Introduction To Sociology For Elementary Level Students

ABU HANSAR ANDI SELE NIM : 220401036

ABSTRACT

Sociological studies start from the basic premise that human life is social life. Most of us

are constantly involved in interactions with other humans. From the family we were born into,

through school, work, and game friends, retirement, and even meeting ones commemorate our

deaths. Humans spend life in that rug woven from interrelated social arrangements. Sociology

focuses on these arrangements, including how they are created, how they change, and how they

influence life, the opportunities and choices available (Rebach and Bruhn 2001). The word

sociology itself actually comes from the Latin word socius (companion) and the Greek word logos

(study of). Thus, sociology is literally the study of friendship (Abercrombie, Hill, and Turner

2000). Textbook definitions often extend literal definitions of sociology to understand something

of the complexity of society, the closest definition is the scientific study of the development,

structure, interaction, and collective behavior of social relations. However, this definition tends to

be problematic. What does this definition actually mean? Why is sociology important? Why should

someone study sociology? What does sociology offer us in our personal lives? And what does it

offer the general public? This book attempts to answer these basic questions by introducing core

concepts in sociology and describing how this field is highly dynamic and relevant. Quoting

Lemert (2001), that those who are involved in the study of sociology understand the relationships

and interactions that make up our social world, a world that includes "everything that makes up

the collective life of the group. Starting from the economy, politics, mental life, culture, and many

more.
A. INTRODUCTION

The study of sociology encompasses this diversity of the social world, from intimate

relationships, between one person and another, between one person and another, to the impersonal

encounters of large numbers of people. The focus can be as small as a couple, or it can be much

larger. It can include families, communities, entire cities, and even countries, or the relationships

and interactions between countries. In addition, "virtual" social worlds such as those in cyberspace

are also included in sociological studies. People who practice sociology are called sociologists. In

his classic Invitation to Sociology, Peter Berger (1963) describes the sociologist as someone who

is intensely, relentlessly, unabashedly interested in human behavior. For sociologists, the social

world is a living laboratory and moving images that never stop (Rebach and Bruhn 2001). Since

every aspect of the social world is fair game for sociological study, the potential topics of study

are limitless. Simply put, being a sociologist means never being bored because the sociologist is

always looking wherever he wants (Kimmel 1998).

WHAT DOES SOCIOLOGY FOCUS ON?

A sociological view of the world provides a number of unique benefits and perspectives.

Sociology provides an understanding of social problems and patterns of behavior. It helps us

identify the social rules that govern our lives. Sociologists study how these rules are created,

maintained, modified, passed down between generations, and shared among people living in

different parts of the world. They also learn what happens when these rules are broken. Sociology

helps us understand how the social systems in which we live our lives work. Sociologists place

our interactions with other people in a social context. This means they see not only behavior and
relationships, but also how the larger world we live in influences these things. Social structures,

or the way society is organized around the ways in which people are governed, relate to one another

and regulate social life and social processes, or the way society operates, are at work shaping our

lives in ways that are often unrecognized. Because of this perspective, sociologists will often say

that, as individuals, we are a social product. Even though we recognize their existence, these

structures and processes may appear to people in everyday life as through what Lemert (2001:6)

calls a mysterious haze. Sociologists seek to bring these things out of the fog, to reveal and study

them, and to examine and explain their interrelationships and their impact on individuals and

groups. By describing and explaining these social settings and how they shape our lives,

sociologists help us understand the world around us and better understand ourselves.

Sociology helps us understand why we see the world the way we do. We are inundated

with messages of all kinds about how we, and the world around us, both are and should be. These

messages come in many forms such as guidance from parents and teachers, laws handed down by

religious and political entities, and advertisements ranging from offering athletic shoes to feeding

hungry children. Sociology helps us examine the types of messages we continually receive, their

sources, how and why they affect us, and our own role in producing, perpetuating, and

transforming them. Sociology helps us identify what we have in common within, and between,

cultures and societies.

Sociologists know that, even though people in different parts of cities, countries, or the

world dress differently, speak differently, and have many different beliefs and customs, many of

the same kinds of social forces are at work shaping their lives. This is a particularly important

perspective in a world where media headlines are often accused of focusing on divisive issues.

Sociologists seek what social structures and processes mean for various groups. They see how

various groups shape, and are influenced by, society. Sociologists can help groups discover
common concerns, understanding group perspectives. others, and find ways to cooperate rather

than work against each other.

Sociology helps us understand why and how society changes. Obviously, the social

world is constantly changing. These changes have been a major concern of sociologists from the

discipline's inception. However, many sociologists believe that sociology must not stop at simply

explaining society and how and why the world changes. They argue that sociologists too have an

obligation to act, using their unique skills and perspectives to work to improve the world.

Sociology, they argue, is "a field of inquiry that is simultaneously concerned with understanding,

explaining, critiquing, and improving the human condition" (Restivo1991). Armed with a

sociological perspective, we can more effectively take action if we don't like what is happening.

We can better participate in shaping the future for ourselves and others. Sociology provides us

with theoretical perspectives to frame this understanding and research methods that allow us to

study social life scientifically. Sociology is a social science. That means sociologists work to

understand society in highly structured and disciplined ways. Like scientists studying the physical

world, sociologists follow scientific guidelines that incorporate a variety of theories and methods

that provide accuracy in gathering, processing, and understanding information.

In the case of sociology, theory focuses on how social relations operate. They provide a

way to explain this relationship. The scientific method provides a way to produce accurate research

results. The main theoretical perspectives used by sociologists are discussed in detail in chapter 2,

while the ways sociologists conduct scientific research are discussed in chapter 10. Sociology is

not just common sense.

The results of sociological research may be unexpected. They often point out that things

are not always, or even usually, as they seem at first. “People who like to avoid shocking

discoveries, who prefer to believe that society is what is taught in Sunday school, who like the
security of the rules and principles of what Alfred Schultz called 'the world'. taken for granted',

must move away from sociology” (Berger 1963).

This challenge means that sociological findings often contradict so-called common

sense, or things that “everyone knows”. What we think of as common sense, or something that

everyone knows, is actually based on our own experiences and the ideas and stereotypes we hold.

It gives us a very limited view of how the bigger world really is. Taking a sociological perspective

requires that we look beyond our individual experiences to better understand everyday life (Straus

1994).

It allows us to look for the social forces that influence our lives and shape those experiences. Once

we have a solid understanding of these forces, we can better deal with them. For example, the

general perception is that suicide is the act of those with individual psychological problems.

However, early sociological studies of suicide by Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) revealed the

importance of social factors, including relationships within the church and family, in suicide

(Durkheim 1966).

HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY

Sociology is rooted in the works of philosophers, including Plato (427-347 BC), Aristotle

(384-322 BC), and Confucius (551-479 BC). Several other early scholars also took a sociological

perspective. The Chinese historian Ma Tuan-Lin developed, in the thirteenth century, sociological

history by looking at social factors influencing history in Wen Hsien T'ung K'ao's encyclopedia of

general knowledge (General Studies of Literary Remains). Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406 who in his

Opus Muqaddimah conducted studies on Arab society (Restivo 1991).

Enlightenment thinkers also helped set the stage for the sociologists who would follow.

The Enlightenment was the first time in history that thinkers attempted to provide a general

explanation of the social world. They were able to break away, at least in principle, from
elaborating some of the existing ideologies and trying to lay down general principles that explain

social life (Collins 1994). Writers of this period include a number of famous philosophers, such as

John Locke, David Hume, Voltaire (FrançoisMarie Arouet ), Immanuel Kant, Charles-Louis de

Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Macionis (1995) explains that scholars or intellectuals have been interested in the nature of society

throughout history. They usually focus on what an ideal society would be like.

During the 1800s, however, they began to study how society really was and how social

arrangements actually operated (how society "worked"). Armed with this knowledge, they feel

they can better address social problems and bring about social change (Collins 1994). These

intellectuals became the first sociologists. The term sociology was coined by the French

philosopher Auguste Comte (1798–1857), who became known as the Father of Sociology. He first

publicly used the term in his work Positive Philosophy (1896, orig. 1838; Abercrombie, Hill, and

Turner 2000, 67).

Originally a student of engineering, Comte became an Introduction to sociology for

elementary school 7 secretaries and student of the French social philosopher Claude Henri de

Rouvroy Comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825). Saint-Simon was an advocate for scientific and

social reform. He advocated the application of scientific principles to study how society is

organized. Armed with this knowledge, he believes he can determine the best way to transform,

and organize, society to address social problems such as poverty. Comte saw history as divided

into three intellectual stages. The first, or theological, stage includes the medieval period in which

society was seen as a reflection of the will of a god. The second, or metaphysical, stage emerged

during the Enlightenment and focused on the power of "nature", rather than God, to explain social

events
 Comte regarded his own time period as the third stage, which he called the positivistic,

or scientific, stage. During Comte's lifetime, scientists learned more about the laws that govern the

physical world. For example, in the field of physics, Sir Isaac Newton (1641-1727) has developed

the law of gravity. Advances were also made in other natural sciences, such as biology. Comte felt

that science could also be used to study the social world. Just as there are testable facts about

gravity and other laws of nature, Comte thought that scientific analysis could also discover the

laws that govern our social life. It was in this context that Comte introduced the concept of

positivism to sociology - a way of understanding the social world based on scientific facts. He

believes, with this new understanding, people can build a better future. He envisioned a process of

social change in which sociologists play an important role in guiding society. Other events of that

period also influenced the development of sociology. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries were

a time of many social upheavals and changes in social order that caught the attention of early

sociologists. As George noted Ritzer (1988, 6-12), the political revolutions that swept through

Europe during the eighteenth and the nineteenth led to a focus on social change and the formation

of social order which is still a concern of sociologists today. Many early sociologists were also

concerned with the Industrial Revolution and the rise of capitalism and socialism. In addition, the

growth of cities and the transformation of religions led to many changes in people's lives. The

early founders of sociology all shared the vision of using sociology not only to explain social

problems, but also to find solutions to them (Turner 1998, 250). Sharing Comte's beliefs, many

early sociologists came from other disciplines and made significant efforts to draw attention to

social problems and bring about social change. In Europe, for example, the economist and

philosopher Karl Marx (1818-1883) collaborated with the wealthy industrialist Friedrich Engels

(1820-1895) to tackle class inequality.

 Writing during the Industrial Revolution, when many factory owners were wealthy and

many factory workers were extremely poor, they attacked the inequalities that were rampant at the

time and focused on the role of the capitalist economic structure in perpetuating this inequality. In

Germany, Max Weber (1864–1920) was active in politics. Meanwhile, in France, Emile Durkheim

advocated educational reform. In the United States, social worker and sociologist Jane Addams

(1860-1935) became an activist on behalf of poor immigrants. Addams founded Chicago's Hull

House, a residential home that provided community services such as kindergartens and daycares,

a job bureau, and a library. It also provides cultural activities, including an art gallery, music and

arts classes, and America's first Little Theater. Louis Wirth (1897–1952) built a child guidance

clinic. He applies sociology to understand how social influences impact children's behavior

problems and how children can be helped by using this knowledge. During World War II,

sociologists worked to improve soldier life by studying soldier morale and attitudes as well as the

effectiveness of training materials (Kallen 1995).

Sociologists are also responsible for some aspects of our daily life that are now known.

For example, the sociologist William Foote Whyte (1914–2000) improved restaurant service by

developing the spindle that waiters in many restaurants use to send food orders to the kitchen

(Porter 1962). Robert K. Merton (1910–2018) developed the concept of what would become a

focus group, which is now widely used in the business world. The sociological perspective is also

the basis of many of the concepts and terms we use every day. Lawyers invoke "mitigating

circumstances" on their client's behalf, acknowledging the sociological position that social forces

influence human behavior. Of course it is important to talk about "against the system" as well as

recognizing that social structures exist and influence our lives (Babbie 1996). Sociologists have

also been actively involved throughout the civil rights movement. Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1862–

1931) published and spoke extensively against lynching. WEB Du Bois (1868–1963) was engaged
for nearly a century in the study of race and social activism. Gunnar Myrdal's An American

Dilemma (1944) focused public attention on race. Charles G. Gomillion's voter rights efforts in

the 1940s and 1950s were instrumental in the US Supreme Court decision defeating a conspiracy

that had excluded nearly all black people in the Macon district from the ballot (Smith and Killian

1990, 113).

Although they have traditionally received no recognition from their white male

counterparts, women and sociologists of color have made significant contributions to the discipline

since its founding. In recent years, attempts have been made to revive this lost voice for

sociologists. What we know about their life and work points to some very remarkable

achievements. For example, Comte's Positive Philosophy (1896, orig. 1838) was translated into

English by Harriet Martineau (1802-1876). The Comte was so pleased with the translation that the

summary was translated back into French. Martineau was a prolific writer and bestselling author

of various social issues. Her work earned her recognition as the first female sociologist and placed

her as the Mother of Sociology.

SOCIOLOGY IN SOCIETY

Contemporary sociologists continue the tradition of early sociologists using sociology to

make a difference in various areas of society. Many sociologists, of course, are teachers and

researchers. However, sociologists actively use their skills throughout society in ways that

transcend academia and the classroom. Some sociologists, called applied or clinical sociologists,

use their skills to find answers to practical problems. For example, they apply their unique

perspectives on conflict and social life to find new ways to assist in mediation and dispute

resolution (Diaz's Introduction to Sociology for 11th Grade Students 2001; Rebach 2001), improve

community services (e.g. find ways to expand telephone services). for people with speech
disabilities [Segalman 1998]), increasing assistance to victims of violence (Kilpatrick, Resick, and

Williams 2001), or even in designing more effective social settings for human interaction from

day care centers to offices to nightclubs (DuBois 2001) . Some sociologists have also started

working in high-tech fields (Guice 1999). Sociologists have even worked with scholars in multiple

disciplines for future studies (Bell 1997; Masini 2000; Shostak 2018.

SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION

Sociologists talk about the relationship between learning to understand and then

changing society as the sociological imagination. C. Wright Mills (1916-1962), a colorful and

controversial professor at New York's Columbia University, coined this term. Sociological

imagination is the ability to see the interrelationships between biography and history, or the

relationship between our individual lives and the larger social forces at work that shape our lives,

for example racism or political agendas. Mills urges us to understand that our personal wealth or

problems, eg job gain/loss, marriage/divorce must be understood in terms of larger public issues,

eg economic health, social changes in the institution of marriage. In simple terms, understanding

that a teenager beats his friend is not only seen as a form of violence or juvenile delinquency, but

also must be seen by various other factors, such as interactions within the family, interactions in

the neighborhood, interactions within the school. , to the culture of violence that may arise in

schools. Or in other words, sociologists try to understand a social phenomenon by widening its

context and boundaries to provide a broader picture, thus, discovery events cannot be fully

understood outside this social context.

Mills opens his acclaimed classic The Sociological Imagination by noting how social

forces and personal life are intertwined: When a society is industrialized, a farmer becomes a

worker; a feudal lord liquidated or became a businessman. When class rises or falls, a man is either
employed or unemployed; when investment rates go up or down, a man either takes a new heart

or goes bankrupt. When the war broke out, an insurance salesman became a rocket launcher; shop

clerk, radar officer; a wife lives alone; a child grows up without a father. Neither individual life

nor the history of society can be understood without understanding both. (1959, 3) Without a

sociological perspective, we might tend to think of these personal experiences primarily in

individual terms.

Introduction to sociology for elementary 13 students We may find that both the source

of a problem and the solution to that problem lie within the individual. Unemployment, for

example, is an individual problem for the unemployed person which may be due to its

characteristics such as work ethic, work skills or opportunity. If this person is one of the city's few

unemployed, then a job can be guaranteed if these factors change at the individual level: the person

decides to wake up when the alarm goes off and work hard enough to keep a job, get job training,

or move to the city. others where there is a demand for their existing skills. However, as

unemployment rates soar and large numbers of people are unemployed, it is clear that something

is wrong within the fabric of society resulting in inadequate job opportunities.

While it is certain that there will still be lazy or unskilled people among the unemployed,

the millions of cases of unemployment cannot be explained at this individual level, and individual

solutions will not solve the problem. Working harder, getting more training, or looking for a

different place of work will not produce a job when the economy is bad and there are no jobs to

be found. As Mills says, the structure of opportunity has collapsed (1959, 9). Finding solutions to

these large-scale problems requires examining the structure of society (Mills 1959). Mills felt that

developing a sociological imagination would help us avoid becoming “victims” of social forces
and take better control of our own lives. By understanding how social mechanisms operate, we can

better work to bring about change and influence history.

SOCIOLOGY AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

Economics is the first social science. This science grew out of the practical application

of gathering factual information to business and taxation during the 1700s. In the early 1800's,

history developed as an academic discipline. Psychology then grew from medicine, philosophy,

and pedagogy. Anthropology developed from European discoveries in the Americas, Africa and

Asia. Sociology is one of the youngest academic disciplines, established as a distinct field of study

in Europe only during the 1400s. It was initially indistinguishable from political science, and most

of the early sociologists wrote about political issues outside the field of sociology (Collins 1994,

30-32).

The earliest sociologists discussed throughout this book came to sociology from a variety

of disciplines. Emile Durkheim and Max Weber had studied law. Charles Horton Cooley (1864-

1929) was an economist, Lester Ward (1841–1913) was a biologist, Georg Simmel (1858–1918)

was a philosopher. Even today, sociologists come to the discipline from various backgrounds, such

as Andrew M. Greeley (1928–), a Catholic priest who became a sociologist. The growth of

sociology as an academic study coincided with the founding and upgrading of many universities

to include a renewed focus on graduate departments and curricula on modern subjects, particularly

on US and European campuses (Collins 1994, 41). In 1876, William Graham Sumner of Yale

University (1840–1910), taught the first course identified as "sociology" in the United States. The

University of Chicago established the first graduate sociology department in the United States in

1892. By 1910, most colleges and universities were offering sociology courses, though not in a
separate department. Thirty years later, most of these schools have established sociology

departments (Bloom 2002, 25-37).

Sociology was first taught in high schools in 1911–12 (DeCesare 2002, 303) Sociology

grew out of, and overlaps with, many disciplines. However, it also expands the boundaries of many

traditional disciplines. As shown in table 1.1, sociologist James M. Henslin (2001c: 11-12)

compares sociology with other social sciences

Table 1. The focus of sociology compared to other social sciences

Disciplines in Focus Connect with sociologycal The diferent focus which take from
Science sociology
Social

Economy Trading structures, The social consequences of Focus on more than one structure,
financial markets, production, interrelationships between
transactions distribution, and structures
consumption

History Context and relationship Understanding the social Focus on situation now
to past events context with past events
Focus on the past
now

Politics Group competition for Patterns and consequences Focus on more than structure, the
Knowledge power, scarcity of of power and government interrelationships between
resources in the context structures
of politics and
government
 Antropology Variation among Cultural patterns, types and Focus on public industry
different cultures consequences of intra-
communication and
interaction
and inter-community

Psicology individual Perspective Individual perspective social life External influence,

Adjustment between society, and the state on the
individuals and social life individual

Source: Henslin (2001c, 11-12)

Many concepts originating in sociology have been adopted by other disciplines. Sociologists have

also adopted concepts from other disciplines. For example, Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), one of

the earliest sociologists, profiled in chapter 2, used the concept of structure used today in

anthropology and political science (Dogan 2000). Sociologists also work with specialists in other

disciplines. Sociology provides a wealth of theory and research that social workers apply in their

practice. The field of social psychology has even developed which incorporates an individualistic

psychological perspective and a focus on sociology's social interactions and influences.

SOCIOLOGY IN A CHANGING WORLD

Changes in our social world require sociologists to focus on it in new ways. Among these

changes is the growth of internationally connected systems and technologies that increasingly

enable our interactions to be conducted in ways other than face-to-face (for example, the Internet

and e-mail). Although more than 6 billion people now live on Earth, many sociologists and others

argue that the advent of jet planes, the telephone, the Internet, and round-the-clock news services

broadcast by satellites around the world have made the world a smaller place. , at least in a social
sense. They often argue that the process of globalization is underway. With globalization,

geographical constraints on social and cultural patterns are reduced, and people are becoming more

and more aware of these changes (Waters 2001). Globalization is demonstrated in various events

such as the growing popularity of football in the United States—a sport largely imported from

abroad—the worldwide demand for American films, blue jeans, and athletic shoes, the North

American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and even the offensive September 11, 2001. Other

terms that refer to forms of globalization include the world economy, world markets, and world

systems. These terms are often used to refer to the economic aspects of globalization. Sociologists

have studied these networks since at least the early 1970s (ChaseDunn and Grimes 1995, 387–88).

The world systems perspective is discussed in greater detail in chapter 7. 18 Introduction

to sociology for elementary students Globalization is a controversial issue. The literature on this

topic is constantly evolving, and perspectives abound. Debate even surrounds when the process

begins. Dawn of history? Trade routes centuries ago? When did Europeans travel to America?

Colonialism and the presence of oppression of colonized people? The post-World War II era?

Whether the ultimate impact of globalization is positive, negative, or both is a matter of debate

(eg, Barber 1996; Guillen 2001; Gros 2018). However, regardless of their position on these issues,

globalization requires that sociologists extend their traditional scope across society, culture, and

national boundaries by examining the interrelationships that make the social world increasingly

complex (eg, Giddens 2000).

Method
Research Understanding what sociologists do and how they do it requires an introduction to the

foundations of sociological inquiry. In conducting research, sociologists follow scientific

guidelines that incorporate various theories and methods that provide accuracy in gathering,

processing, and understanding information. Conducting scientific research provides a way for

sociologists to accomplish one of sociology's central tasks, “gathering factual information about

the work of social life” (Sherman 1985, 23). Research methodology is one of the most important

subfields of sociology (Simon and Scherer 1999). Emile Durkheim (1858–1917) conducted early

research showing that sociology could be used to scientifically examine the impact of social factors

on our lives. The topic is suicide, an event which at first seems entirely dependent on internal

factors such as depression.

Rather than looking at the circumstances surrounding individual suicides, Durkheim

(1966) looks at suicide rates. Using data taken from government sources, he was able to show that

there were social forces at work. By looking for social factors that increase the likelihood of

suicide, Durkheim showed that suicide is related to social integration, or the strength of the social

ties that connect individuals to society. He found suicide rates were higher among men and the

wealthy. Rates are also higher among Protestants than Catholics, the unmarried than the married,

and the childless than the parents. Suicide rates are lower in rural areas. Each of these factors, he

argues, is related to how integrated these groups are into the social fabric.

CONCLUSION

Sociologists share and communicate what they find in a variety of ways. The most

common methods of sharing their findings are by presenting them at professional meetings of

sociologists or by publishing the findings in professional sociology journals. These two places are

designed to enable sociologists and other students to learn more about topics and the theories and
methods used to conduct research. They also allow researchers to receive feedback from other

researchers on their work

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