GEOLOGY LABORATORY

ECG253
OPEN-ENDED LAB
MARCH – JULY 2018

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ MINERALS
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 11 APRIL 2023
GROUP : PEC11O2B1
GROUP MEMBERS 1. WAN AZRA JASMIN BINTI AYOB (2022483498)
2. NOR AISYA EZLYN BINTI SHAIFULHAZRI
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN(2022858388)
3. NUR AMANI NABILAH BINTI ZAMSARIE
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN(2022832218)
4. NUR AUNI SAFIYAH BINTI
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNRAHISAMUDDIN (2022477298)
LECTURER : MADAM ROZAINI RAMLI
LEVEL OF OPENESS : 0

MARKS COMMENTS
INTRODUCTION CO2 PO7
OBJECTIVE(S) CO2 PO7
METHODOLOGY CO2 PO7
RESULTS CO2 PO7
DISCUSSION CO2 PO7 2 4 6 8 10
CONCLUSION CO2 PO7 2 4 6 8 10
ORGANIZATION CO2 PO7 2 4 6 8 10

TOTAL MARKS
 INTRODUCTION

The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities will not be able to

provide the avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities and
inculcate creativity and innovation. Level 0 is fully prescriptive where problem,
ways & means and answers are provided to the students.

In this laboratory, Dana (1985) states that each mineral possesses certain
physical properties or characteristics by which it may be recognised or
identified. Some are subjected to certain simple test. Physical properties are
useful in mineral identification.

A mineral can be defined as a natural inorganic substance having a particular

chemical composition or range of composition and a regular atomic structure to
which its crystalline form is related. To study rocks, it is necessary to know the
rock forming minerals.

Minerals have a definite set of physical properties that result from their
crystalline structure and composition. Most minerals require thousands of years
to develop and others need just a few years. Minerals are formed either in the
molten rock or magma, near the Earth’s surface or deep within the Earth’s crust
due to the result of transformation.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of the laboratory test is to identify physical properties of minerals.

 APPARATUS

i. Minerals from Reference Set

ii. Moh’s Scale of Hardness Set
iii. Information & Hints from theoretical background

PROCEDURES

i. The mineral are named by referring from the Reference Set.

ii. The colour of minerals is identified through observation.
iii. The minerals are observed into light to see the luster of minerals.
iv. The minerals are stretch by using Moh’s Scale of Hardness Set to identify
the minerals hardness.
v. The colour of the minerals (Streak) is identified by stretching the
minerals. The minerals are put into the light to measure the transparency
of the minerals.
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
 DISCUSSION

QUARTZ
quartz looks like a shiny glass and very strong structure. Chemical formula of
quartz is SO2. Mostly, quartz is used in radio, glass making, porcelain in
detergent and paint. Main shape of this minerals is hexagonal.

MAGNETITE
magnetite has black metallic in colour. Well known of its magnetic behaviour
that’s very responsive towards metal. This mineral also needs to be wash
immediately after met with water to prevent it from rusting.

HEMATITE
hematite is one of the most common minerals. The colour of most red and brown
rock, such as sandstone, is caused by small amounts of Hematite. It is also
responsible for the red colour of many minerals. Non-crystalline forms of
Hematite maybe transformations of the mineral Limonite that lost mineral,
possibly due to heat.

GALENA
Galena has bright metallic colour and its surface look like silver. It has high
density and has sharp from of structure. It will form small cubes when applied
pressure on it. It contains plumbum, Pb that needed in battery such as car
battery.

PYRITE
Pyrite is important in making sulphuric acid. Sometimes, it also contains a
small amount of gold.

CONCLUSION

According to the experiments identification of minerals, we can learn to identify

the minerals. The classification for this experiment are to determine color, luster,
streak, hardness and transparency. A mineral is identified as natural inorganic
substance which either contains particular chemical composition nor range of
composition. To study rocks, it is a compulsory to examine the rock forming
minerals and to identify the scientific name of the rock. Each mineral possesses
certain physical properties or characteristics by which it may be recognised or
identified. Some of subjected to certain simple test however, physical properties
are very useful in mineral identification.