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Bio efficacyofOrganicFormulationsonCropProduction AReview
Bio efficacyofOrganicFormulationsonCropProduction AReview
ABSTRACT
Keywords Indiscriminate use of the fertilizer, pesticide has harmful effects on soil health,
human health, ground water health and environment. This will caused more
Organic dangerous effect for future possibility. Present status of all food grain production
formulation, is in enough quantity for population of our country so we need to quality of food
Inorganic input,
Quality. production, quality of soil, quality of ground water and quality or healthy
environment for better livelihood. These qualities are obtained by the replacing
inorganic input through organic input which is more vital for present prospect and
Article Info
future outlook. This review paper attempts to bring together different use of
Accepted: organic formulation in crop production and protection. It has been argued that
04 April 2017 organic formulation in crop production is productive and sustainable, but there is a
Available Online:
10 May 2017
need for strong support to it in the form of manifestation of subsidies, agricultural
extension services and research.
Introduction
The exploitative agriculture for a long time in organic manures. The utilisation of organic
our country has brought down the fertility manure not only best serves with manage crop
status of the soil to a level that even provision yields but also play a key role towards
of high rate of fertilizers is unable to sustain exhibiting both direct as well as indirect
the productivity of soil. So as to sustain the influence on the nutrient accessibility in soil
productivity of soil and promote the health of by improving the physical, chemical and
the soil, combine use of organic and chemical biological properties of soil and likewise
fertilizers is imperative. enhances the utilization effectiveness of
applied fertilizers.
Chemical fertilizers alone do not provide all
the nutrients in balanced quantities needed by The escalating price of fertilizers in recent
the plants; on the other hand it depletes soil years, limit their use in crop production.
organic matter content, adversely affect Therefore, the nutrient requisition through
biological and physical properties of soil. All chemical fertilizers, if supplemented with low
the considerations in general have led to expense natural sources will not only
prompted interest towards the utilization of economize the nutrient use but also improve
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665
the soil health and factor productivity on In some conventional practices of some areas
sustainable basis. near fish production sites waste product of
fishes are also used as nutrient supplement.
Crop + dairy is the predominant cultivating Recent studies also revealed potential of such
framework in the country practiced by over sources in INM. Fermented fish waste is
70 % farm households. The abundant quantity found to enrich the soil nutrients required for
of cattle excreta consisting of dung and urine plant growth and favourably influence the
is available at rural family. In spite of and conducting functions of xylem and phloem
only cows dung is utilized likewise manure vessels. Thus fish waste could also be used as
yet significant amount of urine goes waste. a valuable organic liquid fertilizer for better
However, cattle urine has a good manurial yield from crops at lesser cost and also
value and can be utilized as a bio fertilizer without the harmful effects of chemical
(Khanal et al., 2011). Cattle urine is a good fertilizers (Balraj et al., 2014). Also the fish
source of nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, effluents can supplement for organic
calcium, magnesium, chlorite and sulphate. fertilizers without affecting fish production.
Application of cow urine has also been The recirculatory aquaponics system proved,
reported to correct the micronutrient is not only a successful method for food crops
deficiency, besides improving the soil texture production, but also a beneficial system to
and working as a plant hormone. reuse aquaculture wastewater and safeguard
the water resources (Salam et al., 2014).
Vermiwash obtained from dissolution of
organic matter by earthworm is additionally Therefore, it seems that formulations obtained
found as a good liquid manure and influence from by product or waste from livestock and
altogether on the development and and fish rearing, vermiwash and some plant
productivity of crop as foliar spray products based integrated nutrient
(Subasashri, 2003). It is coelomic fluid management system in crop production has a
extraction contains several enzyme, plant great potential to supplement and reduce
growth stimulating hormones like cytokinins, nutrient demand solely supplied through
gibberlines and vitamins along with micro inorganic chemicals. Due to low cost of these
and macro nutrients as nitrogen in the form of inputs crop production could be economized.
mucus, nitrogenous excretory substance, This will also improve the fertilizer use
enzyme are present in vermiwash (Tripathi efficiency as well as the soil health. With
and Bhardwaj, 2004). It also increases the these facts in view, a field experiment was
disease resistant power of crop, (Yadav et al., conducted to explore the possibility of
2005). economizing fertilizer use in pigeonpea by
partial replacement of fertilizer through
Neem seed extract performs the dual function organic formulation as bio-fertilizer.
of both fertilizer and pesticide of organic
origin. It also acts as a soil enricher, reduces Cow Urine
the growth of soil pest and bacteria.
Andreeilee et al., (2015) reported that
Moreover it provides macro-nutrients combination of organic materials (feces +
essential for all plant growth, helps to urine + paitan + Mycorrhiza + Azola 2 kg )
increase the yield of plants in the long run, and (feces + urine + paitan + mycorrhiza +
bio-degradable and Eco-friendly and excellent azola 3 kg) showed significant value to the
soil conditioner (Lokanadhan et al., 2012). entire organ growth vegetative plant with the
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665
highest increase in the broad leaves of the index (0.284) in comparison to untreated
plant by 3 cm or 19.57 % by treatment effect control (3.050). Kekuda et al., (2014)
at 63 DAP when compared to the control reported that the cow urine extracts of
treatment of inorganic fertilizer with the selected plants have shown inhibitory activity
addition of the same Azola dosages. against mycelial growth of chilli. These
Minocheherhomji and Vyas (2014) reported formulations can be employed in the field for
that phyto chemical investigation of cow the control of anthracnose disease in chilli.
urine sample and medicinal plant extracts will Devakumar et al., (2014) was conducted an
definitely prove the presence of active phyto experiment to study the influence of different
constituents like alkaloids, anthraquinones, levels of cow urine, panchagavya and fertility
flavonoids, tannins and saponins; which are on maize. The grain and stover yield of maize
the main constituents promoting antimicrobial varied significantly under different levels of
activity. Singh et al., (2015) reported that the fertility, panchagavya spray and cow urine
application of cow urine on buckwheat levels. Maximum grain yield of 18.6 q ha-1
recorded higher plant height (116.2cm), stem and 17.6 q ha-1 were recorded with
girth (0.64cm), leaves plant-1(13.5), root application of cow urine and panchagavya
length (12.6cm), seed plant-1(102), and test and minimum was recorded in the plots
weight (22.4) as compared to control. without application of them. However, no
Sobhana (2014) reported enhance flower significant difference was observed in stover
production in bush jasmine using yield but, higher stover yield of 42.7 q ha-1
bioregulators and cow’s urine. One year old and 39.6 q ha-1 were recorded in the plots
plants grown in pots were sprayed with with application of panchagavya and cow
paclobutrazol, cycocel, GA3 and cow’s urine urine. Lithourgidis et al., (2007) observed that
at various concentrations at monthly intervals. soil application of liquid cattle manure (LCM)
Observations on vegetative and floral (excrements plus urine, occasionally
characters were recorded and concluded that containing bedding material) can enhance
monthly flower yield was improved by the plant growth and increase crop yield as well
application of cow’s urine and bio regulators. as increases in plant macronutrients
Akhter et al., (2006) reported that C. procera concentration or uptake. Rakesh et al., (2013)
extract in combination with cow urine posses showed that the marked inhibition of rhizome
high ability to inhibit conidial germination of rot pathogens by cow urine extracts of
B. sorokiniana, which might be used for selected plants. The extracts may find a
controlling phytopathogens of crop plants. possible use in agriculture as potent agents
Gupta (2005) reported that neem in against pathogens. Pathak and Ram (2013)
combination with cow urine has been also were concluded that bio enhancers could be a
found effective in reducing the mustard aphid potent source to improve soil fertility, crop
population with no adverse effect on productivity and quality. This can also be a
coccinellid predators. Geetanjaly and Tiwari potential alternative for fertigation which is
(2014) observed that the effects of cow urine, becoming common in most of the crops.
neem leaf extract (5% and 10%) against Gahukar (2013) was reported that the
different stages of Spilarctia obliqua. The cent combinations of cow urine and plant parts and
percent mortality of neonate larvae was neem-based commercial products have shown
observed in all neem leaf extracts prepared in significant synergistic effect to enhance
water and cow urine whereas in cow urine @ product toxicity resulting in pest mortality.
5% and 10% gave larval survival of 26.63% Patil et al., (2012) observed that application
to 13.34%, with significantly less growth of cow urine on chickpea at the rate of 10 %
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665
at flowering initiation and 15 days after cornels plant-1 (75.70) and number of corns
flowering recorded higher plant height plant-1 as compare to other treatments. Rates
(35.78cm) at harvesting, number of branches of application of nitrogen (N), potassium (K),
at harvesting (4.82), leaf area index at 90 and sulphur (S) in urine are very high and
DAS (1.30), number of pod plant-1(60.86), these can have a marked effect on growth and
and grain yield (2114 kg ha-1) as compare to element concentration of pasture ( McNaught,
control. Deotale et al., (2011) observed the 1961). Ledgard, et al., (1982) in New
effect of two foliar sprays of different Zealand, evaluated the effects of cow urine
concentrations of NAA (50 ppm) and cow and equivalent nitrogen, potassium, and
urine (2%, 4%, 6%) at 25 and 40 days after sulphur treatments on pasture yield, botanical
sowing on soybean cultivar JS-335. The cow composition, herbage chemical composition
urine 6 % concentration spray and 50 ppm and N fixation by clovers during winter and
NAA alone and in combination were found spring. They noticed that urine caused a large
more effective in enhancing the morpho- increase in ryegrass yield, entirely due to its N
physiological, chemical biochemical, yield content. The effect on yield lasted 2 to 3
and yield contributing parameters when harvests. Urine increased the N concentration
compared with control. Baghele et al., (2014) of grass (particularly the nitrate fraction) and
reported that two sprays of cow urine @ 3 % increased the potassium concentration of
enhanced growth, flowering and yield grass and clover. Saunders (1987) examined
parameters of rose. Qibtiyah et al., (2015) the effects of cow urine and equivalent
reported that the dosage of biourine that nitrogen, potassium, and sulphur treatments
comprises of 4 levels: 0, 500, 1000, 1500 and on pasture yield, botanical composition,
2000 l ha-1 showed a significant of effect on herbage chemical composition, and N fixation
diverse-observed parameter of growth, the by clovers during winter and spring. Urine
application of 1500 l ha-1 and 2000 l ha-1 caused a large increase in ryegrass Yield, due
could increase leaf area, numbers of plantlet to entirely its N component. The effect on
per clump and total dry weight of the crops, yield lasted 2-3 harvests and was followed by
which are better than other treatments. a decrease in clover growth. Urine increased
Mudhita et al., (2016) reported that the the N concentration of grass (particularly the
legume plant Pueraria javanica showed good nitrate fraction) and increased the potassium
growth and production with a relatively high concentration of grass and clover. N fixation
nutrient value of Bali cattle urine, although by clover was markedly decreased by urine,
nutrient values did not significantly differ particularly during the winter. Leterme et al.,
between treated and untreated plants. The (2003) used cow urine to study the fate of N
highest production of dry matter per m2 was applied as urine in spring, summer and
937 and 838 g, with and without urine, autumn on ryegrass receiving two different
respectively, which represents an increase of fertilizer rates (100 and 300 kg N ha-1 yr-1) in
11.8%. Meanwhile the nitrogen contents of France. Ammonia volatilization of labeled
urine-treated plants increased by 24.6% urine N was less than 4% and immobilized
relative to untreated plants. Ramachandrudu urine N represented 21–31% of the applied 15
and Thangam (2007) examined the N. Recovery of labeled N in plants ranged
application of cow urine @ (10, 20, 50, from 30 to 65% of N input as urine, showing
100%) on gladiolus, application of 50% cow a decrease in autumn for the highest fertilizer
urine recorded higher plant height nitrogen treatment. The plant recovery of
(59.90cm),number of leaf plant-1(9.40), urine N was relatively high in autumn (49%)
number of florets spike-1(10.70), number of when urine was deposited on ryegrass
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665
receiving a fertilizer rate of 100 kg N ha–1 yr– results the higher growth and yield
1
. Lower N fertilizer regimes can therefore contributing characters significantly. The
lower the leaching potential of urine N in grain (11.35 q ha-1) and straw yield (13.80 q
pastures. Khanal et al., (2010) carried out a ha-1) along with biological yield (25.15 q ha-
1
field experiment in Nepal on farmer’s field ), protein per cent in grains (19.67%).
during 2009-2010, to test the efficacy of cattle
urine alone and in combination with urea as a Gupta and Yadav (2001) conducted field trial
potential supplement to nitrogenous fertilizers in kharif season for evaluating cow urine
in improving yield and quality of cauliflower efficacy against stem borers and cost benefit
cv. Kathmandu Local. The experiment was in soybean production. There was reduction in
laid out in a randomized complete block percent stem tunneling at almost all levels of
design with eight treatments; 100 kg N ha-1 cow urine. The yield data indicates that cow
supplied by urea, 100 kg N ha-1 supplied by urine at 25, 50 and 75 % concentration
urine, 125 kg N ha-1 supplied by urine, 75 kg recorded significantly higher yield than
N ha-1 supplied by urine, 50 kg N ha-1 control. Highest cost benefit ratio (1: 18.9)
supplied by urine, 100 kg N ha-1 supplied by was obtained from 75% cow urine. Khanal et
urea (75 kg) and urine (25 kg), 100 kg N ha-1 al., (2010) carried out a field experiment in
supplied by urea (50 kg) and urine (50kg), Nepal on farmer’s field during 2009-2010, to
100 kg N ha-1 supplied by urea (25 kg) and test the efficacy of cattle urine alone and in
urine (75 kg) having three replications. combination with urea as a potential
Application of 125 kg N ha-1 through urine supplement to nitrogenous fertilizers in
significantly increased vegetative characters. improving yield and quality of cauliflower cv.
Application of 100 kg N ha-1 through urine Kathmandu Local. The highest curd yield
significantly increased yield and quality and the highest benefit cost ratio (5.84) were
characters as compared to application of observed by application of 100 kg N ha-1
either higher or lower dose of urine. Fifty through urine. Patil et al., (2008) studied
percent substitution of urea by urine produced foliar spray of cow urine and water on green
better morphological, yield and quality gram. In case of foliar spray of cow urine
character than other combinations of urine results the higher gross (Rs. 22504) and net
and urea. Singh et al., (2014) conducted a returns (Rs. 12558) with B: C ratio (2.32) per
field experiment to assess the effect of varied hectare due to foliar application of cow urine.
levels of nitrogen and cow urine on rice crop
during kharif season of 2009 with the six Effect of Vermiwash
treatment combinations as T1 = NPK (120,
60, 60 kg ha–1), T2 = NPK (120, 60, 60 kg ha– Vermiwash is very good liquid manure and
1
+cow urine), T3 = NPK (100, 60, 60 kg ha–1 affect significantly on the growth and
+ cow urine),T4 = NPK (90, 60, 60 kg ha–1 + productivity of crop during foliar spray,
cow urine) and T5 = NPK (60, 60,60 kg ha–1 (Subasashri, 2003). Buckerfield et al., (1999)
cow urine) including control (T0). The has reported that, it is coelomic fluid
application of nitrogen @ 90 kg ha–1 with 60 extraction contains several enzyme, plant
kg ha-1 potassium and phosphorus + cow urine growth hormones like cytokinins, gibberlines
(T4) was found to be the best treatment and vitamins along with mocro and macro
regarding growth, yield and nitrogen content nutrients. It increases the disease resistant
of paddy. Patil et al., (2008) reported that power of crop, (Yadav et al., 2005). Tripathi
foliar spray of cow urine and water on green and Bhardwaj (2004) have reported that
gram. In case of foliar spray of cow urine nitrogen in the form of mucus, nitrogenous
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665
buffalo dung + and vegetable wastes with of the soil with marked improvement in soil
neem oil is very effective combination for micronutrients. The combination treatment
growth and productivity of Soybean. It can be [VW+VC] was found better suggesting
also stated that the use of foliar spray of qualitative improvement in the physical and
vermiwash obtained from vermicomposts of chemical properties of the soil. Nath and
buffalo dung + agro / kitchen wastes have Singh (2012) reported that use of vermiwash
sufficient potency to increase the growth, extracted from vermicomposts of different
flowering, productivity and reduced pest’s combination of animal agro and kitchen
infestation of crop. Allahyari et al., (2014) wastes, is one of the effective liquid
reported that use of biological inputs and biofertilizer for growth and productivity of
organic materials to improve the quality of crops. The present study assesses that it has
crops and increase production without caused significant effect on the growth and
extension of cultivated lands is a significant productivity of paddy (Oryza sativa), maize
issue in hydroponics (soilless culture) culture. (Zea mays) and millet (Penisetum typhoides)
The factors included two cultivars of tomato crops. The 10mg m-2 of vermiwash buffalo
(Synda & Newton), and four nutrient solution dung with straw shows significant growth
(manure vermiwash, mixed vermiwash, (89.2±2.7cm) and 30mg m-2 concentration of
manure compost tea, mixed compost tea), similar combination shows highly significant
with soil bed as control. The results showed growth in paddy crops(102.6±2.3cm) after 75
that the effect of nutrient solutions and days. The 10mg m-2 concentration of
interaction effect between variety and the combination horse dung with gram bran
nutrient solution (variety × solution) were caused significant growth (85.2±4.3cm)
significant for all traits except for root dry 50days while at the same time 30mg m-2
weight. The results of qualitative traits concentration of combination of straw with
analysis of extracts showed that the effect of buffalo dung and horse dung caused highly
nutrient solutions for the elements of significant growth in maize crops. The
phosphorus and potassium was not significant combinations of buffalo dung with gram bran
but for the other elements there were and with straw; and combination of horse
significant difference at the 1%level of dung with gram bran and with straw have
probability. significant growth in millet crops. All the
concentrations of different combinations of
Ansari and Sukhraj (2010) study revealed that animal agro and kitchen wastes have
combination organic fertilizers, vermicompost significant early start in flowering and
and vermiwash combination [VW+VC] enhance the productivity of crops.
compared with control [CON] and chemical Chattopadhyay (2015) observed that the
fertilizers [CHM], had great influence on nutrients and growth promoting substances
plant growth parameters. The average yield of present in the vermiwash showed its
Okra during trial showed a significantly potentiality in seed germination and seedling
greater response in VW+VC compared with vigour. However, the vermiwash produced by
the control by 64.27 %. The fruits have a cold stress diluted at the ratio of 1:5, produced
greater percentage of fats and protein content superior result followed by 1:5 ratio
in VW+VC when compared with those grown vermiwash produced naturally, i.e. without
with chemical fertilizers by 23.86% and stress. The use and application of vermiwash
19.86%, respectively. The combination could play a beneficial role in sustainable
treatment [VW+VC] also have a significant agriculture as it is environment friendly, cost
influence on the biochemical characteristics effective, reliable and easily available
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665
germination of okra seed in vermiwash with plant height and number of leaves (56.29 cm
aqueous extract of neem bark (VW+NB) and 6.14 days at 45 days after bud
97±5.21% than other combinations and early emergence), spike length and rachis (90.68
germination was observed (11.48±0.49 days). cm and 47.07 cm), number of florets (15.08),
The maximum height of okra 42.42±0.79 cm vase-life (10.02 day) number of corms m-2
was observed in after 90 days by sprays of (28.66), weight of corms (50.68 g) and
VW+NB. The combination of VW+NF was number of cormels plant-1 (56.66). Same
important for high productivity of okra. The treatment was also effective to reduce number
maximum productivity of okra plant was of days taken to spike emergence (81.73 day).
observed 773.23±20.64 g m-2 in treated with Kumar et al., (2012) reported the application
VW+NF. Tiwari and Singh (2015) reported of vermiwash increases growth, flowering and
that the foliar application of aqueous mixture corm yield characters of gladiolus when they
of combination of vemiwash with neem oil, are applied along with recommended
leaf and bark have increased the brinjal plant fertilizers doses. Weerasinghe et al., (2006)
growth, early flowering, increased have suggested that vermiwash is a natural
productivity. The binary combination of growth supplements for tea, coconut and
vermiwash with neem oil, leaf and bark horticultural crops. Sobha et al., (2003)
results significant growth of brinjal plant. The observed a significant growth and
highest growth of brinjal was (30.01±0.86 productivity in the black gram. Edwards et
cm) observed after spray of vermiwash of al., (2004) have been suggested that
buffalo dung and municipal solid wastes vermiwash influence the fruit quality. This
(MSW) with neem oil in comparison to all study also concluded that vermiwash and
other treatments. vermicompost could be utilized effectively for
sustainable plant production at low input-
Nath and Singh (2016) reported that the effect basis green farming. Esakkiammal et al.,
of vermiwash of different vermicomposts of (2015) reported that vermiwash acts as
animal agro and kitchen wastes observed on pesticide, disease curative and crop tonic and
the growth, flowering periods and increase the yield of crops in multiples.
productivity of different Rabi crops viz. Vermiwash and vermicompost were used to
wheat, gram, pea and mustered. In case of study their effect on the growth and yield of
wheat after 30 days of sowing the vermiwash lab lab beans. The combination of
of combination of goat dung with wheat and vermicompost and vermiwash showed
goat dung with vegetable wastes shows higher maximum positive effects on the growth and
26.20±0.97 and 26.45±0.53 cm growth yield of lablab beans. The experimental
respectively, where as the maximum growth results showed significant variations in plant
65.00±0.88 observed in conc. of 30 mg m-2 of growth and yield parameters. Anari and
combination of buffalo dung with rice bran. Sukhraj (2010) reported that vermiwash at a
The significant productivity observed in higher dilution is able to bring about
combination of buffalo dung with rice bran increased germination rate and enhanced
i.e. 0.496±0.01 kg m-2 which is followed by seedling growth in plants studied. The degree
the treatment of 10 mg m-2 concentration of response of the plants has varied and this
buffalo dung with rice bran. The highest could be attributed to the physiology of the
significant productivity recorded in goat dung plants under consideration and the
with wheat bran i.e. 0.621±0.06 kg m-2 conc. concentration of vermiwash needs to be
in 30 mg m-2. Kumar et al., (2013) observed standardized to suit the plant to which it is
that the application of vermiwash enhanced applied. Fathima and Sekar (2014) reported
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665
that vermiwash can be used as a potent (P<0.05) in the growth, fruit yield of tomato
biofertiliser to improve the germination and and soil N, P, K, Ca, Mg, pH and O.M under
seedling survival rates in crop plants growing different treatments compared to the control.
on nutrition depleted soils thus paving the For growth parameters, modified neem leaf
way for sutainable agriculture using organic extract had the highest values of plant height,
farming practices. Zambare et al., (2008) stem girth, leaf area and number of branches
observed vermiwash revealed potential of tomato plants compared to the poultry
application in sustainable development in manure, neem leaf and wood ash extract (sole
agriculture biotechnology with respect to its application). Modified neem leaf extract
origin, cost effectiveness, easily availability, increased the plant height, stem girth, number
time saving, reproducibility, reliability and of branches and leaf area by 13.2%, 9.5%,
eco-friendliness. 17.3% and 30% respectively compared to
neem leaf extract. When compared to NPK
Effect of Neem Extract 15-15-15 fertilizer, modified neem leaf
extract increased plant height, stem girth,
Salako et al., (2008) investigations showed number of branches and leaf area of tomato
that neem leaf and seed powder or extracts plants by 2%, 5.4%, 3.4% and 31%.
controlled weevils in stored maize and
cowpea, enhanced germination percentage, Moyin-Jesu (2012) studied the effect of ex-
and seedling vigour. Also, a significant tracts (neem leaf, wood ash and modified
increase (P< 00.5) in grain yield from the neem leaf) which were applied at 1200 litres
treated cowpea plots was obtained (409 kg ha- per hectare each NPK 15-15-15 at 300 kg ha-1
1
) while that of the control plots was 301 kg and poultry was applied at 6t ha-1. The results
ha-1. It also reduced fungal attack and reavealed that there were significant increases
infection on stored seeds and crops on the (P < 0.05) in the maize growth and yield
field. Dela et al., (2014) reported that neem parameters (leaf area, plant height stem girth)
leaves extracts, reduced survival and grain yield, cob weight and % shelling
reproductive potential of the green peach percentage) as well as in watermelon (vine
aphid Myzus persicae. There induced length, stem girth, number of branches, fruits
mortality of nymphs throughout ingestion. weight, population and fruit diameter) under
These extracts showed interesting aphicide sole and intercrop compared to the control
properties to Myzus persicae with dose treatment. Moyin-Jesu (2013) reported that
response relationships well correlated which liquid extracts from neem leaf (NLE), wood
were observed. Podder et al., (2013) observed ash [WAE] and their modified forms
that Neem, mahogany, biskatali, pithraj (modified neem leaf MNLE) as fertilizer
extract treated plots showed significant sources for improving soil fertility, growth
variation over untreated control in aspects of and yield of garden egg (Solanium melogena
percent population reduction of Epilachna L.). Six treatments were tested, namely neem
beetle, neem oil at 13% concentration was the leaf extract, wood ash extract (WAE),
most effective among them. Moyin-Jesu et modified neem leaf extract, poultry manure,
al., (2012) conducted an experiment on the N P K 15-15-15 fertilizer (NPK) and control
extracts (neem leaf, wood ash and modified (no fertilizer or extract). Results indicated
neem leaf) which applied at 1200 litres per significant increases (P<0.05) in plant height,
hectare each, NPK 15-15-15 at 300 kg ha-1 leaf area, leaf population, number of
and poultry was applied at 6t ha-1. The results branches, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit
showed that there were significant increases diameter, soil N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, content,
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665
and soil acidity under different fertilizer micro-macro nutrients. Javed et al., (2007)
extracts compared to the control treatment. reported that neem formulations form was
NLE yielded increased plant height, leaf area neem leaves and neem cakes (a by-product
and stem girth of garden egg by 19.8%, left after the extraction of oil from neem seed)
21.5% and 5% respectively compared to and one of the neem-refined products was
wood ash treatment [WAE]. As compared to ‘‘aza’’. The protective and curative soil
NPK, NLE also yielded increased plant height application of these formulations significantly
and stem girth, while, NPK yielded increased reduced the number of egg masses and eggs
leaf area and number of branches compared to per egg mass on tomato roots. Protective
NLE. Plant height and leaf area increased by application of neem crude formulations
15% and 11% respectively under NLE (leaves and cake) did not reduce the invasion
treatment as compared to poultry manure. For of juveniles whereas aza at 0.1% w/w did.
the yield parameters, modified NLE yielded Curative application of neem formulations
increased garden egg fruit weight, fruit length significantly reduced the number of egg
and fruit diameter by 37.5%, 41.55% and masses and eggs per egg mass as compared
31.3% respectively as compared to WAE, and with the control. Wondafrash et al., (2012)
fruit weight, length and diameter by 42%, conducted a study on effects of neem oil
24% and 12.5% respectively as compared to (Nimbecidine 0.03% Aza) and water extracts
NPK. of neem seed and leaf on African bollworm,
Helicoverpa armigera at three concentration
Moyin-Jesu (2014) observed that mixed levels (2.5%, 5% and 10%) under laboratory
extract of neem leaf + wood ash treatment condition. In square dip experiment, high
gave the highest values of plantain growth mortalities were statistically recorded from
and yield parameters and also improved the larvae treated with all concentration levels of
soil nutrients (soil N, P, K, Ca, Mg and 0.M) seed extract and the two lower concentration
compared to NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer, neem levels of leaf extracts as compared to
leaf and wood ash extracts (sole forms) mortalities from control larvae. In larval
respectively. It is recommended that for better immersion experiment, high mortalities were
performance of plantain bunch weight, finger obtained from larvae treated with high
weight, finger diameter and length, growth concentration levels of both seed and leaf
parameters and improvement of soil fertility extracts as compared to control larvae. Three
status, application of mixed extract of neem days after treatment application, significantly
leaf + wood ash at 833.3L ha-1 is appropriate. low numbers of squares were damaged by the
Anam et al., (2006) concluded that efficacy of larvae treated with the three concentration
neem oil on the mortality, growth and feeding levels of seed extracts as compared to the
responses of epilachna beetle showed that all control. Significant feeding reductions on
the larval instars were susceptible to this oil. artificial diet were also observed from larvae
The LC50 values were higher at 3rd instar treated with various concentration levels of
and it was lowest on 1st instar. The LT50 Nimbecidine, seed and leaf extracts at 6 and 9
values of oil increases proportionately with days after treatment application in larval
increasing larval age and with decreasing oil immersion experiment.
concentration. Singh and Chauhan (2015)
observed the aqueous extract of neem plant Sharma and Khan (2008) studied the
parts showed significant germination of Okra Schistocerca gregaria F, adults which were
(Abelmoschus esculentus) plant may be due to treated against different concentrations of
presence of different plant hormones and Neem products viz. Azadirachta indica
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Lycoperscon esculantum, Hibiscus esculenta farming that produces healthier, greater, and
and Solanum melongena were selected for faster yields. Myint et al., (2009) concluded
analysis. The shoot length, root length, total with their experiment thet foliar application of
length, number of leaves, leaf length, biomass fish waste extract @ 40cc/ 20 liter of water on
of the plant and roots division were measured soyabean crop showed the higher plant height
in every 15 days interval upto 45 days. After (74.83cm), leaf length (11.87 ), plant dry
45 days, the percentage of root length growth weight (4740.83 kg ha-1) and Seed yield
of L. esculantum, H. esculenta and S. (3850.83 kg ha-1) as compare to control.
melongena in experimental plants showed 84,
99 and 82% and the shoot length growth were Strategy for promotion of organic
50, 45 & 66% higher than the control plants. formulations
The outcome of the result in the experimental
plants showed fast growth than the control From those previously stated information, it
plants. Bouchard et al., (2007) observed that may be reasonable that natural formulations
the fish water had the highest nitrate content. bring monstrous possibility to move forward
Both fish water and Miracle-Gro™ had pH soil fertility, crop productivity and pest
level at neutral (7.0 pH), with rain water management
being more acidic (4.5 pH). Fish water
produced the higher plant in terms of length It may be conundrum to record that most of
with an average stem length of 16.64 information on these preparations has been
centimeters and an average root length of 9.08 experienced by Indian farmers since old times
centimeters, giving a total average length of but number of apprehensions are persisting
25.72 centimeters. This was 2.7 centimeters for use of organic formulations which
longer then second longest water typed plant requires initiation of systematic research for
which was rain water. Balraj et al., (2014) further descriptions.
noted that fermented fish waste is found to
enrich the soil nutrients required for plant Similar assessment for natural formulations
growth and favourably influence the prepared through ingredients from similar
conducting functions of xylem and phloem origin and there scientific explanation for
vessels. Thus fish waste could be used as a their nutrient status, microbial consortia and
valuable organic liquid fertilizer for better other associated scientific information can
yield from crops at lesser cost and also resolve many apprehensions.
without the harmful effects of chemical
fertilizers. Jain (2011) results showed that Impact, role played in package of practices
pond water does contain enough nutrients to will help for their acceptance in promotion of
sustain plant growth. Nutrient-rich effluent organic farming.
from fish tanks can be used to fertigate
hydroponic systems which would otherwise These can be prepared with little support and
be contaminants building up to toxic levels in skill up gradation trainings.
the tanks. This finding has real world
application as every person depends on There is need for delineation of nutrient status
agriculture for survival. However, the current (macro and micro nutrients), plant growth
agricultural practices, with fertilizers and promoting factors, immunity enhancer ability
pesticides, cause harm to our earth, flora, and etc., for their quick acceptance by the
fauna. Hydroponics and aquaponics provide scientific and farming community.
us with an environmentally friendly way of
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Déla, M.A., Koffivi, K.G., Komina, A., Arnaud, predators. Natural Product Radiance, 4:
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