[Year]

Digital modulation
Schemes

PREPARED BY :
AHMED ELARBE
ADULRAHEEM ALJOGHMANNY
Introduction

Digital modulation is the process of converting digital

information into an analog signal for transmission over a
communication channel. It involves encoding the digital
information onto a carrier signal that can be transmitted
over the channel. There are several digital modulation
techniques that are used in modern communication systems.
In this study, we will discuss the most commonly used digital
modulation schemes.
 Digital Communication

Digital modulation:
This modulation modifies a carrier wave using discrete
signals. Both amplitude modulation and frequency
modulation approaches are analog in Indifference, and
Digital modulation reduces communication noise while also
increasing the signal intrusion's power. However, due to the
needed procedure, it is relatively uncommon for digital
modulation methods to include temporal delay. And
provides increased data capacity, enhanced information
security, and speedier system accessibility through high-
quality transmission.

Block Diagram of a Binary Digital Communication System

Advantages of Digital over Analog:
1. Greater noise immunity (due to its finite process)
2. Robustness to channel impairments
3. Easier multiplexing of various forms of information like
voice, data, video
4. Security – by using coding techniques to avoid jamming
5. Accommodation of digital error control codes which
detect and/or correct transmission errors
6. Equalization to improve the performance of overall
communication link
7. Supports complex signal conditioning and processing
methods

Digital modulation techniques:

In this study we will discuss the most commonly techniques:
1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
2. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
3. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
4. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK):
Amplitude Shift Keying is a simple digital modulation
technique that involves changing the amplitude of the
carrier signal to represent digital information. In ASK, the
amplitude of the carrier signal is changed between two
levels to represent binary 1 and 0. ASK is easy to implement
and is used in applications where the transmission rate is
low and the noise level is low.
 Advantages of ASK:
The wave generated is quite simple to detect and
generate
Disadvantages of ASK:
1. It has very poor bandwidth efficiency
2. The generated signal is extremely susceptible to
external factors like noise
3. It is not fit for high bit rate data transmission

ASK Applications:
1. Low-frequency RF applications
2. Industrial networks devices
3. Tire pressuring monitoring systems
4. Wireless base stations

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Frequency Shift Keying is another digital modulation
technique that involves changing the frequency of the
carrier signal to represent digital information. In FSK, the
carrier signal is switched between two frequencies to
represent binary 1 and 0. FSK is used in applications where
the transmission rate is low and the noise level is high.
Advantages of FSK:
1. it has lower probability of error (Pe)
2. It provides high SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio)
3. FSK transmitter and FSK receiver implementations are
simple for low data rate application
Disadvantages of FSK:
1. it uses larger bandwidth compare to other modulation
techniques such as ASK and PSK
2. Due to the requirement of large bandwidth, this FSK
has limitations to use only in low-speed modems
 3. The bit error rate is less in AEGN channel than phase
shift keying
FSK Applications:
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is commonly used over
telephone lines for caller ID (displaying callers'
numbers) and remote metering applications.

Phase Shift Keying (PSK):

Phase Shift Keying is a digital modulation technique that
involves changing the phase of the carrier signal to
represent digital information. In PSK, the phase of the carrier
signal is changed between two or more phases to represent
binary 1 and 0. PSK is used in applications where the
transmission rate is high and the noise level is low.
Advantages of PSK:
1. It carries data over RF signal more efficiently compare
to other modulation types
2. It is less susceptible to errors compare to ASK
modulation and occupies same bandwidth as ASK.
3. Higher data rate of transmission can be achieved using
high level of PSK modulations
Disadvantages of PSK:
1. It has lower bandwidth efficiency
2. Detection and recovery algorithms are very complex.
3. It is also one form of FSK and hence it also offers lower
bandwidth efficiency compare to ASK
 Applications of PSK:
1. This method is broadly used for bio-metric, wireless LAN
along with wireless communications
2. Local Oscillator
3. Optical Communications
4. Multi-channel WDM
5. Delay & add demodulator
6. Nonlinear effects for WDM transmission
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM):
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation is a digital modulation
technique that combines both amplitude and phase
modulation to represent digital information. In QAM, the
carrier signal is modulated both in amplitude and phase to
represent binary information. QAM is used in applications
where the transmission rate is high, and the noise level is
moderate.
Advantages of QAM:
1. Improved spectral efficiency: QAM is able to
transmit more data per unit of bandwidth
2. Higher data rates: Due to its ability to transmit
multiple bits per symbol
3. Robustness to noise: QAM is able to maintain signal
quality even in the presence of noise and
interference
4. Flexibility: QAM can be implemented with different
combinations of amplitude and phase states
Disadvantages of QAM:
1. Higher susceptibility to noise
2. More complex receiver design: The receiver design
for QAM is more complex
3. Limited bandwidth efficiency
4. Higher power requirements: QAM requires higher
power levels to transmit the same information as
other modulation
5. More vulnerable to inter-symbol interference
Application of QAM:
QAM is also used with pulse AM (PAM) in digital
systems, like wireless applications. A QAM modulator
works like a translator, helping to translate digital
packets into an analog signal to transfer data
seamlessly.
Conclusion

Digital modulation schemes are critical components of modern

communication systems. They enable the efficient transmission
of digital information over communication channels. In this
essay, we discussed some of the most commonly used digital
modulation schemes, including ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM. Each
scheme has its unique advantages and disadvantages, and the
choice of scheme depends on the specific application
requirements.