GEOLOGY 2

1. What are the 3 classifications of rocks?


2. What are the examples of igneous rocks?
 Granite, granodiorite, quartz diorite, Andesite,basalt, gabbro, peridotite, rhyolite, dacite,
rhyodacite, obsidian, phumice, ecoria,
 Types: Extrusive/volcanic igneous-crystallize at the earth surface
 Intrusive/platonic- solidy beneath the surface
3. What are the examples of metamorphic Rocks?
 Marble, could jjoin magma
4. Example of sedimentary rocks?
 Sandstone, limestone
 Three factors that help in the transformation of both igneous amd sedimentary into metamorphic
types of blocks.
 1. Intense stresses due to crustal movment of the earth
 2. Permitting hot vapour and liquid from the intruding magma
 3. Excessive pressure from the overline rocks.

5. What are the names of intrusive bodies?

GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. What is soil?
 Soil is the thin layer of material covering the earth's surface and is formed from the weathering
of rocks.
2. What are the factors affecting weathering?

3. Sizes of the following boulders:

Cobbles- 64-256 mm
Gravel-
Sand
Silk
Clay
4. How are soil formed?
 They are produced from rocks (parent material) through the processes of weathering and
natural erosion. Water, wind, temperature change, gravity, chemical interaction, living
organisms and pressure differences all help break down parent material.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Soil-
 Porosity- are
 Rocks- are solid constituents of the earth’s crust either firm, earth, and granular or they
are aggregates of one or more minerals.
 Minerals- are naturally occurring inorganic substance of different chemical composition
and are form under favourable condition. They have also a definite crystal form.
 Engineering Properties of the rocks- often relate to the minerals which make up the
rocks and their arrangement. It often relates to the minerals.
1. Talc
2. Gypsum,
3. Calcite
4. Flourite
5. apatite
6. Orthoclase
7. Quartz,
8. Topaz
9. Corundum
10. Diamond
 Rock Cycle- the concept that rocks are continually subjected to chains and that is true
and that any rock may be transformed into another type of rock through appropriate
geologic process.
 Geologic Cycle- a cycle where the materials on or near their surface have been
created, maintained and destroyed by numerous physical, chemical and
biochemical processes
 Hydrologic Cycle- a cycle on the movement of water from the oceans to the
atmosphere and back to the oceans by way of precipitation, evaporation, stream
or runoff.
 Dike- an igneous or tabula intrusion that cuts across the layered or stratified structure.
 Sill- an igneous intrusion which is parallel to the layered structure.
 Batholith- an igneous intrusion which has a diameter of moe than 40 square miles.
Bigger than stock.
 Stock- are igneous intrusion which has a diameter ranging from 30-40 square miles.
 Laccolith- these are large, large bodies resembling bill or has a domical upper surface.
 Paccolith- is a minor for concordant lens shape, and usually granitic intrusion into
folded sedimentary rock.
 Magma- a molten substance or molten silicate found in the magma chamber.
 lava- a molten substance found on the surface of the earth right after volcanic eruption
but before crystallization or solidification occur.
 Weathering- this is the change in rocks on or surface of the earth due to the action of
air, water and organic matter.
 Physical weathering- mechanical breaking down of big boulders of rocks into smaller
rock fragments with little or no change in composition.
Process:
i. Loss of coherence/ extreme changes in temperature
ii. Defrose/Frost action- the formation of ice in that cavities which
forces the walls of the cavities apart. It is the mechanical effect of
freezing water on the rocks and as commonly occurred as frost
tibing
iii. abrasion- the wearing of rock by the grinding away of rock by
another or friction or impact during transportation.
 iv. Pressure release- reduction of pressure on the body of rock that
can cause it to crack as it expands,
 Chemical weathering- involve the destruction of rock masses, resulting in the loss of
constituents and formation of new materials.
 Biological weathering- weathering cause by plants and animals
 Limestone- composed of carbonates and highly soluble by the rainwater
 Oxidation- reaction in which oxygen is chemically combined with another substance.
 Acid rain- is made artificially acid by the pollutants, particularly oxides of sulphur and
nitrogen coming from the atmosphere or from plants that emit smoke to the atmosphere.
 Carbonation- when carbon dioxide is added to the rock minerals in the form of carboic
acid , which has derived its carbon dioxide content from the atmosphere and also
vegetation.
 Carbonic Acid- a weak acid formed by the solution of carbon dioxide in water
 Dripstones- carbonates that are formed into stalagmites and stalactites
 Stalagmites- an icicle like form projecting apart from the ground of the cave.
 Stalactite- an icicle like form projecting downward from the ceiling of the cave.
 Columns – kung mag abot si stalagmites ug stalactites
 Erosion- the way that particles coming from physical weathering or mechanical
disintegration and is eroded away by the agents of erosion (water, wind, glacial ice).
 Compression- equal and opposite forces acting at opposite direction.
 Sedimentary Rocks- coming from previously existing rocks which were transported,
deposited and later on compacted and turned into a film rock. Form in layers from
materials deposited by water, wind, ice, or other agents.
Mode of formation:;
 Mecahanically formed, conglomerate and sandstone
 Chemically formed by inorganic process, photas rock and rock salt
 Chemically formed by organic with carbon, coal

Three ways this are formed:

 Decomposition
 Disintegration
 Accumulation
 Igneous- are formed from solidification of molten material known as magma and lava
 Sedimentation-
 Induration-
 Lithification
 Sedimentary facies-
 Porosity
 Deposition -
 Heat pressure metamorphism-
 Permeability-
 Strength of materials-
 Compressive Stresses-
 Shear stress-
  Tensile stress-
 Shearing strength of the materials-
 Rock mass-
 Rock Substance-
 Rock Material-
 Tension Stress-

 Cappilary action-
 Intact rock strengths-
 Plastic limit-.
 Liquid limit-
 Rain deposit-
 Beach deposit
 Residual soil-
 Transported soil-
 Sedentary soil –
 Foundation-
1. What are the materials which will be used for foundation of structure?
2. What is the three essential step needed in the design of building foundation?
3. In the construction of bridge and bridges, try locate the abutments and piers?
 Abutments are the end supports of the bridge
 Pier are the internal support of the bridge

4. In the costruction of roads the engineer should consider two factors, what are these two
factors?

5. What are the requisite condition for a reservoir site and dam site?

 Dam-
Importance of the construction of dams
 Reservoir-
 Spillway-

Guide

 Geologic hazards-
1. what are the types of geologic hazards
 landslides
 earthquakes
 tsunamis
 volcanoes
 lahars
 hydrothermal eruptions
2. what are the causes of floods
 is caused by atmospheric conditions that lead to heavy rain or the rapid melting of snow and ice.

3. what are the different flood control

 Dikes, spurs, levees, and seawalls often act as the first line of defense against overflowing
rivers, floods, storm surges, and—in the longer term—rising seas.

4. what are the two slide producing agents


5. what are the classification of slope failures
  The type of material that failed (typically either bedrock or unconsolidated sediment) The
mechanism of the failure (how the material moved) The rate at which it moved.

6. what are the factors affecting slope failures

 Weathered geology: Weak, weathered bedrock, jointed rock, or bedrock that dips
parallel to the slope can decrease stability.
 Vegetation removal: Droughts, wildfires and humans can remove vegetation from the
slope, decreasing stability.
 Freeze/thaw cycles: Water in rock joints or in soils can decrease slope stability.
 Stream action: Rivers can erode the bottom of the slope, called the toe, decreasing
stability. This can occur over time through normal stream action or catastrophically
during flood events.
 Human modifications: Humans modify stability through actions such as excavation of
the slope or its toe, loading of the slope or crest, surface or groundwater manipulation,
irrigation, and mining.
 Slope angle: Steeper slopes tend to have greater risks for instability.
 Soil type: Soils have variable amounts of shear strength, dependent on factors such as
soil texture, pore water, and particle cohesion.
 Water sources: Water works in many ways to reduce shear strength. For example, pore
water pressure in soils decreases shear strength, and saturated soils are more likely to
lead to slope failure. Perched water tables, groundwater seeps, and excessive
precipitation are some examples of water sources that may lead to slope failure in
certain conditions.

7. what are the causes of slope failure/slides

 Slope failures occur when driving forces overcome resisting forces. The driving force is
typically gravity, and the resisting force is the slope material's shear strength. When assessing a
slope's stability look for indications that physical processes are decreasing shear strength.
8. what are the methods of controlling slides

9. what is the diff of ground subsidence and settlement/collapse

10. what are the causes of ground subsidence

11. what are the causes of settlement/ collapse

12. what are the sources of earthquakes

13. what is the difference between focus and epicenter

14. what is the difference between intensity and magnitude

15. what are the major effects of earthquake