequalities
x2 + 3x – 10 < 0
9 + 3x ≤ 12 + x (3)
 Mark Scheme

1.
x+y=2→y=2–x M1
Subing into second equation:
x2 + 2(2- x) – 12 = 0 M1
x2 + 4 – 2x – 12 = 0
x2 – 2x – 8 = 0
M1
(x + 2)(x – 4) = 0
x=-2
M1
x=-4
x = - 2 → y = 2 – (-2) = 4
x = - 4 → y = 2 – (-4) = 6
M1 M1
Solutions: x = -2, y = 4
x = -4, y = 6

2.
y – 3x + 2 → y = 3x – 2 M1
Subing into second equation:
(3x – 2)2 – x – 6x2 = 0 M1
9x2 + 4 – 12x – x – 6x2 = 0
3x2 -13x + 4 = 0
M1
(3x – 1)(x – 4) = 0
1
x=
3 M1 M1
x=4
1 1
x = → y = 3( ) – 2 = -1
3 3
x = 4 → y = 3(1) – 2 = 1
1 M1 M1
Solutions: x = , y = -1
3
x = 4, y = 1

3a.
y=x–4
M1
2x2 – x(x – 4) = 8
2x2 – x2 + 4x – 8 = 0
M1
x2 + 4x – 8 = 0

3b.
x2 + 4x – 8 = 0
M1 M1
x = -2 ± 2√3
y = -6 ± 2√3 M1 M1

4.
y – 2x – 4 = 0 → y = 2x + 4 M1
4x2 + (2x + 4)2 + 20x = 0
4x2 + 4x2 + 16x + 16 + 20x = 0 M1
8x2 + 36x + 16 = 0 → 2x2 + 9x + 4 = 0
(2x + 1)(x + 4) = 0
1
x=- M1
2
x = -4
1 1
x = - → y = 2(- ) + 4 = 3
2 2 M1
x = - 4 → y = 2(-4) + 4 = -4
1
Solutions: x = - , y = 3
2 M1 M1
x = - 4, y = -4
5.
x+y=7→x=7-y M1
y = (7 – y)2 – 2(7 – y) + 7 M1
y = 49 -14y + y2 – 14 + 2y + 7
M1
y2 – 13y + 42 = 0
(y + 6)(y – 7) = 0
y=-6 M1 M1
y=7
y = -6 → x = 7 – (-6) = 13
y=7→x=7–7=0
M1 M1
Solutions: x = 13, y = -6
x = 0, y = 7

6a.
x2 + 3x – 10 < 0
M1
(x + 5)(x – 2) = 0
x = -5
M1
x=2
-5 < x < 2 M1

6b.
9 + 3x ≤ 12 + x
M1
9 + 2x ≤ 12
2x ≤ 3
x≤
3 M1
2
3
-5 < x ≤ M1
2
 Algebra and Functions
Part 4; Graph Functions and Transformations
AS Level A-Level
Pt. 1: Index Laws & Surds Pt. 2: Quadratic Functions Pt. 5: Composite Functions
Pt. 3: Simultaneous Equations Pt. 4: Graph Functions & Transformations Pt. 6: Modulus Functions
Pt. 7: Partial Fractions

1. f(x) = (x + 4)(x + 2)(x – 2)

a) Sketch the curve of f(x), showing the points of intersection with the co-ordinate axis. (4)
b) Showing the co-ordinates of the points of intersection with the co-ordinate axis, sketch on separate diagrams
the curves,
i. y = f(x – 3) (4)
ii. y = f(-x) (5)

2. The sketch shows the graph of f(x). The curve has a minimum at
The points A (1, -3) and B (4, -2) are the turning points of the graph. On separate diagrams sketch the graphs of:
a) y = f(x) + 2 (3)
b) y = -f(x) (3)

3. f(x) = x2 + 4x + 5
a) Express f(x) in the form (x + a)2 + b, and state the coordinates of the minimum point of y = f(x). (3)
b) Sketch the graph of y = f(x) showing the co-ordinates of intersection with the coordinate axis (3)
c) Find the minimum points of these curves:
i. y = 2f(x)
ii. y = f(2x)
1
4a. Draw a graph of f(x) = , x ≠ 0. (2)
𝑥𝑥
3
b. On a separate diagram, sketch the curbe with equation y = , x ≠ -2. Show the coordinates of any point at
𝑥𝑥+2
which the curve crosses a coordinate axis.
(4)
c. Write down the equations of the asympotoes of the curve in part (a).
5. Figure 1 shows a sketch of the curve with equation y = f(x).
The curve crosses the co-ordinate axes at the points (0,1) and (3,0). The maximum point on the curve is (1, 2).

y
(1,2)

(0,1)

(3,0) x
O

Sketch on separate diagrams the curve with equation:

a. y = f(x + 1) (3)
b. y = f(3x) (3)

On each diagram, show clearly the co-ordinates of the maximum point, and each point at which the cruve crosses
the coordinate axes.

6. Given that f(x) = ln x, x > 0. Sketch on separate axes the graphs of,
a) y = f(x) (2)
b) y = -f(x – 4) (3)
Show on each diagram, the point where the graph meets or crosses the x-axis. In each case, state the equation of
the aympotote.
 Mark Scheme

1a.
f(x) = (x + 4)(x + 2)(x – 2)
When y = 0, 0 = (x + 4)(x + 2)(x – 2) → x = -4, -2 and 2. M1 M1
When x = 0, y = (4)(2)(-2) = -16 M1
Shape M1

1bi.
y = f(x – 4) → Shift x co-ordinates 4 units to the right.
New roots: x = 0, x = 2, x = 6 M1 M1
Y-intercetpt: (0,0) M1
Shape M1

1bii.
y = f(-x) → Swap signs of all x co-ordinates
New roots: x = 4, x = 2, x = -2 M1 M1
Y-intercetpt: (0,-16) M1
Shape M1

2a.
y = f(x) + 2 → move graph up by 2 units. y
A (-1, 5) M1
A (-1, 5)
B (4, 0) M1
Shape M1

x
O B (4, 0)
2b.
y = -f(x) → swap signs of all y co-ordinates y
A (-1, -3) M1 B (4, 2)
B (4, 2) M1
Shape M1 O
x

A (-1, -3)

3a.
f(x) = x2 + 4x + 5 M1
f(x) = (x + 2)2 – 4 + 5
f(x) = (x + 2)2 + 1 M1
Minimum point = (-2, 1) M1

3b.
when y = 0, x = no solutions, does not cross x-axis. M1
When x = 0, y = 02 + 0 + 5 = 5 M1
Shape M1

3ci.
y = 2f(x) graph would be stretched by a factor of 2, y co-ordinates doubled.
M1 M1
New minimum point: (-2, 2)

3cii.
y = f(2x) graph would be shrunk horizontally by a factor of 1/2, x co-ordinates halved.
M1 M1
New minimum point: (-1, 1)

4a.

Asympototes at x = 0, y = 0 M1
Shape M1
4b.
Graph does not cross the x-axis.
3
Graph crosses y axis at (0, ) M1
2
Shape M1

4c.
Assymptotes at y = 0, x = -2 M1 M1

5a.
y = f(x + 1) → graph moves one unit to the left.
y
Shape M1
Co-ordinates (0, 2) (-1, 1) (2, 0) M1 M1 (0,2)

(-1,1)

(2,0)
x
O

5b.
1
y = f(3x)→ graph shrunk by a scale factor of (x co-ordinates affected only) y
3 1
Shape M1 ( 3, 2)
1
Co-ordinates (0, 1) ( , 2) (1, 0) M1 M1
3

(0,1)

(1,0) x
O

6a.
y = ln x y
Shape M1
Asympotote at y = 0 M1

x
O (1,0)
6b.
y = -f(x – 4) → Two step transformation
Step 1: y = f(x – 4) → graph moves 4 units to the left
Step 2: y = -f(x – 4) → y values switch sign.
y y
x =4 x =4
Shape M1 M1
Asympotote at x = 4 M1 y = f (x - 4)

x x
O (5,0) O (5,0)

y = -f (x - 4