The history of microbiology begins with a Dutch haberdasher named Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, a man of

no formal scientific education. In the late 1600s, Leeuwenhoek, inspired by the magnifying lenses used
by drapers to examine cloth, assembled some of the first microscopes. He developed a technique for
grinding and polishing tiny, convex lenses, some of which could magnify an object up to 270 times. After
scraping some plaque from between his teeth and examining it under a lens, Leeuwenhoek found tiny
squirming creatures, which he called “animalcules.”

His observations, which he reported to the Royal Society of London, are among the first descriptions of
living bacteria. Leeuwenhoek discovered an entire universe invisible to the naked eye. He found more
animalcules—protozoa and bacteria—in samples of pond water, rain water, and human saliva. He gave
the first description of red corpuscles, observed plant tissue, examined muscle, and investigated the life
cycle of insects.

Nearly two hundred years later, Leeuwenhoek’s discovery of microbes aided French chemist and
biologist Louis Pasteur to develop his “germ theory of disease.” This concept suggested that disease
derives from tiny organisms attacking and weakening the body. The germ theory later helped doctors to
fight infectious diseases including anthrax, diphtheria, polio, smallpox, tetanus, and typhoid.
Leeuwenhoek did not foresee this legacy. In a 1716 letter, he described his contribution to science this
way: “My work, which I’ve done for a long time, was not pursued in order to gain the praise I now enjoy,
but chiefly from a craving after knowledge, which I notice resides in me more than in most other men.
And therewithal, whenever I found out anything remarkable, I have thought it my duty to put down my
discovery on paper, so that all ingenious people might be informed thereof.”

1. According to the passage, Leeuwenhoek would be best described as a

a. bored haberdasher who stumbled upon scientific discovery.
b. trained researcher with an interest in microbiology.
c. proficient hobbyist who made microscopic lenses for entertainment.
d. inquisitive amateur who made pioneer studies of microbes.
e. talented scientist interested in finding a cure for disease.

2. The quotation from Leeuwenhoek is used to illustrate

a. the value he placed on sharing knowledge among scientists.
b. that scientific discoveries often go unrecognized.
c. that much important research is spurred by professional ambition.
d. the serendipity of scientific progress.
e. the importance of Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries in fighting infectious diseases.

3. The author’s attitude toward Leeuwenhoek’s contribution to medicine is one of

a. ecstatic reverence.
b. genuine admiration.
c. tepid approval.
d. courteous opposition.
e. antagonistic incredulity.
We go to school through lanes and back streets so that we won’t meet the respectable boys who go to
the Christian Brothers’ School or the rich ones who go to the Jesuit school, Crescent College. The
Christian Brothers’ boys wear tweed jackets, warm woolen sweaters, shirts, ties, and shiny new boots.
We know they’re the ones who will get jobs in the civil service and help the people who run the world.
The Crescent College boys wear blazers and school scarves tossed around their necks and over their
shoulders to show they’re cock o’ the walk. They have long hair which falls across their foreheads and
over their eyes so that they can toss their quaffs like Englishmen.

We know they’re the ones who will go to university, take over the family business, run the government,
run the world. We’ll be the messenger boys on bicycles who deliver their groceries or we’ll go to
England to work on the building sites. Our sisters will mind their children and scrub their floors unless
they go off to England, too. We know that. We’re ashamed of the way we look and if boys from the rich
schools pass remarks we’ll get into a fight and wind up with bloody noses or torn clothes. Our masters
will have no patience with us and our fights because their sons go to the rich schools and, Ye have no
right to raise hands to a better class of people so Ye don’t”

4. Where do you usually find this king of text?

a. News paper
b. Novel
c. Book
d. Article
e. Magazine

5. The passage suggests that the author goes to school

a. in shabby clothing.
b. in a taxi cab.
c. in warm sweaters and shorts.
d. on a bicycle.
e. to become a civil servant.

6. The author quotes his school masters saying Ye have no right to raise hands to a better class of
people so ye don’t in order to
a. demonstrate how strict his school masters were.
b. contrast his school to the Christian Brothers’ School and Crescent College.
c. show how his teachers reinforced class lines.
d. prove that the author was meant for greater things.
e. show how people talked.

7. The passage implies that

a. the author was determined to go to England.
b. the author was determined to be someone who will run the world.
c. the author often got into fights.
d. the author didn’t understand the idea of class and rank in society.
e. one’s class determined one’s future.
Women with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often live undiagnosed. This diagnosis gap
happens partly because it's a condition that was traditionally thought to affect mostly men, but also
because women tend to have less obvious or socially disruptive symptoms than men.

One of the reasons why ADHD frequently goes undiagnosed in women and girls is that their symptoms
often differ from those of men and boys. ADHD comes in three presentations: inattentive,
hyperactive/impulsive, or a combination of the two. Men and boys tend to have hyperactive/impulsive
ADHD, which may cause them to be fidgety, always on the go, disruptive, restless, talkative, impulsive,
impatient, and have mood swings. Women, on the other hand, have a tendency to exhibit inattentive
ADHD, which makes it hard to focus, pay attention to details, stay organized, listen, and remember
things.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that boys are more likely to be diagnosed
with ADHD than girls (12.9\% vs. 5.6\%). However, research suggests that this disparity is not because
boys are more susceptible but instead because girls are consistently underdiagnosed.

ADHD symptoms in girls are often viewed as character traits rather than symptoms of a condition. For
example, a girl might be described as spacey, forgetful, or chatty. Later in life, a woman might reach out
for help for her symptoms, only to be diagnosed with depression or anxiety instead.

8. What is the main idea of the text?

a. The symptoms of ADHD in women are frequently looked over and cause them to be
underdiagnosed
b. ADHD in women is supposedly a frequent occurrence, but often overlooked.
c. There is a stark difference between men and women diagnosed with ADHD, but women are
underdiagnosed.
d. Women are often underdiagnosed for medical symptoms and it causes a difference in
gender rates.
e. Research shows that men have higher chances of being diagnosed with ADHD than women.

9. Which paragraph informs about the symptoms of ADHD according to their gender?
a. Paragraph 1
b. Paragraph 2
c. Paragraph 3
d. Paragraph 4
e. None of the above

10. ADHD symptoms in girls are often viewed as character traits rather than symptoms of a
condition. For example, a girl might be described as spacey, forgetful, or chatty. Later in life, a
woman might reach out for help for her symptoms, only to be diagnosed with depression or
anxiety instead. The underlined word 'might' describes a ....
a. wish
b. obligation
c. permission
 d. ability
e. possibility

“Why, when something is adorable, do we get the urge to squeeze it and squish it?” National
Geographic's Emily Tye asked Saturday’s Weird Animal Question of the Week. “Seems dangerous,
evolutionarily speaking!”

Rest assured, Emily: you’re not alone. In a 2015 study in Psychological Science, Yale University
psychologist Oriana Aragon and team asked a group of people to rate how cute some baby pictures are
and write how they feel. They found that people who gave extremely positive scores also “displayed
strong aggressive expressions,” such as wanting to pinch or squish the babies' cheeks.

Speaking of such expressions, another experiment in the aforementioned study found that participants
popped more bubble wrap when they saw images of baby animals than those who viewed images of
older animals. This shows that, if given the chance to crush something while seeing cute animals, they
would—though Aragon speculates that they probably don’t desire so with any real intent to harm the
creatures.

So what explains this impulse to squeeze or nibble adorable animals? For some people, experiencing a
strong emotion is followed by “an expression of what one would think is an opposing feeling," says
Aragon. "For instance, you may throw up in the presence of your idol, have nervous laughter, or desire
to squeeze something that you think is unbearably cute"—even if it's an animal you’d normally want to
cuddle or protect.

(1) That opposing reaction may also serve to “temper” their initial overwhelming emotion, thus bringing
the person into balance. (2) The word “temper” means “to act as a neutralizing or counterbalancing
force”. (3) For instance, the 2015 study showed people who had such positive and negative concurrent
reactions regained their emotional equilibrium more quickly. (4) And if you’re caring for something
adorable, that’s important. (5) “Because they may help people to regain control over their intense
emotions, these aggressive expressions help the caretaker to care for an animal or baby appropriately,”
Aragon says.

11. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
a. The Science Behind Aggressive Cuteness
b. Why Aggressive Cuteness Is So Widespread
c. Why We Love to Squeeze Cute Things
d. Why Cute Things Are So Squeezable
e. What Makes Babies and Baby Animals Cute

12. What cannot be inferred from the passage above?

a. The longer an animal has lived, the less cute they may look to people.
b. People who do not find babies cute may not feel a strong urge to squeeze them.
c. Aggressive urges upon seeing something cute may not be limited to urges for physical actions.
d. Aggressive urges upon seeing something cute do not necessarily have to be expressed towards
the cute thing itself.
 e. It is important for a new parent to be in control of their emotions when caring for their child.

…. The term also applies to human behavior, and it usually describes large numbers of people acting the
same way at the same time. It often has a connotation of irrationality, as people's actions are driven by
emotion rather than by thinking through a situation. [1] Human herd behavior can be observed at large-
scale demonstrations, riots, strikes, religious gatherings, sports events, and outbreaks of mob violence.
[2] When herd behavior sets in, an individual person's judgment and opinion-forming process shuts
down as he or she automatically follows the group's movement and behavior.

Herd behavior in humans is frequently observed at times of danger and panic; for example, a fire in a
building often causes herd behavior, with people often suspending their individual reasoning and fleeing
together in a pack. People in a crisis that requires escape will attempt to move faster than normal, copy
the actions of others, interact physically with each other, and ignore alternative strategies in favor of
following the mass escape trend.

Herd behavior does not always have such harmful effects; it can be influential in people's everyday,
simple decisions. For example, suppose that a family is walking down the street looking for a restaurant
to have dinner. If they pass a restaurant that is empty and one that is relatively crowded with patrons,
they are far more likely to choose the crowded one, on the assumption that it's better because there are
more people there. Herding can be subtle in this way; it simply involves people's tendency to follow a
crowd rather than carve out an individual path in many situations.

13. The previous passage is most likely about ....

a. how to spot herd behavior during a social activity
b. herd behavior in other living beings
c. the definition of human behavior
d. herd behavior found in humans
e. scientists' proof of herd behavior

14. How are sentences 1 and 2 related?

a. Sentence 1 talks about the effects of herd behavior and sentence 2 describes the
consequences.
b. Sentence 1 states the consequences of herd behavior occurring and sentence 2 provides
further elaboration.
c. Sentence 1 provides situations of herd behavior possibly occurring and sentence 2 describes
its effects on an individual.
d. Sentence 2 provides the effects happening to an individual due to the consequences in
sentence 1 taking place.
e. Sentence 1 provides places of possible herd behavior and sentence 2 explains the negative
disadvantages

15. What is the author's attitude towards the topic?

a. Dismissive
b. Vindictive
c. Skeptical
 d. Objective
e. Doubtful

If it happens to you one day, don’t despair. Even if you dropped your cell phone into the sink, toilet, or
bathtub, you may be able to save it. The most important thing you can do is act fast. Take it out of the
water as soon as possible. Then, turn it off, take out the battery, and remove all accessories. Try to
remove as much water from it as you can with either towels or a vacuum cleaner. Focus on drying both
the headphone jack and the charging port. Then, put it in a bowl of instant rice or any other absorbent
material for 48-72 hours before turning it on. With a little luck and fast action, your cell phone may
survive its brush with death.

16. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

a. It is OK to put a wet cell phone in an absorbent material not designed for drying cell phones.
b. If you dropped your cell phone in water, you’d only have two to three days to save it.
c. A wet cell phone must be dried using towels and a vacuum cleaner.
d. When drying a wet cell phone, you can choose to dry the headphone jack or the charging
port.
e. If a wet cell phone were connected to wired earphones, it would be better to leave the
earphones plugged in.

Two years after announcing that he had retired from comics, Alan Moore, the illustrious author of
Watchmen and V for Vendetta, has signed a six-figure deal for a “groundbreaking” five-volume fantasy
series as well as a “momentous” collection of short stories.

Bloomsbury, which published the Harry Potter novels, acquired what it described as two “major”
projects from the 67- year-old. The first, Illuminations, is a short story collection which will be published
in autumn 2022 and which moves from the four horsemen of the apocalypse to the “Boltzmann brains”
fashioning the universe. Bloomsbury editor Ken Hyland said it was “dazzlingly original and brimming
with energy”, promising a series of “beguiling and elegantly crafted tales that reveal the full power of
imagination and magic”.

The second acquisition is a fantasy quintet titled Long London, which will launch in 2024. The series will
move from the “shell-shocked and unravelled” London of 1949 to “a version of London just beyond our
knowledge”, encompassing murder, magic and madness. Bloomsbury said it “promises to be epic and
unforgettable, a tour-de-force of magic and history”.

17. Which of the following questions is answered in the passage?

a. What genre of comics does Alan Moore specialize in?
b. Which publisher published Alan Moore’s V for Vendetta?
c. What year does the book Illuminations take place?
d. Whose editor praised the book Illuminations?
e. Which author wrote the Harry Potter series?

18. Which of the following choices uses phrasal verbs incorrectly?

 a. Honey, can you get some butter on your way home? We’ve run out of butter.
b. The caller started threatening me so I had to hang on the phone.
c. My mother cracked up at my brother’s joke. I have to admit, it was really funny.
d. I played along with my sister’s belief that she had a ghost friend.
e. Put the fire out or it’s going to burn the whole kitchen!

There were two striking breakthroughs in recent times in the running world: Stephanie Davis, a 30-year-
old with a fulltime job in finance, running a personal record (PR) of 2:27:14 to win the British Olympic
Marathon Trials in London in March; and Beth Potter, a 29-year-old Scottish triathlete, running 14:41 at
the Podium 5K in Lancashire, U.K., a second quicker than the previous world record. Surprisingly, unlike
most of their world-class rivals, Davis and Potter are not high-mileage runners. Speaking to Runner’s
World, Potter said she runs just 30 miles a week, while Davis said her hard practice averaged 88K a week
(54 miles) on the buildup to the Podium 5K.

19. What can be inferred from the passage above?

a. The writer thinks that Davis’s and Potter’s victories were to be expected.
b. Stephanie Davis hardly practiced for the Podium 5K race.
c. Beth Potter is way older than Stephanie Davis.
d. Stephanie Davis focuses all her effort and energy on racing.
e. Beth Potter finished the race slightly quicker than the previous record holder.