Defined instructional materials as ways and means of making the teaching and learning process

easy, more meaningful and understandable [6]. In a similar definition, explained that
instructional materials are designed to promote and encourage effective teaching and learning
experiences [5]. In view of the above definitions, instructional materials are therefore, sight tools
for teachers at all levels of education process for effective instructional delivery and promote
learner’s academic achievement and enable the achievement of the stated objectives of a lesson.

According to Faize and Dahan (2011) instructional materials are print and non-print items that
are designed to impact information to students in the educational process.

Training materials

Training materials come in all different types depending on the skills you're looking to improve for
your employees. Each material for employee training purposes needs to be effective, engaging, and
serve a purpose.

Here are a few of the most common employee training material examples:

1. Workbooks

2. Slides

3. Exercises

4. Learning Paths

5. Videos

6. Assessments

1. Workbooks - a type of training material filled with practice problems, situations, and empty
sections for employees to explain their answers. Think of workbooks as printed or digital textbooks
used to analyze how an employee thinks or solves problems.

2. Slides - these can be anything from training on product knowledge, company information,

compliance, or HR-related onboarding processes. A slide is a simple way of delivering learning
materials to employees that can be accessed at anytime, anywhere.
3. Exercises - training exercises put employees in situations to see how they react or handle a real-
world problem. They can be in the form of role-playing, games, discussions, polls, or dialogue
simulations. Exercises are an engaging way for employees to train while also promoting collaborative
learning.

4. Learning paths - a form of a training program that's comprised of a series of courses designed for
employees to improve their knowledge or learn a new skill. Learning tracks can be complete courses
that go over the skills being trained using actual job duties as individual exercises.

5. Videos - an increasingly popular counterpart to slides. Training videos are easier for employees to
follow along with, especially if the instructor makes the content fun, simple, and understandable.
Videos can be used for product features, HR, compliance, or even sales enablement.

6. Assessments - these are quizzes or tests assigned to employees to test their knowledge in a
particular subject, proficiencies, competencies, and even identify training needs. Assessments can be
delivered before, during, or after training to see if the employee already knows the subject, what
segmented group they should be a part of or even areas of improvement.

Be sure to choose the optimal training material best suited for employee learning and
development and the content being supplied.

Types of instructional material

1. Electric media

These are materials that make use of electricity or battery in their operation. These are divided into
three categories:-

a)Visual media – They appeal to the sense of sight . Exampl, calculator, electronic board

b) Audio media- These materials only demand the auditory sense , for example, radio

c)Audio visual- These use the sense of sight and sense of hearing, for example: television

2. Print media
These are printed material. They are designed to posses long range and have wide information. For
example: newspaper, textbook journal

3. Non-print media-

I) projected media-Materials containing information that can be projected on the screen using
projection equipment. For example, overhead projector

ii) Non- projected media- These provide common visual imagery for both teachers and students. They
also provide realistic details necessary for visual recognition of important subject material. For
example: - Graphs, board, charts, diagrams.

4. Real objects

These are real available objects0 that can be used by the teacher. Example, class participants, toys, real
cars

The Roles Played by Instructional Materials in Teaching—Learning Activities: Instructional

materials played a very important role in the teaching-learning processes which include;

i. Enhancement of the memory level of the students.

ii. To facilitate the teaching-learning process.
iii. For the improvement of student rate of accumulation.

iv. Serve as tools used by the teachers to correct wrong impression and illustration things that,
learners cannot forget easily.

iv. Assist in giving sense of reality to the body of knowledge under discussions.

vi. It gives lessons a personal look and encourages teacher’s creativity.

vii. Permit the students and teachers to experience in concrete terms the learning activities that
can promote the idea of self-evaluation.

Guidelines for producing media

According to Ololobou, Jacob and Ndazhaga (1999), some of the things the teachers must
consider before selecting instructional materials include; Proceedings 2019, 2, 1395 3 of 7

A. Consideration for the age and abilities of the learner: It is very important for the teacher to put
into consideration the age and abilities of his students. If the instructional materials chosen and
used are above, it can inhibit learning rather than promoting effective learning.

B. Instructional materials must be related to the lesson objectives: any instructional material that
is not geared towards helping in the achievement of the lesson objectives is not worthy to be
used in the lesson.

C. Test materials for effectiveness