TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS-

OPP=PER AND BASE=ADJ

ANY ACUTE ANGLE CAN BE 𝜃.

HERE A AND B CAN BE 𝜃.

1)T-ratios-
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃=opp/hyp 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃= hyp/opp
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃=adj/hyp 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃=hyp/adj
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃=opp/adj 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃=opp/adj

2)Reciprocal relations-
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃=1/𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃=1/ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃=1/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃= 1/𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃=1/𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 1/𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

3)Product relations-
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃*𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃=1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃*𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃=1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃*𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃=1

4)Quotient relations-
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃/𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃/𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

5)Complementary relations-
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(90 − 𝜃)= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(90 − 𝜃)=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃(90 − 𝜃)= 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃(90 − 𝜃)= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃(90 − 𝜃)𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃(90 − 𝜃)=sec 𝜃
6)Trigonometric identities-
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃=1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃-1
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃= 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃= 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 − 1

• Pythagoras theorem(hyp2=adj2+opp2)
• Base is side to adj to angle
• Hyp is side opp to right angle
• Perpendicular is side opp to angle (⊥Perpendicular)
 LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES
X=B1C2-B2C1/A1B2-A2B1
Y=C1A2-C2A1/A1B2-A2B1
A1X+B1Y+C1=0—(i) A2X+B2Y+C2=0—(ii)
𝑎1 𝑏1
WITH EQUATIONS (i ≠ ) and (ii),
𝑎2 𝑏2

GRAPH SOLUTION EQUATION IMAGE

Intersecting Unique 𝑎1 𝑏 1
≠
𝑎2 𝑏 2

Co-incident Infinite(ims) 𝑎1 𝑏 1 𝑐 1
= =
𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2

Parallel None 𝑎1 𝑏 1 𝑐 1
= ≠
𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2

POLYNOMAILS
−𝑏 𝐶
1)𝛼 + 𝛽 = 2) 𝛼𝛽 =
𝑎 𝑎
3)p(x)=x2- ( 𝛼 + 𝛽)x+ 𝛼𝛽
𝛼=alpha 𝛾=gamma
• LINEAR=ax+by=c
• QUADRATIC=ax2+bx+c=0 𝛽=betha 𝜆=delta
• CUBIC=ax3+bx2+cx+d=0 𝜙=phi
CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
1)PYTHOGORAS THEOREM-(hyp-longest
side)2=(adj/base)2+(opp/⊥)2

2)DISTANCE FORMULA-
i)Distance between two points of a plane.

𝑃𝑄 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
ii)Distance of a point P(x,y) from the origin is given by the formula-
[O=origin]-

𝑂𝑃 = √(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 => 0𝑃 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

3)SECTION FORMULA-The co-ordinates of the point P(x,y)which

divides the line segment joining A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2)internally in the
ratio m:n is given by-
𝑚𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛

4)MID POINT FORMULA-The midpoint of the join of A(x1,y1) and

B(x2,y2) is given by-
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ,
2 2

Where P is the midpoint of AB

5)CO-ORDINATES OF CENTRIOD OF A TRIANGLE-
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ,
3 3
Where A(x1,y1),B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) are the
vertices of a triangle
 PROBABILITY
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
1)PROBABILTY-
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

2)E =Event =getting__ =also known as elementary event

3)P(E)=0=>Impossible event and P(E)=1=>Sure event
4)Sum of probabilities is always equal to 1
5)P(E)+P(Not E)=1 =>P(Not E)=𝑃(𝐸̅ )
6)P(E) always lies between 0 and 1 =>0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐸 ) ≤ 1
7) 𝑃(𝐸̅ ) =1- P(E)
8)A deck of cards-
i)Total no of cards=52
ii)4 suits=Each suit has 13 cards each=A,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,J,Q,K
iii)4 suits=Spades, Clubs, Hearts and Diamond
iv)Spades and Clubs are black cards
v)Hearts and Diamonds are red cards
vi)There are 12 face cards= 4 kings,4 queens and 4 jacks
8)365 Days=52 weeks+1 day

AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES

1)CIRCUMFERENCE= 2𝛱𝑟 2) AREA OF CIRCLE= 𝜋𝑟 2
𝜃 𝜋𝑟 2
3)AREA OF SECTOR= × 𝛱𝑟 2 4) LENGTH OF ARC=
360 180
𝛱𝑟 2 𝜃 1
5)AREA OF SEGMENT= − 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
360 2
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
6)NUMBER OF REVOLUTIONS=
2𝜋𝑟
 REAL NUMBERS
1)𝐻𝐶𝐹 × 𝐿𝐶𝑀 =Product of the given two numbers
2)HCF divides LCM completely
3)Dividend=Divisor*Quotient + Remainder
NOTE-i) HCF=to the find largest no=subtract the remainder
ii)LCM=to find the least no=add the
remainder
iii)HCF=Multiply only the common numbers
iv)LCM=Multiply all the number
v)A=BQ+R
vi)Let p/q be the simplest form of a given rational no.
a)𝑞 = 2𝑚 × 5𝑛 then p/q=terminating decimal expansion
b) 𝑞 ≠ 2𝑚 × 5𝑛 then p/q=non terminating DE

TRIANGLES
1)AAA similarity Criterion. If two triangles are equiangular, then they are similar.

2)Corollary (AA similarity). If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to two
angles of another triangle, then the two triangles are similar.

3)SSS Similarity Criterion. If the corresponding sides of two triangles are

proportional, then they are similar.

4)SAS Similarity Criterion. If in two triangles, one pair of corresponding sides are
proportional and the included angles are equal, then the two triangles are similar.

5) Note: If the areas of two similar triangles are equal, the triangles are congruent.
 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME

NAME FIGURE VOLUME TSA CSA

CUBE a3 6a2 ---

CUBIOD l×b×h 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + ℎ𝑙) 2(𝑙 + 𝑏) × ℎ

CYLINDER 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 2𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + ℎ) 2𝛱𝑟ℎ

HOLLOW 𝛱ℎ(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) 2𝛱(𝑅 + 𝑟)(ℎ + 𝑅 − 𝑟) 2𝛱ℎ(𝑅 + 𝑟)

CYLINDER

CONE 1 2 𝛱𝑟(𝑙 + 𝑟) 𝜋𝑟𝑙

𝜋𝑟 ℎ
3

SPHERE 4 3 4𝜋𝑟 2 ---

𝜋𝑟
3

HEMI- 2 3 3𝜋𝑟 2 2𝜋𝑟 2

𝛱𝑟
SPHERE 3

• DIAGNOL-CUBIOD=√𝑙2 + 𝑏 2 + ℎ2
• DIAGNOL-CUBE=√3𝑎
• SLANT HEIGHT-CONE=𝑙 = √ℎ2 + 𝑟 2
• LATERAL SURFACE AREA (AREA OF 4 WALLS) =2ℎ(𝑙 + 𝑏)
 HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES

1)ANGLE OF ELEVATION-angle above the

horizontal line is called angle of elevation
2)ANGLE OF DEPRESSION-angle below the
horizontal line is called angle of depression

sin opp/hyp cosec hyp/opp

cos adj/hyp sec hyp/adj
tan opp/adj cot adj/opp
Perpendicular-Opposite
Base-Adjacent

30o 45o 60o

sin 1 1 √3
2 √2 2
cos √3 1 1
2 √2 2
tan 1 1 √3
√3
cosec 2 √2 2
√3
sec 2 √2 2
√3
cot √3 1 1
√3

CONSTRUCTIONS
1)Division of a line segment in a given ratio(internally)
2)Tangents to a circle from a point outside it
 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS

where,
1)Common Difference (𝑑) = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1
𝑑 =common difference
2)Nth term-> 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
a2=2nd term
3)Sum of first ‘n’ terms of the AP=
𝑛 a1 or a=1st term
i)𝑠𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] or
2
𝑆𝑛 =sum of terms
𝑛
ii)𝑆𝑛 = [𝑎 + 𝑎𝑛 ]
2 𝑛=no of terms
𝑛
4)Sum of 1st ‘n’ positive integer-𝑆𝑛 = (𝑛 + 1) 𝑙=last term
2
𝑛(𝑎+𝑙)
5)Sum of all terms of AP=𝑆𝑛 =
2

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
1)Standard Form=𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
where, (𝑎 ≠ 0) and a, b, c are real numbers
2)Quadratic Formula=𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 (D=discriminant)
−𝑏±√𝐷
3)𝑥 =
2𝑎

4)Nature of Roots=
i)D>0, two distinct roots(𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡)
ii)D=0, two equal roots(𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙)
iii)D<0, no real roots
5)Methods to solve-
i)splitting the middle term
ii)quadratic formula
 STATSTICS
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 where,
1)mean=
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
∑𝑓𝑑
𝑖)ℎ = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
i)assumed mean method= ̅𝑥 = 𝑎 +
∑𝑓 𝑖𝑖)𝑎 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
∑𝑓𝑥
ii)direct method= ̅𝑥 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐼
𝑁(∑𝑓)

2)median=middle most observation 𝑖𝑣)𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

𝑛∕2−𝑐𝑓 𝑣)∑=sigma
= 𝑙+( )×ℎ
𝑓
𝑣𝑖)𝑁 = (∑𝑓) = 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑓
=h=upper limit=lower limit
𝑣𝑖𝑖)ℎ = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
3)mode=the value of observation having
𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑙 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
maximum frequency
𝑓1 −𝑓0
𝑖𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞
=𝑙 + ( )×ℎ
2𝑓1 −𝑓0 −𝑓2 𝑥)𝑐𝑓 = 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞
4)3 median=mode+2 mean 𝑥𝑖)𝑓1 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞 = ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡
5) ∑ =sum of 𝑥𝑖𝑖)𝑓0 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞
CIRCLES 𝑥𝑖𝑖)𝑓2 = 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞

1)Radius of a circle is ⊥ to the tangent at the point of

contact
2)Tangents drawn from external point subtends equal
angles at the centre
3) ⊥ drawn from the centre of chord bisects the chord
4)the lengths of tangent drawn from an external point i)AB=tangent
to a given circle are equal ii)PQ=secant

5)there is only one tangent at the point of a circle iii)D=point of contact

iv)R=radius