UNIVERSITY OF DAR-ES-SALAAM

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (CoET)

DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

HYDRAULIC PRACTICALS (WR 213)

PRACTICAL NUMBER 02

BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

NAME : MAGESE NGULIMI

REG #: 2013-04-02262

GROUP: C

Date of practical: 20-04-2015

1.0 Introduction

People have to be supplied with safe water in order to reduce or eradicate the water related diseases.
In practice in order to judge the suitability of a source for drinking, during preliminary investigation
water samples are taken to the laboratory for detailed analysis of their physical, chemical, and
bacteriological quality.

1.10 Bacteriological analysis of water.

1.12 Pathogens: are organisms capable of causing diseases, however the direct testing of pathogens
is impractical due to the fact that are: Found in low numbers, can’t survive long time outside the
warm confines of humans or animals body.

1.13 Indicator organism: Some bacterial can be good indicators for human pollution, that is the
source for most pathogens.Common indicator bacterial include : total coli forms, Fecal coli forms,
E-coli, Enterococci.

 Total Coli forms: Rod-shaped, gram negative bacterial , ferment lactose at 35 0C found in
intestinal tracks of cold and warm blooded animals.
 Fecal Coli forms: subset of total coli forms group, present in sewage and indicate the
possibility of human pathogens , distinguished from total coli form by the ability to
ferment lactose at 44.50C, group members E-coli and Klebsiella. Diseases such as typhoid
fever, hepatitis, gastroenteritis can be contracted in water with high Fecal Coli forms.
 E-coli: Escherichia coli is the specific species within the fecal form group, Specific to
intestines of mammals and other warm blooded animals.
 Enterococci: Survives in salt water, found primarily in intestinal track of warm blooded
animals, used in some states as indicator organism in estuarine and marine waters.

2.0 Equipments used:

The following is the list of equipments used during bacteriological analysis test

 Sterilized Petri dishes.

 Filter papers.
 Suction pump.
 Funnel.
Note; The following were the precautions taken during the experiment
 The process should be under sterilized conditions throughout the experiment.
 The water sample in the given bottle should be shaken well just before put under
testing
 The filtration apparatus should be assembled as instructed by the instructor.
3.0 Experimental procedures

The following are the procedures followed during the experiments:-

The nutrient membranes were prepared in accordance with the information provided by the
manufacturer.Then the filter paper was placed on the support and then the funnel was well fixed.
  The funnel valve was put in a vertical position and the suction pump was
switched on.

 Then 10ml of water sample was poured into the funnel and filtered .

 After filtration process,the suction pump was switched off and the filter paper
was carefully removed from its support.

 The filter paper was carefully rolled and placed in the Petri dishes containing
nutrient membranes.

 The Petri dish were placed into the incubator with the temperature of 37 0C for
TTC (total coli form counts) and the temperature of 44.4 0C for E.coli count,
for 24hrs.

4.0 Results and Analysis;

S/NO SAMPLE NO E.COLI(NO/100mls) TTC(No/100mls)

1 SA 210 220
2 SA2 230 280
3 SB 110 120
4 SB2 140 Too much medium

average colony counts

The bacterial that can survive X 100 ml
Volume Filtered ( mL )

5.0 Source of errors;

 It is not easy to maintain the sterile condition and hence contamination of the sample is likely
to occur
 The counting of bacteria was also the challenge because of the small size of the colonies and
numerous.
 Failure to estimate the actual required nutrient membrane medium./

6.0 Conclusion and recommendation

Due to challenges encountered during the experiment,one has to be very attentive when removing the
filter paper and when counting the number of bacterial colonies so as to report a precise approximate.

As the result reveals that the water is contaminated with bacteria,I therefore recommend that,it should
be well treated to the extent that it will not harm the users and cause contaminated water related
diseases.

NB: Throughout the experiment it was emphasized to work under sterile conditions.