Telecommunications 1

• Week 3
Agenda

• Recap + Quiz
• Modulation basics
• Smth
• Smth

• Quiz
• Other Order of Business
Recap Contract - how do we feel safe with each other

• Safety feeling enables learning

• Phones away
• There are no stupid questions
• Be on time
• Optional breaks
• Upload Canvas upfront
• Patience
Start with the quiz for warm coffee

• Kahoot.it
Recap Signals
Relationship b/w time and frequency domains
Why do we need modulation
Example:Radio transmission audio signal (20Hz -20000Hz)
Bandwidth = 20000 - 20 = 19980Hz

Voice Microphone Transmitter

Electric signal, Antenna:
20 Hz – 20 Size requirement
KHz > 1/10wavelength

c 3108 Antenna too large!

At 3 KHz:    3
 10 5
100km Use modulation to
f 310 transfer
 .1 10km information to a
higher frequency
Basic Concept of Modulation
• The information source
• Typically a low frequency signal
• Referred to as the “baseband signal”
X(f)
x(t)

t f

• Carrier
baseband Modulated
• A higher frequencysinusoid carrier Modulator signal
• Example: cos(2π10000t)
• Modulated Signal
• Some parameter of the carrier (amplitude, frequency, phase) is varied in accordance with the
baseband signal
 Carrier frequency = High Frequency signal/ sine wave

Modulation
Baseband frequency, carrier frequency & high frequency signals

Characteristics:
• amplitude AM
• frequency FM
• phase PM

Trigonometr ෝ ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝝎𝑡 + 𝝋 = 𝑣ො ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ∙ 𝜋 ∙ 𝑓 𝑡 + 𝜑

𝑣 𝑡 =𝒗
ic function

• 𝒖, 𝝎, 𝝋) of our LF
When we add one of these three characteristics (ෝ
signal (information) then we have modulated the carrier wave.
Modulation
Amplitude and frequency variations

v
amplitude variation, e.g. high/low
tones in case of speech and music

0 ωt

frequency variation,
e.g. high/low tones in
case of speech and
music
 𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = 𝑣1 𝑡 + 𝑣2 𝑡
= 𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 + ෝ𝑣2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡
Modulation
Adding two signal with equal frequencies 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒: 𝜔2 = 𝜔1
𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 = 𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 + ෝ𝑣2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡
+1

0
π 2π ωt ෝ𝟏 + ෝ𝒗𝟐 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝟏 ∙ 𝒕
𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = 𝒗
-1 +2,5

ADDER

𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡
0 π 2π ωt

𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑣ො2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡 time domain

+1,5
-2,5

0
π 2π ωt
ampl.
frequency domain
-1,5

• Conclusion:
– Only the amplitude changes ( addition of 𝑣ො1 and 𝑣ො2 ) freq.

– Frequency of the output remains same

 𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = 𝑣1 𝑡 + 𝑣2 𝑡
= 𝑢ො 1 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 + ෝ𝑢2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡
Modulation
Adding two signal with different frequencies 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒: 𝜔2 =2𝜔1

𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝑢ො 1 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = 𝑣1 𝑡 + 𝑣2 𝑡
=𝒖ෝ 𝟏 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝟏 ∙ 𝒕 + ෝ
𝒖𝟐 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝎𝟏 ∙ 𝒕
0
π 2π
ωt

ADDER

π
0 2π
ωt

𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑢ො 2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡 time domain

π 2π
0
ωt ampl.
frequency domain

• Conclusion:
– No additional information – input appears at the output f1 f2=2f1 freq.
without modulation.
– Input frequencies appear at the output
 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼)∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽) = 2 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) − 2 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝑖𝑓 𝜶 = 𝜷

Modulation 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼)∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽) = 2 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) − 2 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽)

Multipying two signal with the same frequencies 1

0
1
2𝛼
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼)∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽) = − ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝛼)
2 2

𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑣1 𝑡 ∙ 𝑣2 𝑡
𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡
= 𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑣ො2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡
+1

0
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒: 𝜔2 =𝜔1
π 2π
ωt ෝ𝟏 ∙ 𝒗
𝒗 ෝ𝟐 𝒗ෝ𝟏 ∙ 𝒗
ෝ𝟐
-1 𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 == − ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝎𝟏 ∙ 𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
MULTIPLIER
+1

0 π 2π
ωt
𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑣ො2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡 time domain
DC
+1

2π ampl. frequency domain

0 π
ωt
-1

DC
• Conclusion: f1=f2 2f1 freq.

– You get DC offset

– 2nd harmonic of the input
 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝛼)= 2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼) ∙ cos(𝛼)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝛼
Modulation = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼) ∙ cos(𝛼)
2
Multipying two signal with the same frequencies and phase 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑣1 𝑡 ∙ 𝑣2 𝑡
difference of 𝜑=90° = 𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑣ො2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒: 𝜔2 =𝜔1
𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡
𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = 𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑣ො2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡
+1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜔1 ∙𝑡
= 𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑣ො2 ∙
0 𝟐
π 2π
ωt
-1 ෝ𝟏 ∙ෝ
𝒗 𝒗𝟐
𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟐
∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝎𝟏 ∙ 𝒕
MULTIPLIER
1,0
0,5
2π
0
𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑣ො2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡 + 90° π
ωt
-0,5
𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑣ො2 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡 time domain -1,0
+1

2π
0 π
ωt ampl.
-1 frequency domain

• Conclusion:
– Both frequencies are present
f1=f2 2f1
– Con: 90° phase shift freq.
 𝟏
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼) ∙ sin(𝛽) = ∙ cos 𝛼 − 𝛽 − cos(𝛼 + 𝛽)
Modulation 𝟐
Multipying two signal with the same frequencies and
phase difference of 𝜑=60° 𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = 𝑣1 𝑡 ∙ 𝑣2 𝑡
= 𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 ∙ 𝑣ො2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 + 𝜑

𝑣ො1 ∙𝑣ො2
𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = ∙ cos 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 − 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 + 𝜑 − cos(𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 + 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 + 𝜑)
𝟐
+1
ෝ𝟏 ∙ෝ
𝒗 𝒗𝟐 ෝ𝟏 ∙ෝ
𝒗 𝒗𝟐
0 π
2π 𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜑 − ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 2𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 + 𝜑
𝟐 𝟐
ωt
-1
1,0
MULTIPLIER
0,5
0,0
π 2π
-0,5
𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑣ො2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 + 𝜑
time domain -1,0

+1

0 π 2π

ωt ampl.
-1 frequency domain

• Conclusion:
– Both frequencies are present
– Con: 60° phase shift f1=f2 2f1 freq.
• What is DC component @ vout(t)
Modulation
Multipying two signal with the same frequencies and phase difference of 𝜑=30°

𝑣ො1 ∙𝑣ො2
𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = 𝑣1 𝑡 ∙ 𝑣2 𝑡  𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = ∙ cos 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 − 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 + 𝜑 − cos(𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 + 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 + 𝜑)
𝟐

ෝ𝟏 ∙ෝ
𝒗 𝒗𝟐 ෝ𝟏 ∙ෝ
𝒗 𝒗𝟐
𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜑 − ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 2𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 + 𝜑
𝟐 𝟐
DC component 2nd harmonic

30°

60°
1,0
MULTIPLIER
90°
𝑣1 𝑡 0,5
π
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡 0,0
𝑣2 𝑡 DC 2π
component -0,5
time domain
-1,0

• Conclusion: ampl.
frequency domain
– DC-component depends on φ
– Freq is constant, φ shifts signal over time

• What is DC component @ vout(t)

– 𝑣ො1 =𝑣ො2 =1V f1=f2 2f1 freq.
– 30° phase shift
 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼)∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽) = 2 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) − 2 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽)

Modulation
Multipying two signal with two different frequencies
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑣1 𝑡 ∙ 𝑣2 𝑡
= 𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 ∙ 𝑣ො2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡
𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝜔2 ≠ 𝜔1
0 ෝ𝟏 ∙ 𝒗
𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = 𝒗 ෝ𝟐 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝟏 ∙ 𝒕 ∙ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝟐 ∙ 𝒕
π 2π
ωt
a b

MULTIPLIER 1,0

𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡
0,5
0,0 π
2π ωt
-0,5
time domain
𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑣ො2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡 -1,0

π 2π
0
ωt
 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼)∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽) = 2 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) − 2 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽)

Modulation
Multipying two signal with two different frequencies

MULTIPLIER
𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 𝝎
𝟏
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡
𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑣ො2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡 𝟐
𝝎
time domain

𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑣1 𝑡 ∙ 𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 ∙ 𝑣ො2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡

𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑣ො2
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = ∙ cos 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 − 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡 − cos(𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡 + 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡)
𝟐
a b a b
𝑣ො1 ∙ 𝑣ො2
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = ∙ cos 𝜔1 − 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡 − cos 𝜔1 + 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡
𝟐
ෝ𝟏 ∙ 𝒗
𝒗 ෝ𝟐 ෝ𝟏 ∙ 𝒗
𝒗 ෝ𝟐
𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝟏 − 𝝎𝟐 ∙ 𝒕 − ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝟏 + 𝝎𝟐 ∙ 𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
Difference of Sum of
frequencies frequencies
 MULTIPLIER

𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝑢ො 1 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔1 ∙ 𝑡
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡
Modulation 𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑢ො 2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔2 ∙ 𝑡
Multipying two signal with different frequencies

ෝ𝟏 ∙ 𝒗
𝒗 ෝ𝟐 ෝ𝟏 ∙ 𝒗
𝒗 ෝ𝟐
𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕 = ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝟏 − 𝝎𝟐 ∙ 𝒕 − ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝟏 + 𝝎𝟐 ∙ 𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
Difference of Sum of
frequencies frequencies

Conclusion
Output • Sum and difference signal (made up of both
frequencies
ampl. original frequencies)

• We now speak of modulation, and hence, we

can therefore send !!

• Also called “double side band” signal (DSB)

freq. • In professional literature also called:

f2-f1 f1 f2 f2+f1 “balanced modulation” (balance modulation)

• Examples of modulator IC:

– LM1596 (military)
input – LM1496 = MC1496 (consumer), approx. € 1.75
frequencies
Amplitude modulation
Linear modulation / Amplitude Modulation
Modulated signal
Amplitude spectra
Amplitude spectra
Amplitude spectra
Amplitude spectra
General idea of an AM modulator
Modulation coefficient
Modulation coefficient
Modulation coefficient
u
0% u
0
t f

u u
25%
t 0 f

u u
50% 0 f
t

u
u
t 100%
fDC f fLSB fC fUSB f
m

30
Modulation coefficient overmodulation and
distortion
u

t
0

U out   û c .sin(2..f c .t) . û c  û m .sin(2..f m .t) 

  4.sin(2..20k.t) . 4  8.sin(2..1k.t) 

ûm 8
modulatie-diepte in %: m  .100%  .100%  200%
ûc 4

exel: =(4*SIN(2*PI()*20000*A5))*(4+8*SIN(2*PI()*1000*A5)) t  10 s

31