/GASEOUS EXCHANGE

( QUESTION 1 )

The diagram below shows reaction occurring in the red blood cells of mammals when it arrives at the tissue.

(a) Name the substances labelled R, S, T and U [ 4m ]

R : ……………………………………………………………………………………

S : ……………………………………………………………………………………

T ; ……………………………………………………………………………………

U : ……………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Explain the steps that occur at stage I, II, III and IV in the diagram [ 6m ]

I : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

II : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

III : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

IV : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 /GASEOUS EXCHANGE
QUESTION 2

The diagram below shows the oxygen dissociation curves of myoglobin, mother haemoglobin and foetal
haemoglobin.

(a) Name the curves labelled X, Y and Z. [ 3m ]

X : …………………………………………………………………………………………….

Y : …………………………………………………………………………………………….

Z : …………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Compare curves X and Y, what is the physiological significance of difference between X and Y? [[ 2m ]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Compare curves Y and Z, what is the physiological significance of difference between Y and Z? [ 2m ]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(d) What is the effect of carbon dioxide on the oxygen dissociation curve for the mother?
Explain the effect and its significance. [ 3m ]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 /GASEOUS EXCHANGE
QUESTION 3

The transport of carbon dioxide by blood is shown in the diagram below.

(d) State three ways how carbon dioxide is transported in blood.

………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 3 marks ]
(b) What is meant by chloride shift?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………….
[ 2 marks ]
I(i) Name enzyme A.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 1 marks ]
(ii) Write an equation involving carbon dioxide, X and Y.

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
[ 2 marks ]
(d) State two role of haemoglobin in maintaining the pH of blood.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………
[ 2 marks ]
 /GASEOUS EXCHANGE
( QUESTION 4 )

Figure 3.1 shows the oxygen dissociation curve for adult haemoglobin under the normal condition.

(a) Explain briefly why the dissociation curve has a sigmoid or S – shaped. [3m]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Sketch the oxygen dissociation curve
(i) P : for adult haemoglobin under high partial pressure of carbon dioxide
(ii) Q : for fetus haemoglobin under normal condition on the figure 3.1 [2m]

(c) Explain any physiological advantage resulting from the altered dissociation curve in the presence of a high
level of carbon dioxide. [3m]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(d) Suggest why an expectant mother is advised to give up smoking. [2m]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..