(POS260S): Power Systems 2

Chapter 8: POWER FLOW THROUGH

INTERCONNECTORS

Contact:
Mr S. D. Lumina, B.Tech (Elec Eng), M.Eng (Elec Eng)
Email: luminas@cput.ac.za
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering.
CPUT, Bellville Campus
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Complex Power
Power system engineers treat a capacitor as a source of reactive power rather
than as a load. Inductors are treated as loads absorbing reactive power.
By convention is has been decided that for inductors and capacitors their
complex power are:

(a) Single Phase

Inductive: 𝑆∠𝞱=𝑃 + 𝐽𝑄 = 𝑉𝐼 ∗ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠

𝑆 𝑉∠0°
+𝑗𝑄 −ɵ
ɵ
I∠ −ɵ
𝑃
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Capacitive : 𝑆∠-𝞱=𝑃 − 𝐽𝑄 = 𝑉𝐼∗ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑃
−ɵ

𝑆 −𝑗𝑄 I∠ɵ

ɵ
𝑉∠0°

3 Phases: (assume system as balanced)

Inductive: 𝑆∠𝞱=3𝑉ത 𝑝ℎ𝐼 ҧ 𝑝ℎ∗ = 𝑃 + 𝐽𝑄

Capacitive: 𝑆∠-𝞱=3𝑉ത 𝑝ℎ𝐼 ҧ 𝑝ℎ∗ = 𝑃 − 𝐽𝑄

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Power flow using the current conjugate method
• If given a 2 bud, 3 phase power system. The following is one line diagram of
the system.

• Working per phase:

Let 𝑉1 = sending-end voltage = 𝑉𝑠 ∠𝛿
𝑉2 = receiving-end voltage = 𝑉𝑅 ∠0° 4
 𝑉𝑆 ∠𝛿− 𝑉𝑅 ∠0° 𝑉𝑆 ∠𝛿 𝑉𝑅 ∠0° 𝑉 𝑉
ҧ
𝐼= = - = ( 𝑆 ∠𝛿 − ᴪ)-( 𝑅∠−ᴪ)
𝑍∠ᴪ 𝑍∠ᴪ 𝑍∠ᴪ 𝑍 𝑍

𝑉 𝑉
Thus 𝐼ഥ∗ = ( 𝑆 ∠𝛿 − ᴪ)-( 𝑅∠−ᴪ)
𝑍 𝑍

Therefore
Receiving-end complex power: 𝑆𝑅 = 3𝑉𝑅 𝐼ഥ∗

𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑅
= 3𝑉𝑅 ∠0 ∠𝛿 − ᴪ− ∠ − ᴪ
𝑍 𝑍

Depending on their signs,

Sending-end complex power: 𝑆ഥ𝑆 = 3𝑉ഥ𝑆 𝐼ഥ∗
real and reactive power can
be either supplying or
𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑅 absorbing. That is acting as
= 3𝑉𝑆 ∠ 𝛿 ∠ᴪ − 𝛿− ∠ −ᴪ
𝑍 𝑍
sources or loads.
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To understand this concept, the following table must be know.

Circuit Diagram Calculated from EI ∗

If 𝑃 is +, emf supplies power

If 𝑃 is -, emf absorbs power
If 𝑄 is +, emf supplies reactive power (𝐼 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝐸)
If 𝑄 is -, emf absorbs reactive power(𝐼 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝐸)

Generator action assumed

If 𝑃 is +, emf absorbs power

If 𝑃 is -, emf supplies power
If 𝑄 is +, emf absorbs reactive power (𝐼 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝐸)
If 𝑄 is -, emf supplies reactive power(𝐼 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝐸)

Motor action assumed

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Example
Let 𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 on a power system be 100∠20° and 80∠0° volts respectively.
Let the interconnector impedance be 5∠90°
Calculate using the current conjugate method, the power flows and represent your
answers on a on-line diagram clearly indicating their directions, this to be
determined from where or not they are being supplied or absorbed.
100∠20° −80∠0° °
𝐼= = 7.38∠ −22.21 (6.84 − 𝐽2.79)
5∠90°
𝑆𝐼 =𝐸1 𝐼 ∗ =(100∠20° )(7.38∠22.2° )= 738∠ −42° = 548.4 + 𝐽493.81
𝑃1 (𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔) 𝑄1 (𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)

𝑆2 =𝐸2 𝐼∗ =(80∠0° )(7.38∠22.2° )= 547 + 𝐽223

𝑃1 (𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔) 𝑄1 (𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔)

𝑆𝑧 = (100∠20° − 80∠0° )(7.38∠ +22.2° )= 0 + 𝐽273 7

• It can be seen that 𝑃1 and 𝑄1 are positive and as 𝐸1 was assumed as sending-end(generator
action) it can be seen from the table that these powers are being supplied.
• 𝑃2 and 𝑄2 are also positive ,but as 𝐸2 was assumed as the receiving-end (motor action) it
can be seen from the table that these powers are being absorbed.
• Likewise as 𝑃𝑍 and 𝑄𝑍 act as a load their powers are absorbing.
• Supplying means flowing away from a busbar and absorbing
• NB! It must be noted that it is possible to obtain bi-directional power flows, that is, real
power in one direction and reactive power in the other direction. (This will come out in
subsequent questions)
• The resultant on-line diagram is:

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In the above example 100∠20° 𝑉 was assumed the sending-end voltage. In
power system it is difficult to say which is the sending or receiving-end. It
however makes no difference. The 80∠0° 𝑉 could be assumed as the sending-
end. To prove that the same results are obtained the above example is repeated
but the 80∠0° 𝑉 is assumed as sending-end.
80∠0° −100∠20° °
𝐼= = 7.38∠ − 22.2
5∠90°
𝑆1 = 80∠0° X 7.38∠22.2° = 590∠20,2°
𝑆2 = 100∠0° X 7.39∠22.2° = −547 − j496

It can be seen that the same power flows are obtained after applying the table.
𝑆1 acting as the sending end (generator). As power are both negative it can be
seen from the table that these powers are being absorbed. Likewise, 𝑆2 at
receiving-end (motor) which are also negative are being absorbed. The same
results as previously have been obtained proving the above statement. 9
Power flow using the formula method
• Using the same one-line diagram as before, the following formular can be
provided.
𝑉𝑆 ∠𝛿− 𝑉𝑅 ∠0° 𝑉𝑆 ∠𝛿 𝑉𝑅 ∠0°
𝐼= = -
𝑍∠ᴪ 𝑍∠ᴪ 𝑍∠ᴪ

• NB! Please change sign angle to obtain current conjugate

∗ 𝑉𝑆 ∠ᴪ−𝛿 𝑉𝑅 ∠ᴪ
𝐼 = −
|𝑍| |𝑍|
Receiving end
∗ ° 𝑉𝑆 ∠ᴪ−𝛿 𝑉𝑅 ∠ᴪ |𝑉𝑅 | 𝑉𝑆 ∠ᴪ−𝛿 |𝑉𝑅 |2 ∠ᴪ
𝑆𝑅 = 𝑉𝑅 𝐼 = 𝑉𝑅 ∠0 − = −
|𝑍| |𝑍| |𝑍| |𝑍|
• To find the power "𝑃“, multiply with cosine.
• To find reactive power "𝑄“, multiply with sine
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 𝑉𝑅 |𝑉𝑆 | cos(ᴪ−𝛿)|𝑉𝑅 |2
𝑃𝑅 = - cos ᴪ
|𝑍| |𝑍|
2
𝑉𝑅 |𝑉𝑆 | sin(ᴪ−𝛿) |𝑉𝑅 |
𝑄𝑅 = - sin ᴪ
|𝑍| |𝑍|

Sending end
𝑉𝑆 ∠ᴪ−𝛿 𝑉𝑅 ∠ᴪ |𝑉𝑆 |2 ∠ᴪ 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑅 cos(ᴪ+𝛿)
𝑆𝑆 = 𝑉𝑅 𝐼∗ = 𝑉𝑆 ∠𝛿 − = −
|𝑍| |𝑍| |𝑍| |𝑍|
|𝑉𝑆 |2 cos(ᴪ) 𝑉𝑅 |𝑉𝑆 |
𝑃𝑆 = - cos( ᴪ+ 𝛿)
|𝑍| |𝑍|
|𝑉𝑆 |2 Sin(ᴪ) 𝑉𝑅 |𝑉𝑆 |
𝑄𝑆 = - sin( ᴪ+ 𝛿)
|𝑍| |𝑍|
Please not if 𝑅 = 0, 𝑍 = 𝑋 ∠0 ∴ ᴪ=90° then :
𝑉𝑅 |𝑉𝑆 | cos(90° −𝛿) |𝑉𝑅 |2 𝑉 |𝑉 |
𝑃𝑅 =
𝑋
- cos 90° = 𝑅𝑋 𝑆 (cos 90° cos 𝛿 + sin 90° sin 𝛿
𝑋
𝑉𝑅 |𝑉𝑆 |
= 𝑋
sin 𝛿 11
• Since sin 90 − 𝛿 = sin 90° cos𝛿-cos 90° sin𝛿=cos 𝛿
𝑉𝑅 |𝑉𝑆 | |𝑉𝑅 |2
𝑄𝑅 = cos 𝛿 -
𝑋 𝑋

• Since cos 90 + 𝛿 = cos 90° cos𝛿-sin 90° sin𝛿= -sin 𝛿

sin 90 + 𝛿 = sin 90° cos𝛿 + cos 90° sin𝛿=cos 𝛿

𝑉𝑅 |𝑉𝑆 | |𝑉𝑅 |2 𝑉𝑅 |𝑉𝑆 |

𝑃𝑆 = sin 𝛿 and 𝑄𝑆 = - cos 𝛿
𝑋 𝑋 𝑋

• If a 3 phase studied, then the voltages used in these formulars are phase
voltages and not line voltages. The answers obtained for 𝑃𝑅 ,𝑄𝑅 ,𝑃𝑆 and 𝑄𝑆
will be one phase values only. They will need to be multiplied by three for 3
phase power flows,
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• The results obtained by using these formulars will be the same as obtained by
the current conjugate power flow method.
• The one-line diagram used previously did not include powers being absorbed
by the loads A and B. When the circuit breakers to these loads are closed,
machines A and B must supply the required powers to these loads. Some of
the power (real and/or reactive) may need to be supplied across the
interconnector.

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Example: Power station A and B are connected by means of an interconnector
6∠80° Ω per conductor, the local 3-phase loads:
At A 10 MW at pf of 0.8 lagging , At B 80 MW at pf of 0.75 lagging
The system line voltage is 33Kv and 80MW is to be received at B from
the interconnector.

Draw the diagram and determine:

a) The angle delta with which power station A has to lead power B
b) The reactive power flow at both ends of the interconnector.
c) The final load on each station.
Answers:

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Power station A System parameters Power station B
𝑃1 = 10𝑀𝑊 𝑉𝐿 = 33𝑘𝑉 𝑃2 = 80𝑀𝑊
𝑃𝑓 = 0.8 𝑙𝑎𝑔 𝑃 = 80𝑀𝑊 𝑃𝑓 = 0.75 𝑙𝑎𝑔
∅1 = 36.87° ∅ = 80° ∅2 = 41.41°
33𝑥103
𝑉𝑝ℎ = ∠𝛿
3
=𝑉𝑠 = 19.053𝑥103 ∠𝛿
= 𝑉𝑅 = 19.053𝑥103 ∠0°
80𝑀𝑊
𝑃𝑝ℎ = =26,667𝑀𝑊
3
Find 𝛿
|𝑉𝑅 |2
𝑉𝑅 |𝑉𝑆 | cos(∅)
We know that 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑍
- cos ∅
𝑍
3 2 3 2
6 (19,053 𝑋 10 ) cos(80−𝛿) (19.053 𝑋 10 )
= 26.667𝑋10 = - cos 80°
6 6

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26.667 𝑋 106 = 60.503 𝑋 106 cos 80° − 𝛿 − 10.506 𝑋 106

26.667 𝑋 106 + 10.506 𝑋106

cos 80° − 𝛿 =
60.503 𝑋106

80° − 𝛿 = 52.092°

𝛿 = 80 − 52.092 = 27.91°
Now find 𝑄𝑅 and 𝑄𝑆
𝑉𝑅 |𝑉𝑆 | sin(∅−𝛿 ) |𝑉𝑅 |2
𝑄𝑅(𝑝ℎ) =
|𝑍|
- sin ∅
|𝑍|
(19,053 𝑋 103 )2 sin(80° −27.91° ) (19.053 𝑋 103 )2
- sin 80°
6 6

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𝑄𝑅(𝑝ℎ) = −11.848𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆
𝑄𝑅(3𝑝ℎ) = −35,545𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆 (Supplies)
|𝑉𝑆 |2 𝑉𝑅 |𝑉𝑆 | sin(∅+𝛿)
𝑄𝑅(𝑝ℎ) = sin ∅-
|𝑍| |𝑍|
(19,053 𝑋 103 )2 sin(80° ) (19.053 𝑋 103 )2 sin(80° +27.91° )
- = 2.013𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆
6 6
𝑄𝑆(3𝑝ℎ) = 6,038𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆 (Supplies)
|𝑉𝑆 |2 𝑉𝑅 |𝑉𝑆 | cos(∅+𝛿)
𝑃𝑆 = cos ∅-
|𝑍| |𝑍|
(19,053 𝑋 103 )2 cos(80° ) (19.053 𝑋 103 )2 cos(80° +27.91° )
- = 29.112𝑀𝑊
6 6
𝑃𝑆(3𝑝ℎ) = 87.337𝑀𝑊
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑄1 = 𝑃1 tan 𝑄1 = 10𝑋106 tan 36.87° = 7.5𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐴 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑠
𝑄2 = 𝑃2 tan 𝑄2 = 80𝑋106 tan 41.41° = 70.554𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐴 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑠
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𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃𝑆 = 10𝑀𝑊 + 87.336𝑀𝑊 = 97.336𝑀𝑊𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑄𝐴 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄𝑆 = 7.5𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆 + 6.039𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆 = 13.539 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑂𝑀𝑊
𝑄𝐵 = 𝑄𝑅 + 𝑄2 = 35,545𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆 + 70,554𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆 = 106.099 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆

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Thank you

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