Last Part Module of IT103

College for Research and Technology of Cabanatuan
Burgos Avenue, Cabanatuan City 3100

Tel. 463-2735 463-2697 600-2200 e-mail: crt.cabanatuan@gmail.com
Logic Sub-family
No letter - TTL
C – CMOS
H – High Speed
L – Low Power
LS – Low Power
Schottky
Soldering component
Removing an Integrated Circuit 1. Start with clean metal surfaces
When removing an IC, it is important to 2. Make a good mechanical connection
pull it straight up in order to prevent bending 3. Apply heat
the pins. There are times when the IC is so large 4. Apply solder with flux
that the removal tool will not work properly. If 5. Allow connection to cool
this is the case, use the method using the flat Soldering Irons
blade of screwdriver. The tools most commonly used as a source of
Inserting an IC heat for the melting and application of solder is
The correct method of inserting an IC a soldering iron.
into an IC socket. Note that the pins of an IC Soldering irons come in different wattage
tend to spread out to the side. The reason an IC ratings, from 10 W to 250 W. for most
comes from the factory with its pins spread out computer work; an iron with a wattage rating of
is to help from a better electrical connection between 10 and 50 W is used, in fact, the most
within the IC socket. It is important to note that common type used for computer work is an iron
when you are replacing an IC, you must always with a rating of 25 to 35 W. soldering irons with
have power off. If the power is on as you a higher wattage rating get so hot that they can
replace an IC, you could destroy the new easily damage delicate components and printed
replacement. circuit board. These higher wattage soldering
SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING TECHNIQUES irons are used only for larger and more rugged
Soldering – is the process used to secure the electrical soldering jobs, not for work on
wire connections of electronic components. personal computers.
Soldering is the least expensive, fastest, most
reliable and simplest method of making Soldering tips
electrical connections between electronic 1. Chisel (spade)
components. 2. Semi chisel
The process requires three things: 3. Conical
1. A metal alloy, called the solder 4. Pyramid
2. A material to clean the connection Cold solder joints
3. A source of heat A cold solder joints is an undesirable
condition that results in a soldering connection
that is an unreliable electronic connection. Cold
solder joints are caused by:
EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

Last Part Lecture (Network Administration)
1. Dirty soldering tips 3 Ground

2. Heat not uniformly distributed to both parts 4 +5 V DC
3. Movement of the connection during cooling 5 Keyboard clock
4. Blowing on the connection on using an 6 Reserve
external source to cause rapid cooling of
the connection. Pin out for the USB connections are shown below:
A good soldering connection is smooth and
shiny. A poor soldering (cold solder joint)
looks dull and pitted. If you find that you
have created a cold solder joint, simply
reheat the joint to remove the old solder
from both surface and with a clean tip,
resolder.
Solder Bridges
A solder bridge is undesirable conditions
that can result in sever electronic damage Pin Name Cable color Description
to a computer system. Solder bridges are 1 VCC Red +5 VDC
caused by solder accidentally allowing an 2 D- White Data -
electrical connection between two 3 D+ Green Data +
adjoining parts of a printed circuit board. 4 GND Black Ground

USB Micro-B Connector
Desoldering Techniques
Desoldering is the process of removing The Micro-B connector is becoming more and more
a soldered component or simply removing popular on small devices. Here is the pin out shown
from the end of the plug
unwanted solder (such as from a solder bridge)
1. Heating the solder
2. Removing the solder
3. Removing the component
4. Cleaning the surface
KEYBOARD CONNECTIONS
Pin Name Cable color Description
1 Keyboard clock
1 VCC Red +5 VDC
2 Keyboard data 2 D- White Data -
3 Reserve 3 D+ Green Data +
4 Ground 4 ID n/a USB OTG ID
5 +5 V DC 5 GND Black Ground
1 Keyboard data
2 Reserve

such as the printer, mouse, joystick, video

display, power and telephone modem. Internal
cables are also used to connect various internal
parts of the computer such as the disk drives and
Research the Acronym and meaning of the peripheral boards.
following: Types of microcomputer cables
1. ATA 17. FSB 33. PCIe
Type Usage
2. AGP 18. GPU 34. PROM
Power Cable Supplies power to
3. BIOS 19. HTMI 35. RDRAM the computer and
4. CD 20. HDTV 36. SATA other equipment such
5. CD-ROM 21. IDE 37. SCSI as the printer and
6. CD-R 22. IEEE 38. SIMM monitor.
Multi-stranded Carries signal from
7. CD-RW 23. IGP 39. SMART
cable one part of the
8. DDR 24. IRQ 40. SO-DIMM computer to another.
9. DDR2 25. ISA 41. SRAM Ribbon cable Carries signal from
10. DDR3 26. LUN 42. sRGB one internal part of
11. DIMM 27. MAC Address the computer to
another.
12. DRAM 28. MBR 43. SSD Shielded cable Protects computer
13. DV 29. MCA 44. UPS signals from stray
14. DVD 30. NIC 45. VGA interference.
15. ECC 31. NTFS 46. VDU
16. EIDE 32. PCI 47. VRAM There are several common types of
48. DNS 49. RAM 50. EGA connectors used for microcomputer cables,
51. EPROM 52. HTML 53. HTTP these connectors range from multiple pins
54. ISDN 55. MDA 56. MIDI to just one simple connector. Most of these
57. TCP/IP 58. URL 59. SPS cable connectors are available with
60. AVR 61. WAP 62. WUSB standard wiring between male and female.
63. XHTML 64. SVGA 65. SDRAM Possible problems with cables
66. XVGA 67. CRC 68. WYSWIG Cables are subject to one of two
69. JPEG 70. MPEG 71. DHCP undesirable conditions: an open circuit or
72. FAT 73. GUI 74. ISP short circuit. An open circuit will not allow
75. IP a signal to pass, whereas a short circuit can
cause problems with signals. A short
Cable Troubleshooting and Repair
circuit in a power cable is very dangerous
You can think of a cable as nothing
and can lead to electrical fires. Any frayed
more than an extension of wires that make
or suspect power cable should be
electrical connections from one point to another.
immediately replaced: it is a good practice
Cables play an important role in
to not attempt to repair a power cable. Use
microcomputers. Cables must provide both a
a new replacement instead.
reliable electrical connection and a reliable
Sometimes a cable will have an intermittent
mechanical connection. Cables are used to
short or open. This means that the
interface the computer with external devices

symptom is not always present, but when problem, desoldering any damaged wire,
the cable is moved or slightly twisted, the and resoldering.
short or open circuit will appear. These
intermittent are difficult to detect because DISK DRIVE CONNECTIONS
the problem is not always present. This is
why it is good practice to replace a suspect
cable with a known good one.
Cable-testing equipment
For the service technician, the best solution
is to replace a suspect cable with a known
good one. However, either a multi-tester or
a continuity tester can be used to check
cables. Since the two problems with cables
are shorts and open circuit, either of these MOTHERBOARD CONNECTIONS
two pieces of test equipment may be used
for troubleshooting cable problems.
Testing a cable
When testing a cable, it is good practice to
use a cable wiring diagram. Simply shows
how the cable wires are connected between
the cable connectors.
To test a suspected cable, first test for open
circuit, the procedure of testing a cable for
open is to measure a resistance between COLOR CODING CONNECTION OF
each of the connected pins between the POWER SUPPLY
cable connectors.
Yellow = +12V
Repairing a cables Blue = -12V
Most computer cables are wired and then Red = +5V
molded at the factory. A factory-molded White = -5V
cable is not intended to be repaired. Orange = Power Good
Attempting to repair a factory-molded Black = Ground
cable usually results in an unusable cable.
A factory-molded cable, if damaged,
should be replaced. Cable repair is usually
divided into three steps: identifying the

4xx PS/2 system board parallel

port errors
401 Monochrome memory test,
horizontal sync frequency test,
or video test failure
DIAGNOSTIC ERROR CODES 401 PS/2 system board parallel port
failure
CODE DESCRIPTION
5xx Color Graphics Adapter (CGA)
errors
01x Undetermined problem errors
501 CGA memory test, horizontal
02x Power supply errors
sync frequency test, or video
1xx System board errors
test failure
110 PS/2 system board error; parity
508 User indicated display attribute
check error
failure
111 PS/2 memory adapter error
516 User indicated character set
161 System options Not Set-(Run
failure
SETUP); Dead battery
6xx Floppy drive/adapter errors
162 System options not set-(Run
601 Floppy drive/adapter Power On
SETUP); CMOS
Self-Test failure
checksum/configuration error
602 Drive test failure; disk boot
163 Time & Date not Set-(run
record is not valid
SETUP); clock not updating
607 Disk is write protected; drive
165 PS/2 System options not set
error
2xx Memory (RAM) errors
608 Bad command; drive error
201 Memory test failure, error
611 Time-out; drive error
location will be displayed in
616 Drive speed error
hexadecimal
621 Bad seek; drive error
215 PS/2 Motherboard memory
7xx 8087, 70287, or 80387 math
failure
coprocessor errors
216 PS/2 Motherboard memory
9xx Parallel printer adapter errors
failure
901 Parallel printer adapter test
3xx Keyboard errors
failure
301 Keyboard did not respond to
10xx Alternate parallel printer
software reset or a stuck key
adapter errors
failure was detected
1001 Alternate parallel printer
302 System unit keylock is locked
adapter test failure
303 Keyboard or system unit error
11xx Asynchronous communications
4xx Monochrome Display Adapter
adapter errors
(MDA) errors
11xx PS/2 System board async port
errors

1101 Asynchronous communications 30xx Primary PC Network adapter

adapter test failure errors
12xx Alternate asynchronous 3001 Processor test failure
communications adapter errors 31xx Secondary PC Network adapter
12xx PS/2 Dual async adapter errors errors
1201 Alternate asynchronous 3101 Processor test failure
communications adapter test 3102 ROM checksum test failure
failure 3104 RAM test failure
13xx Game control adapter errors 3106 +/- 12v test failure
1301 Game control adapter test 33xx Compact printer errors
failure 36xx General Purpose Interface Bus
14xx Matrix printer errors (GPIB) adapter errors
15xx Synchronous data link control 38xx Data acquisition adapter errors
(SDLC) communications 39xx Profession Graphics controller
adapter errors errors
16xx Display emulation errors (327x, 71xx Voice communications adapter
5520, 525x) errors
17xx Fixed disk errors 73xx 3.5” external diskette drive
1701 Fixed disk POST error errors
1702 Fixed disk adapter error 74xx IBM PS/2 Display Adapter (VGA
18xx I/O expansion unit errors card) errors
1801 I/O expansion unit POST error 85xx IBM Expanded Memory
1810 Enable/Disable failure Adapter (XMA) errors
19xx 3270 PC attachment card errors 86xx PS/2 pointing device errors
20xx Binary synchronous 89xx Music feature card errors
communications (BSC) adapter 100xx PS/2 Multiprotocol adapter
errors errors
21xx Alternate binary synchronous 104xx PS/2 ESDI Fixed disk errors
communications adapter errors 10480 PS/2 ESDI Fixed disk 0 failure
22xx Cluster adapter errors 10481 PS/2 ESDI Fixed disk 1 failure
24xx Enhanced Graphics Adapter 10482 PS/2 ESDI Fixed disk controller
(EGA) errors failure
24xx PS/2 System board Video 10490 PS/2 ESDI Fixed disk 0 error
Graphics Array (VGA) errors 10491 PS/2 ESDI Fixed disk 1 error
26xx XT/370 errors DEFINITION OF TERMS
27xx AT/370 errors AC. Alternating Current. The frequency is
28xx 3278/79 emulation adapter measure in cycles per second (cps) or
errors Hertz (Hz).
29xx Color/graphics printer errors Accelerator board. An add-in board that
replaces the computer’s CPU with
circuitry that enables the system to run supplies instructs the computer how to
faster. load the operating system files into
Actuator. The device that moves a disk drive’s memory, thus booting the machine.
read/write heads across the platter Boot strap. A technique or device designed to
surfaces. bring itself into a desired state by means
Address. Where a particular piece of data or of its own action.
other information is found in the Buffer. A segment memory used to store data
computer. Can also refer to the location temporarily while the data is being
of a set of instructions. transferred from one device to another.
Ampere. One ampere (A) is the basic unit for Bug. An error or defect in a program.
measuring electrical current. Bus. An electrical pathway over which power,
Asynch. An abbreviation for “Asynchronous”, data, and other signals travel.
general applied to communications and Chip. Another name for an IC, or integrated
the way in which a character is circuit. Derived from the “chip” of silicon
transmitted and checked. Each character contained within the IC. Chips are either
is segmented individually, such as with a housed in a plastic or ceramic carrier
stop bit. device with pins for making electrical
Backup. The process of duplicating a file or connections.
library onto a separate piece of media. Circuit board. The collection of circuits
Good insurance against loss of an original. gathered together on a sheet of plastic,
Backup disk. Contains information copied from usually with all contacts made through a
another disk. Use to make sure that strip of pins. The circuit board is usually
original information is not destroyed or made by chemically etching metal-coated
altered. plastic.
Bad sector. A disk sector that cannot reliably Clock. The source of a computer’s timing
hold data because of a media flaw or signals. Every operation of the CPU is
damaged format markings. synchronized by the clock.
Bidirectional. Refers to lives over which data Cluster. A group of one or more sectors, that is
can move in two directions, like a data the basic unit in which DOS allocated disk
bus or a telephone line. It also refers to space. The number of sectors in a cluster
the capability of a printer to print varies by disk type and DOS version.
alternately from right to left and from left Console. The unit in your system from which
to right. you communicate to the computer, such
Boot. To load a program into the computer, it as a terminal or a keyboard.
means that the computer is loading Controller card. An adapter holding the control
starting an operating system. electronics for one or more devices such
Boot record. A one-sector record that tells the as hard disks. Ordinarily, this adapter
computer’s built-in operating system takes up one of the computer’s slots.
(BIOS) the most fundamental facts about Core. An ‘old-fashioned” term for your
a disk and DOS. The information it computer’s memory.

CP/M. Control Program for Microcomputers. identification number. Most sectors hold
One of the first and until the advent of 512 bytes of data.
the IBM PC, most widely used Spindle. The post on which a disk drive’s
microcomputer operating systems. platters are mounted.
Crash. A malfunction that brings work to a halt. Stepper motor actuator. An assembly that
A system crash is usually caused by a moves disk drive read/write heads across
software malfunction, and you ordinarily platters by a sequence of small partial
can restart the system by rebooting the turns of a stepper motor.
machine. Track. One of the many concentric circles that
Cylinder. A number of tracks on a disk that are hold data on a disk surface. A track
on each side of all of the disk platters in a consists of a single line of magnetic flux
stack and that are the same distance from changes.
the center of the disk. A cylinder is the Virtual disk. A ‘ phantom disk drive’ by which a
total number of tracks that can be read section of system memory (usually RAM)
without moving the heads. is set aside to hold data, just as if it were a
DC. Direct current, such as that provided by a number of disk sectors.
power supply or batteries. Virtual memory. A technique by which
Head. A small electromagnetic device inside a operating systems (including OS/2) load
drive, that reads, records, and erases data more programs and data into memory
on the media. than there actually is system memory to
Head actuator. The device that moves hold them. Parts of the programs and
read/write heads across a disk drive’s data are kept on disk and constantly
platters. Most drives use a stepper motor swapped back and forth into system
actuator or a voice coil actuator. memory.
Head crash. A rare occurrence in which a
read/write head strikes a platter surface,
gouging the magnetic medium.
Motherboard, the main circuit board in the
computer. Also called planar, system
board, or backplane.
Network. A system in which a number of
independent computers are linked
together to share data and peripherals,
such as hard disk and printers.
Power supply. Electrical/electronic circuit that
supplies all operating voltage and current
to the computer system.
Sector. A section of one track, defined with
identification markings and an

troubleshooting steps to determine the failing
hardware component.
AMI BIOS beep codes
Beep
Descriptions
Code
1 short DRAM refresh failure
2 short Parity circuit failure
3 short Base 64K RAM failure
4 short System timer failure
5 short Process failure
6 short Keyboard controller Gate A20
error
7 short Virtual mode exception error
8 short Display memory Read/Write test
failure
9 short ROM BIOS checksum failure
10 short CMOS shutdown Read/Write
error
11 short Cache Memory error
1 long, 3 Conventional/Extended memory
short failure
1 long, 8 Display/Retrace test failed
short
Computer POST and beep codes two-tone Low CPU Fan speed, Voltage
siren Level issue
The computer POST (power-on self-test) checks a
AWARD BIOS beep codes
computer's internal hardware for compatibility and
Below are Award BIOS Beep codes that
connection before starting the remainder of the boot can occur. However, because of the wide
process. If the computer passes the POST, the variety of different computer
manufacturers with this BIOS, the beep
computer may give a single beep (some computers codes may vary.
may beep twice) as it starts and continue to boot.

Beep
Description
However, if the computer fails the POST, the Code
computer will either not beep or generate a beep 1 long, 2 Indicates a video error has
short occurred and the BIOS cannot
code that tells the user the source of the problem. initialize the video screen to
If your computer has an irregular POST or a beep display any additional
information
code not mentioned below, follow thePOST
1 long, 3 Video card not detected (reseat
short video card) or bad video card

Below are general IBM BIOS Beep codes
Beeps RAM problem.
repeating that can occur. However, because of the
endlessly
wide variety of models shipping with this
Repeated Overheating processor (CPU)
high BIOS, the beep codes may vary.
frequency Beep Code Description
beeps
No Beeps No Power, Loose Card, or
while PC
Short.
is running
1 Short Beep Normal POST, computer is
Repeated Issue with the processor (CPU),
ok.
beeps possibly damaged
2 Short Beep POST error, review screen
alternating
for error code.
high &
Continuous No Power, Loose Card, or
low
Beep Short.
frequency
Repeating Short No Power, Loose Card, or
If any other correctable hardware issues Beep Short.
1 Long and 1 Motherboard issue.
are found, the BIOS displays a message.
Short Beep
1 Long and 2 Video (Mono/CGA Display
Short Beeps Circuitry) issue.
1 Long and 3 Video (EGA) Display
Short Beeps. Circuitry.
3 Long Beeps Keyboard or Keyboard card
error.
1 Beep, Blank or Video Display Circuitry.
Incorrect
Dell beep codes Display
Beep Code Description Macintosh startup tones

1 beep BIOS ROM corruption or failure Tones Error
2 beeps Memory (RAM) not detected
3 beeps Motherboard failure Error Tone. (two Problem with logic
4 beeps Memory (RAM) failure sets of different board or SCSI bus.
5 beeps CMOS Battery failure tones)
6 beeps Video card failure Startup tone, drive Problem with video
7 beeps Bad processor (CPU) spins, no video controller.
For other Dell beep codes, please refer Powers on, no Logic board problem.
tone.
to Chart page. High Tone, four Problem with SIMM.
IBM BIOS beep codes higher tones.
Phoenix BIOS beep codes

2-1-1-3 Initialize interrupt vectors.

Below are the beep codes
2-1-2-1 Initialize BIOS interrupts.
for Phoenix BIOS Q3.07 OR 4.X 2-1-2-3 Check ROM copyright notice.
Beep 2-1-2-4 Initialize manager for PCI Options
Description and what to check ROMs.
Code
2-1-3-1 Check video configuration against
1-1-1-1 Unconfirmed beep code. Reseat RAM
CMOS.
chips or replace RAM chips as
2-1-3-2 Initialize PCI bus and devices.
possible solution
2-1-3-3 Initialize all video adapters in system.
1-1-1-3 Verify Real Mode.
2-1-4-1 Shadow video BIOS ROM.
1-1-2-1 Get CPU Type.
2-1-4-3 Display copyright notice.
1-1-2-3 Initialize system hardware.
2-2-1-1 Display CPU Type and speed.
1-1-3-1 Initialize chipset registers with initial
2-2-1-3 Test keyboard.
POST values.
2-2-2-1 Set key click if enabled.
1-1-3-2 Set in POST flag.
2-2-2-3 56 Enable keyboard.
1-1-3-3 Initialize CPU registers.
2-2-3-1 Test for unexpected interrupts.
1-1-4-1 Initialize cache to initial POST
2-2-3-3 Display prompt Press F2 to enter
values.
SETUP.
1-1-4-3 Initialize I/O.
2-2-4-1 Test RAM between 512 and 640k.
1-2-1-1 Initialize Power Management.
2-3-1-1 Test expanded memory.
1-2-1-2 Load alternate registers with initial
2-3-1-3 Test extended memory address lines.
POST values.
2-3-2-1 Jump to UserPatch1.
1-2-1-3 Jump to UserPatch0.
2-3-2-3 Configure advanced cache registers.
1-2-2-1 Initialize keyboard controller.
2-3-3-1 Enable external and CPU caches.
1-2-2-3 BIOS ROM checksum.
2-3-3-3 Display external cache size.
1-2-3-1 8254 timer initialization.
2-3-4-1 Display shadow message.
1-2-3-3 8237 DMA controller initialization.
2-3-4-3 Display non-disposable segments.
1-2-4-1 Reset Programmable Interrupt
2-4-1-1 Display error messages.
Controller.
2-4-1-3 Check for configuration errors.
1-3-1-1 Test DRAM refresh.
2-4-2-1 Test real-time clock.
1-3-1-3 Test 8742 Keyboard Controller.
2-4-2-3 Check for keyboard errors
1-3-2-1 Set ES segment to register to 4 GB.
2-4-4-1 Set up hardware interrupts vectors.
1-3-3-1 28 Autosize DRAM.
2-4-4-3 Test coprocessor if present.
1-3-3-3 Clear 512K base RAM.
3-1-1-1 Disable onboard I/O ports.
1-3-4-1 Test 512 base address lines.
3-1-1-3 Detect and install external RS232
1-3-4-3 Test 512K base memory.
ports.
1-4-1-3 Test CPU bus-clock frequency.
3-1-2-1 Detect and install external parallel
1-4-2-4 Reinitialize the chipset.
ports.
1-4-3-1 Shadow system BIOS ROM.
3-1-2-3 Re-initialize onboard I/O ports.
1-4-3-2 Reinitialize the cache.
3-1-3-1 Initialize BIOS Data Area.
1-4-3-3 Autosize cache.
3-1-3-3 Initialize Extended BIOS Data Area.
1-4-4-1 Configure advanced chipset registers.
3-1-4-1 Initialize floppy controller.
1-4-4-2 Load alternate registers with CMOS
3-2-1-1 Initialize hard disk controller.
values.
3-2-1-2 Initialize local bus hard disk
2-1-1-1 Set Initial CPU speed.
controller.
3-2-1-3 Jump to UserPatch2. siren

3-2-2-1 Disable A20 address line. Error Codes and Beep Codes
3-2-2-3 Clear huge ES segment register.
This page gives an overview over numerical
3-2-3-1 Search for option ROMs. error codes and beep codes generated by the
3-2-3-3 Shadow option ROMs. BIOS.
3-2-4-1 Set up Power Management.
3-2-4-3 Enable hardware interrupts. Numerical Error Codes
3-3-1-1 Set time of day. IBM provides a detailed listing of numerical
3-3-1-3 Check key lock. BIOS error codes including information on fixes.
3-3-3-1 Erase F2 prompt.
3-3-3-3 Scan for F2 key stroke. Beep Codes
3-3-4-1 Enter SETUP.
3-3-4-3 Clear in POST flag. Beep Additional
Meaning
signal indicators
3-4-1-1 Check for errors
3-4-1-3 POST done - prepare to boot continuous
beep  System board failure
operating system.
3-4-2-1 One beep.  LCD connector
3-4-2-3 Check password (optional).
3-4-3-1 Clear global descriptor table. problem
3-4-4-1 Clear parity checkers.  LCD backlight
3-4-4-3 Clear screen (optional). unreadable, inverter failure
3-4-4-4 Check virus and backup reminders. blank or
4-1-1-1 Try to boot with INT 19. one beep  video adapter faulty
flashing
4-2-1-1 Interrupt handler error. LCD  LCD assembly
4-2-1-3 Unknown interrupt error.
faulty
4-2-2-1 Pending interrupt error.
4-2-2-3 Initialize option ROM error.  System board failure
4-2-3-1 Shutdown error.  power supply failure
4-2-3-3 Extended Block Move.
4-2-4-1 Shutdown 10 error. Message
"Unable to  Boot device failure;
4-3-1-3 Initialize the chipset. one beep
access boot
4-3-1-4 Initialize refresh counter. system board failure
source"
4-3-2-1 Check for Forced Flash.
4-3-2-2 Check HW status of ROM.  System board failure
4-3-2-3 BIOS ROM is OK.
one long,  Video adapter
4-3-2-4 Do a complete RAM test.
two short problem
4-3-3-1 Do OEM initialization.
beeps
4-3-3-2 Initialize interrupt controller.  LCD assembly
4-3-3-3 Read in bootstrap code.
failure
4-3-3-4 Initialize all vectors.
4-3-4-1 Boot the Flash program. one beep,
 Memory problem:
4-3-4-2 Initialize the boot device. three short
beeps bad DIMM or bad
4-3-4-3 Boot code was read OK.
three short
two- Low CPU Fan speed, Voltage Level beeps, one
DIMM slot
tone issue
beep
one long,
four short  Low battery voltage
beeps
one beep
every  Low battery voltage
second
two short
error codes  POST error message
beeps
two short
beeps  System board failure

Computer Problems and PC Errors

Every PC user has a computer problem now and then. Even the most stable,
secure machine is not safe from buggy software, failing hardware, or even the
occasional loose wire. PC problems can be a huge headache, bringing
productivity to a halt and potentially costing you money. Here are some of the
most common computer problems, and their possible causes.
The Computer Won't Turn On
This can be a computer user's worst nightmare. You hit the power button and
nothing happens. Any number of things can cause this computer problem — it
may be something as simple as a loose cord, or as serious as a dead power
supply.
Another common PC problem is when the computer turns on and the fan and
lights come on, but the machine doesn't boot, or shows a blank screen. This
could be anything from a dead (or unplugged) monitor to a dead hard drive or
corrupted boot sector.
Lockups and Freezes
The infamous "blue screen of death" has frustrated many a user, as it brings the
computer to a halt and displays an error message that's utterly indecipherable to
most computer users. Lockups can be caused by any number of issues —
sometimes it's buggy software, or a system running out of memory.
Sometimes it's a bad hardware driver causing the issue. More seriously, it can be
a sign of overheating, RAM going bad, or the hard drive failing. Components get
loose inside the machine and can also cause computer errors, sudden lockups,
or even spontaneous shutdowns.
Slow Performance
When you delete files and applications from the computer, all kinds of junk can
get left behind. Useless files and data can accumulate and degrade system
performance. Ironically, antivirus and anti-malware software, while vital to the
health of a computer, can slow down a PC's performance. Low hard drive space
or not enough RAM in the machine can also cause computer errors and slow
down the machine.
Strange Noises

Is your machine making a strange whirring noise? It might be a fan dying.

Computers accumulate dust over time, and when fans get clogged, they can slow
down, decreasing their effectiveness and making an unpleasant grinding sound.
Another common computer problem is the dreaded "click" of a dying hard drive
— one of the most potentially destructive PC problems there is. If you hear a
rapid clicking or clunking noise inside your computer, it's best to get a backup
plan in place, if you don't already have one — chances are your hard drive is
close to dying and taking all your valuable data with it. Then again, it may be a
loose component or screw inside the machine. Either way, don't ignore it.
Overheating
Dying fans, poor ventilation, or even heavy use can create computer problems as
the PC heats up. Most computers are designed to shut down when things get too
hot, as a precaution against permanent hardware damage, but it can be pretty
alarming when a machine just switches off seemingly out of nowhere.
Overheating can cause all sorts of other computer problems. Overheating can
cause mouse glitches, strange performance in software, or lockups, while an
overheating video card can cause the display to momentarily fail.
How to solve the 10 most common tech support problems
yourself

Whether you’re dealing with your dad’s decade-old computer or your own custom-built
gaming rig, troubleshooting PC problems is a part of everyday life. Before you make that
$50 support call, though, try your hand at homebrew tech support. We spoke to some of the
best support reps in the business about the most common problems they fix—and how you
can do it yourself.
Try this first

I know it sounds like a no-brainer, but before you do anything else, restart your computer.
Matthew Petrie of Falcon Northwest technical support says that most of his customers solve
their problems with this simple step. “This long-standing maxim can work wonders,” says
Petrie.
Regul
arly checking for operating system updates is important, because forgetting to do so could
significantly impair your PC’s performance.
While you’re at it, make sure that your operating system is fully updated by running
Windows Update. Neglecting updates could deprive you of important bug and performance
fixes.

If you’re having problems with a peripheral, try switching it on and off. If that doesn’t work,
try disconnecting and reconnecting the device. As a last resort, download the latest drivers
and perform a full reinstall.
My computer is too slow

The first step to fixing a slow computer is to verify that your machine is the actual source of
the problem. Videos that seem to buffer forever, and websites that take ages to load, may
not be your computer’s fault. Geek Squad agent Derek Meister claims that many people
mistakenly identify a slow system as the problem when “it’s actually not the computer, [but]
their broadband connection.” See “Downloads are taking forever” below for instructions on
how to use Speedtest.net to diagnose a slow connection.
If the problem is your PC, check whether you have plenty of free space on the hard drive
holding your operating system. Windows needs room to create files while your system is
running. If your hard drive is maxed out, performance suffers. Now is the perfect time to
clear some space.
If your
computer’s operating system resides on an overstuffed C: drive, clearing out some space
could boost OS performance.

Microsoft’s System Configuration tool is your next-best bet for tackling slow performance.
Many applications launch automatically when your machine boots up, which can stretch out
boot time—especially on older, slower PCs. Make a habit of trimming the startup items.
Open the tool by pressing Windows-R, typing msconfig, and pressing the Enter key.
Checking the Startup Item and Manufacturer columns is the best way to figure out which
potential performance-killers you can safely disable. Avoid messing with any of the services
and programs that have Microsoft Corporation listed as the manufacturer. Items such as
AdobeAAMUpdater, Google Update, Pando Media Booster, Spotify, and Steam Client
Bootstrapper are all fair game. Regardless, err on the side of caution: If you’re not sure
what the program or service does, don’t disable it.
Windo
ws’ System Configuration Tool lets you disable programs and services that automatically
start when you boot your computer.
Once you’ve made all your changes, click OK and restart the computer. It should boot up
quicker and feel noticeably faster.
Downloads are taking forever

Speedtest.net is your best friend when you're having connectivity problems. Run a speed
test to see what your download and upload speeds are—ideally they should be at least 50
percent of your Internet service provider’s advertised speeds, with a ping under 100
milliseconds.
If the speeds seem solid, make sure that you aren’t inadvertently downloading or uploading
anything. Many torrent downloading programs run in the background and minimize into the
system tray instead of the taskbar.
A
good speed test should give you an accurate assessment of your ping, download speed,
and upload speed.
Check your network hardware. Updates for network cards aren’t all that common, but if your
card’s manufacturer offers a newer driver, download it. Resetting your router and modem
can help with connection problems, too. Most routers and modems have reset buttons, but
pulling the power cable for a second or two can do the same thing. Don’t cut the power for
much longer, or the hardware may reset itself to factory defaults.
Still having problems? Call your ISP, which can tell you whether the problem is on your end.
As a last-ditch measure, the ISP could reset the master connection to your home.

My machine keeps restarting

Hardware problems are hard to diagnose and solve. First, confirm that you aren’t just
getting the latest wave of Windows updates, which can automatically restart your computer
during installation. Then work on updating all of your critical system drivers. Your graphics
card, motherboard, and network card drivers are crucial.
“Sometimes it can be viruses, sometimes it can be adware, sometimes it can be

overheating, and sometimes it can be something as simple as making sure your video card
is updated,” Geek Squad’s Meister says.
Is your computer making weird noises? If you’re lucky all you’ll need to do is give the
machine a thorough cleaning. Modern computers have safeguards that shut down the
system if a component is overheating, which can be the cause of frequent restarts when
you’re running resource-intensive programs or video games.
Pop-up ads are appearing on my desktop

If you’re not running your Web browser and are still getting pop-up ads on your desktop,
you’ve most likely installed adware—a program that displays unwanted ads. Although
benevolent adware exists, most of the time adware is up to no good. Getting rid of it isn't
easy. “There’s a ton of little system-utility tools out there that promise to clean up
everything, with names like PC Speed-up, PC Speed Pro, PC Speedifier,” Geek Squad’s
Meister says. “A lot of times those programs are not going to do much. Some programs will
work, others are snake oil.”

Avoid downloading programs that offer to speed up your PC or clean up your registry.
Instead, use a trustworthy adware scanner like the free version of Malwarebytes' Anti-
Malware tool.
Running a full scan with credible antivirus software is your first step. If that program doesn’t
find and remove the adware, turn to Malwarebytes Anti-Malware Free, a great utility for
removing all types of malware. Just make sure to disable your standard antivirus software
before running it.
“Multiple antivirus programs working at the same time will often result in problems,” Falcon
Northwest’s Petrie says. “You only want one active, real-time antivirus scanner installed, but
it doesn’t hurt to run an additional ‘on demand’ virus or malware scanner.”
Searching online for the name of the advertised product can sometimes yield solutions from
fellow victims. If all else fails, there’s always the nuclear option: a complete system reinstall.
It might take a long time, but it’s the only surefire way to remove adware or spyware.
Remember to back up all your personal files.
Google doesn’t look right

Browser hijackers are a particularly nasty breed of malware. Such programs take over your
Web browser and can stealthily redirect your Google searches and other queries to fake
pages meant to steal your personal information or to further infect your system.
Running a real-time antivirus utility is the best way to stay safe. If your browser has already
been hijacked, uninstall the browser and use your antivirus program in conjunction with
Malwarebytes to remove the intruder.
My Wi-Fi keeps disconnecting

Spotty wireless connections can be a puzzler. Is it your computer? Your router? Your ISP?
Try a few things before calling your Internet service provider.
Windows Network Diagnostics may not always solve your problem, but it will usually point
you in the right direction.
Confirm that your computer is within range of your wireless router. Weak signals mean
weak connections. Next, make sure your PC’s wireless card has the latest drivers. Try
letting Windows troubleshoot for you by right-clicking the Wi-Fi icon in the taskbar and
selecting Troubleshoot problems.
I keep seeing ‘There is a problem with this website’s security

certificate’
Sometimes the biggest problems have the easiest fixes. According to support technicians,
the lion’s share of issues are due to an incorrect system clock.

The problem is probably with your computer.

Website security certificates sync up with your computer’s clock. Old computers in particular
run the risk of having a dead CMOS battery—the watch battery in your computer that keeps
its system clock ticking. Click the clock in the system tray and selectChange date and time
settings to correct any issues.
My printer won’t print

Let’s assume that your printer’s drivers are up-to-date, and that it has enough paper and ink
or toner to print. Try turning the printer off and on. Unplug the printer and plug it back in.
Check your printer’s print queue by looking for the printer icon in the system tray and
double-clicking it. The print queue shows you the status of each job as well as the general
status of your printer.

The
print queue is your best bet for troubleshooting printer problems—just make sure that ‘Use
Printer Offline’ isn’t selected.
Ensure that ‘Use Printer Offline’ isn’t checked. Sometimes, printing while your printer is
turned off can cause Windows to set your printer to work offline, and that can stall jobs sent
later.
I can’t open email attachments

If you have ever encountered an attachment that you couldn’t open, it was probably
because you didn’t have the software necessary to view the file.

If you don’t have Adobe Reader or another PDF-compatible program, you won’t be able to
open that TPS report.
The usual suspect is the .pdf file, for which you can download a free PDF reader. If your
problem involves a different file format, a quick search on the attachment’s file extension
(the three letters after the period in the filename) should tell you what type of program you
need. If the attachment lacks a file extension (which might happen if it was renamed),
adding it back should set things right.
My favorite program isn’t working on my new PC

Before you call tech support, make sure that the software you’re trying to run is compatible
with your operating system. Older software might not function on Windows 8, and an app
created for Mac OS X definitely won’t run on your Windows PC. A 32-bit program might run
on your 64-bit operating system, but it doesn’t work the other way around.
Not all file types work on Windows. For example, files that have the .app extension run
exclusively on Mac OS X.
If an online game balks, you might be missing the required plug-ins—Java and Flash are
the usual culprits. Most browsers will alert you to install these items if necessary.

Top 10 Most Common Computer Problems
Although most complex computer issues at work can often

be solved by the business IT support team, there are many other small, but common, issues that occur on a
regular basis on a personal computer. The good news is that many problems with computers have simple
solutions, and learning to recognise a problem and fix it yourself will save you a lot of time and money. The
following are the top 10 common computer problems that you shouldn’t panic over.
1. The Computer Won’t Start
A computer that suddenly shuts off or has difficulty starting up could have a failing power supply. Check that
the computer is plugged into the power point properly and, if that doesn’t work, test the power point with
another working device to confirm whether or not there is adequate power.
2. The Screen is Blank
If the computer is on but the screen is blank, there may be an issue with the connection between the computer
and the screen. First, check to see if the monitor is plugged into a power point and that the connection between
the monitor and computer hard drive is secure. If the problem is on a laptop, then you may need to get a
professional to fix it as some of the internal wires may be worn.
3. Abnormally Functioning Operating System or Software
If the operating system or other software is either unresponsive or is acting up, then try restarting your
computer and run a virus scan. To avoid having this happen, install reliable anti-virus software.
4. Windows Won’t Boot

If you are having troubles booting Windows, then you may have to reinstall it with the Windows recovery
disk.
5. The Screen is Frozen
When you computer freezes, you may have no other option than to reboot and risk losing any unsaved work.
Freezes can be a sign of insufficient ram, registry conflicts, corrupt or missing files, or spyware. Press and hold
the power button until the computer turns off, then restart it and get to work cleaning up the system so that it
doesn’t freeze again.
6. Computer is Slow
If your computer is slower than normal, you can often fix the problem simply by cleaning the hard disk of
unwanted files. You can also install a firewall, anti-virus and anti-spyware tools, and schedule regular registry
scans. External hard drives are great storage solutions for overtaxed CPU’s, and will help your computer run
faster.
7. Strange Noises

A lot of noise coming from your computer is generally a sign of either hardware malfunction or a noisy fan.
Hard drives often make noise just before they fail, so you may want to back up information just in case, and
fans are very easy to replace.
8. Slow Internet
To improve your Internet browser performance, you need to clear cookies and Internet temporary files
frequently. In the Windows search bar, type ‘%temp%’ and hit enter to open the temporary files folder.
9. Overheating
If a computer case lacks a sufficient cooling system, then the computer’s components may start to generate
excess heat during operation. To avoid your computer burning itself out, turn it off and let it rest if it’s getting
hot. Additionally, you can check the fan to make sure it’s working properly.
10. Dropped Internet Connections
Dropped Internet connections can be very frustrating. Often the problem is simple and may be caused by a bad
cable or phone line, which is easy to fix. More serious problems include viruses, a bad network card or
modem, or a problem with the driver.
ACRONYM MEANING OF COMPUTER

http://techterms.com/category/acronyms
Website for acronyms of computer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computing_and_IT_abbreviations
http://abbreviations.yourdictionary.com/articles/computer-abbreviations.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_information_technology_acronyms
http://www.consp.com/it-information-technology-terminology-dictionary
http://www.kitchentablecomputers.com/computer_acronyms.php
http://www.real-knowledge.com/acro.htm
 Computer Hardware-Related Acronyms

 AGP: Accelerated Graphics Port. A type of video interface introduced in 1996 as an
improvement to PCI. It has now been largely replaced by PCI-e.
 BIOS: Basic Input-Output Services. This information is stored on a chip commonly
referred to as the CMOS chip, which really isn't a CMOS chip at all. Usually it's a Flash-
ROM chip. But they used to be CMOS chips back in the old days, and the name stuck.
By whatever name, the BIOS contains the most basic information needed by the
computer at the hardware level to let it know that it's a computer (rather than, for
example, a weed-whacker), how to boot up, and how to find the rest of its parts.
 CD: Compact Disc. A type of optical media, so called because it uses light to read the
data stored on the disk.
 CD-R: Compact Disc Recordable. A CD that can be recorded, but from which data
cannot be deleted so the space can be re-used. You can record on a CD-R multiple times,
but the remaining space will be reduced by whatever's already occupying space on the
disk.
 CD-ROM: Compact Disc Read-Only Memory. Basically the same as any other CD,
except referring specifically to a disk that contains computer data rather than music.
 CD-RW: Compact Disc Re-Writable. A CD that can be recorded multiple times, and
from which data can be deleted and the space re-used.
 CPU: The Central Processing Unit, Microprocessor, or simply Processor.
 DDR: Double Data Rate. A type of memory that sends and receives data twice every
clock cycle, and therefore is capable of twice the data transfer rate of standard SDRAM.
 DDR2: Double Data Rate 2.
 DDR3: Double Data Rate Type 3.
 DIMM: Dual In-Line Memory Module. A type of memory chip that uses a 64-bit bus, as
compared to SIMM chips, which used a 32-bit bus.
 DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory." A type of RAM that stores each bit of data
on separate capacitors.
 DV: Digital Video. A protocol for the storage and transfer of audio-visual information,
often used to transfer information from a camcorder to a computer, usually over a
Firewire interface.
 DVD: Digital Versatile Disc. A type of optical media that allows far more storage than a
CD.
 DVD+R: Digital Versatile Disc Recordable. A type of DVD that can be recorded, but
from which information cannot be deleted and the space it occupied re-used.
 DVD+RW: Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable. A DVD that can be recorded, and from
which information can be deleted and the space it occupied re-used.
 DVD-R: Digital Versatile Disc Recordable. A type of DVD that can be recorded, but
from which information cannot be deleted and the space it occupied re-used.
 DVD-RAM: Digital Versatile Disc Random Access Memory. A DVD that can be
written, erased, and re-written, and which also are capable of error-checking and other
advanced sorts of stuff that RAM can do, making them suitable for us as RAM. They are
much slower than real RAM, however, and are starting to fade from use.
 DVD-RW: Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable. A DVD that can be recorded, and from
which information can be deleted and the space it occupied re-used.
 DVI: Digital Video Interface. A type of digital video interface that can be used by
computers and other video devices. It was an improvement over VGA, but is starting to
be obsolesced by HDMI.

 ECC: Error Correction Code. ECC Memory uses a parity bit to insure that data has been
transmitted correctly. It is both slower and more expensive than non-ECC memory, but
it's more reliable. In order to use ECC memory, your motherboard must support it, and all
of the memory on-board must be ECC. It's mainly used in high-end servers.
 EIDE: Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics. EIDE was an improvement over IDE,
which used to be the standard protocol for hard drive communications in most computers
intended as workstations (as opposed to servers). EIDE supported data transfer rates of up
to 16.6 Mbps, which was twice as fast as IDE, and required an 80-conductor cable (as
opposed to the 40-conductor cables used for IDE). EIDE drives are being obsolesced by
SATA, but there are still a bunch of them in service.
 FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions.
 FSB: Front Side Bus. The part of a computer motherboard that allows the computer's
processor to communicate with the RAM and the other components on the motherboard.
 GPU: Graphics Processing Unit. The chip on a video card that processes graphics and
video. Sometimes integrated on the motherboard, and sometimes on the CPU itself.
 HDD: Hard Disk Drive. An array of magnetic disks that store data until it is intentionally
deleted by the user, the system, or a program.
 HDMI: High-Definition Multimedia Interface. A digital standard for transmitting high-
definition video and audio using a single cable. HDMI is rapidly becoming the standard
interface for computers and home entertainment devices.
 HDTV: High-Definition Television. The over-the-air television standard that replaced
NTSC in the United States. Tuners are available that allow HDTV signals to be captured
and processed on a computer, enabling the user to watch TV on his or her computer.
 I/O: Input/Output. Kind of a generic term for data moving into or out of a computer or
component.
 IDE: Integrated Device Electronics. See EIDE above.
 IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The highly-educated geeks who
came up with most of these standards and acronyms.
 IGP: Integrated Graphics Processor. A video processing unit or video "card" that's
integrated onto a computer motherboard, or sometimes onto the CPU.
 IRQ: Interrupt Request. This gets complicated, but basically it's a way for a component
of a computer to get the processor's attention. Back in the old days, we had to assign each
component an IRQ. Although there were standards that were used by default, sometimes
conflicts would arise when two or more devices tried to share the same IRQ, and we'd
have to reassign IRQs to eliminate the conflicts. Nowadays, it's all pretty much automatic
and pretty much reliable; so unless you're an engineer, knowing about IRQs is mainly a
nice way to impress people.
 ISA: Industry Standard Architecture. An obsolete expansion interface, which began to be
replaced by PCI and AGP in the mid-1990's.
 LAN: Local Area Network. Network cards are sometimes referred to as "LAN cards" or
"LAN interfaces."
 LCD: Liquid Crystal Display. A type of solid-state display technology used in computer
monitors and other electronic displays.
 LED: Light-Emitting Diode. A semiconductor that emits light. Often used for indicator
lights, panel lights, and to illuminate LED computer monitors.
 LUN: Logical Unit Number. Used to identify SCSI devices. Each device is assigned
LUN ranging from 0 to 7, which identifies the device within the particular computer. Can
also be used as an address for a virtual hard drive partition in a RAID array.
 MAC Address: Media Access Control Address. The unique identification of any
network connection device, such as a network card or modem.
 MBR: Master Boot Record. The section of the hard drive located in the boot sector,
which contains (at a minimum) the partition table and the bootstrap code.
 MCA: Micro Channel Architecture. An obsolete, IBM-proprietary expansion interface.

Few devices were manufactured for the MCA interface because of its proprietary nature.
 NIC: Network Interface Card.
 NTFS: New Technology File System. The preferred file system for Windows NT, 2000,
XP, Vista, and 7.
 NVRAM: Non-Volatile Random Access Memory. NVRAM retains its data even when
the computer is powered down.

 OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer. The company that manufactures a computer
(or some other thing). If you build your own computer, then YOU are the OEM.
 OSD: On Screen Display. Information that is outputted via the computer's monitor, such
as the settings for the monitor itself.
 PCB: Printed Circuit Board. Generic term for any printed circuit board, not just one in a
computer.
 PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect. One of the expansion interfaces that replaced
ISA. Many devices are still available for PCI, and most motherboards still contain at least
one or two PCI slots. But slowly, PCI is being replaced by PCIe.
 PCIe: Peripheral Component Interconnect Express. A newer expansion interface
designed to replace the PCI, PCI-X, and AGP interfaces. Not to be confused with PCI-
Extended (PCI-X).
 PCI-X: Peripheral Component Interconnect Extended. A higher-bandwidth, 64-bit
version of PCI used mainly in servers. Not to be confused with PCI-Express (PCIe).
 PCMCIA: Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. In practice,
defines the interface for laptop expansion cards. In theory, was supposed to set many
other standards for portable computers, but never got around to most of them.
 PMU: Power Management Unit. The circuitry on a Macintosh computer than controls
power-related functions.
 PROM: Programmable Read-Only Memory. Read-only memory that is programmed
after manufacture.
 PS/2: Personal System/2. An historical IBM designation that still defines certain
computer hardware, most notable the familiar purple and green mouse and keyboard
connectors.

 RAID: Redundant Array of Independent Disks. An array of disk drives that are arranged
to increase data access speed (striping) and/or improve fault tolerance (mirroring).
 RAM: Random-Access Memory. This is memory that's writable by the system and by
programs, that stores information while it is needed for running the system and for the
execution of programs.
 RDRAM: Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory. A very fast, very expensive,
proprietary type of RAM manufactured by a company named Rambus. (See? Some
things do make sense.)
 ROM: Read-Only Memory. This memory is not easily writable. It consists of
information that is necessary for the system or component to operate, which is usually
called an "instruction set." Some types of ROM can be "flashed" by the user to change or
update the instruction set, but it must be done deliberately.
 SATA: Serial Advanced Technology Attachment. A faster, more reliable interface

designed to replace the older PATA technology used to connect ATA hard drives to the
computer's motherboard.
 SCSI: Small Computer System Interface. Pronounced "skuzzy." A very fast, very reliable
interface used to connect hard drives to a computer's motherboard. Usually used only in
high-end servers.
 SIMM: Single In-Line Memory Module. An obsolete type of memory chip that used a
32-bit bus, as compared to DIMM chips, which use a 64-bit bus.
 SMART: Self-Monitoring Analysis And Reporting Technology. A technology to
monitor a hard drive's performance and warn the user of any problems.
 SO-DIMM: Small Outline Dual In-Line Memory Module. The form-factor standard for
memory used in laptops and other small form-factor computers.

 SRAM: Static Random Access Memory. Pronounced "ESS-ram." A type of RAM that
holds data statically rather than dynamically. Faster and much more expensive than
DRAM, SRAM is used mainly as cache memory on hard drives and processors.
 sRGB: Standard Red Green Blue. The color standard now used by most image-related
hardware, such as monitors, scanners, printers, and so forth.
 SSD: Solid State Drive. A mass-storage device with no moving parts, which stores data
in arrays of flash memory. Better-quality ones have better data access speed than hard
disk drives. In addition, because they are not sequential devices, there is no degradation
of access speed when the drives become fragmented. However, SSDs are more expensive
the HDDs, have a limited duty life, and may be difficult to recover data from in the event
of failure.
 UPS: Uninterruptible Power Supply.
 VGA: Video Graphics Array. The analog interface standard for attachment of monitors
and other VDUs to a computer.
 VDU: Visual Display Unit. A monitor, projector, or other device used to display or
project a computer's visual data.
 VRAM: Video Random Access Memory. Memory used by the video processor to store
image data being processed and sent to the monitor.


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College for Research and Technology of Cabanatuan

Burgos Avenue, Cabanatuan City 3100

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

1. Dirty soldering tips 3 Ground

adjoining parts of a printed circuit board. 4 GND Black Ground

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

such as the printer, mouse, joystick, video

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

4xx PS/2 system board parallel

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

1101 Asynchronous communications 30xx Primary PC Network adapter

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

troubleshooting steps to determine the failing

may beep twice) as it starts and continue to boot.

short video card) or bad video card

Beep Code Description Macintosh startup tones

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

2-1-1-3 Initialize interrupt vectors.

3-2-1-3 Jump to UserPatch2. siren

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

Computer Problems and PC Errors

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

Is your machine making a strange whirring noise? It might be a fan dying.

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

Try this first

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

My computer is too slow

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

Downloads are taking forever

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

My machine keeps restarting

“Sometimes it can be viruses, sometimes it can be adware, sometimes it can be

Pop-up ads are appearing on my desktop

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

Google doesn’t look right

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

My Wi-Fi keeps disconnecting

I keep seeing ‘There is a problem with this website’s security

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

The problem is probably with your computer.

My printer won’t print

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

I can’t open email attachments

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

My favorite program isn’t working on my new PC

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

Top 10 Most Common Computer Problems

Although most complex computer issues at work can often

4. Windows Won’t Boot

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

ACRONYM MEANING OF COMPUTER

Website for acronyms of computer

 Computer Hardware-Related Acronyms

 MCA: Micro Channel Architecture. An obsolete, IBM-proprietary expansion interface.

 SATA: Serial Advanced Technology Attachment. A faster, more reliable interface

EDWIN C. ARIMBUYUTAN, MLIS IT103 LECTURE

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