BATCH-19 FALL

TRIP ACCOMPAINED BY
AR. HIRA OVAIS

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ABSTRACT:
This report is based on the on the study tour of Bhambhore, Makli , Thatta
in Sindh. This report summarizes the basic or critical observations we
students have done over during our trip.
The basic purpose of this tour was to observe beautiful and attractive
historical elements and features , to explore structures and architecture and
to learn about history of culture of Sindh and their values and how it has the
impact on architecture.

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1 MONUMENTS AT MAKLI , THATTA
 INTRODUCTION:
The vast necropolis of Makli is among the largest in the world. Kings, queens, governors, saints,
scholars, and philosophers are buried here in brick or stone monuments, some of which are lavishly
decorated with glazed tiles.
Among the outstanding monuments constructed in stone are the tombs of Jam Nizamuddin II, who
reigned from 1461 to 1509, and of lsa Khan Tarkhan the Younger and of his father, Jan Baba, both of
whose mausoleum were constructed before 1644. The most colorful is that of Diwan Shurfa Khan
(died in 1638).
The unique assemblage of massive structures presents an impressive order of monumental buildings
in different architectural styles. These structures are notable for their fusion of diverse influences into
a local style. These influences include, among others, Hindu architecture of the Gujrat style and
Mughal imperial architecture. Distant Persian and Asian examples of architectural terra-cotta were
also brought to Makli and adapted. An original concept of stone decoration was created at Makli,
perhaps determined by the imitation of painted and glazed tile models.
 LOCATION
Makli Necropolis is located in the town of Makli, which is located on a plateau approximately 6 kilometres from
the city of thatta, the capital of lower SINDH until the 17th century. It lies approximately 98 km east of Karachi,
near the apex of the Indus River Delta in southeastern Sindh. city of Thatta, once a capital and centre of
Islamic culture – testifies in an outstanding manner to the civilization of the Sindh from the 14th to the
18th centuries

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 1.1 TOMB OF ISA KHAN TARKHAN II
1.1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Tomb of Isa Khan Tarkhan II is one of the few monuments with better architectural
situation as compared to others and it is a 2 storey tomb
1.1.2 HISTORY:
Mirza Isa Khan Tarkhan II was the son of Jan Baba . He became the governor after
the death of Mirza Gazi Baig in 1021 A.H 1612 a.d under the Mughal emperor
Shah Jahan. He was the grandson of Isa Khan I, the independence ruler of lower
Sindh . He died in 1644 A.D at the ripe age of 90 .

INTERIOR VIEW

EXTERIOR VIEW FAÇADE

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1.1.3 : ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES :

PORTAL COLUMNS

ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS BALCONIES

CORBEL TRACERY

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CARVING DECORATIVE PARAPIT
ARCHES CORNICEE

DOME MAIN GATE/PORTAL

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 1.2 TOMB OF BAQI BAIG UZBEK

1.2.1 INTRODUCTION:
It was a tomb with grave in a center of large open courtyard with large portals at
every four facades.

1.2.2 HISTORY:
The Uzbeks took refuge in Thatta after the defeat from Mughal emperor Akbar.
Baqi Baig Uzbek died in 1640A.D. and was buried in a magnificent tomb.

VIEW FROM INSIDE VIEW FROM OUTSIDE

THE TOMB THE TOMB

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1.2.3ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES:

PORTAL/ARCADE ARCHED WINDOWS

VAULTS CORBELS

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1.3 TOMB OF MIRZA TUGHRAL BAIG:

1.3.1 ARCHITECTURAL INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND :

The tomb of Mirza Tughral Baig, (d. 1679) and the canopy on the right of Jani Baig
Tarkhan’s tomb deserve attention for their elaborate construction. The corners of
these square structures have been cut to form an octagon, the dome is supported by
two pillars in each of the four sides of the pavilions. Every alternate side of the
sixteen side figure above the octagon is supported by corbels in the angles above
the capitals. The sixteen sides are further divided by cross arches up to the base of
the dome. The pillars are richly carved in arabesque work and are surmounted by
honeycombed capital. Lotus blooms and sunflowers are carved in relief in the
niches. The interior of the dome is a reproduction in stone of the zigzag pattern in
colored tiles set in the dome over Diwan Shurfa Khan’s grave.

FRONT VIEW

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1.3.2 : ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES:

CORBEL DOME

FLORAL CARVING COLUMNS

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 2 the graveyard of makli
(primarily 15th - 17th centuries)

The silent city of graveyards, Makli is one of the largest necropolises in Asia and
Africa. It was once a center of Islamic culture and was also a capital of lower
Sindh, until the eighteenth Century. At a rough guess, the enormous cemetery
possessing not less than a million tombs and graves in an area of about 10 km2. It
was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1981 under the name of
Historical Monument in Thatta.

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2.1 INTRODUCTION:
Makli began to be used as a cemetery in the 15th century as the Samma Dynasty
(1335-1520) consolidated power. With its capital at Thatta, a mere 5 kilometers to
the east, Makli became the favoured graveyard of kings, commoners, and all
classes in between.

2.2 BACKGROUND:
A reference exists in one of the epigraphs, proudly adoring the enclave of Jam
Mubarak Khan:  
‫ یارسول ہللا اھل المقام بامر‬R‫قال النبی صلی ہللا علیہ و سلم اذا تحیرتم فی االمور فاستفتو امن اھل القبور صدق‬
‫ الدین شاہ بن صدر الدین شاہ بن صالح الدین شاہ بن سلطان رکن‬R‫خان االعظم مبارک خان بن سلطان نظام‬
‫ بن دریا خان غفرہللا‬R‫احمد‬//‫ کتبہ قظب الدین بن محمود‬-‫الدین شاہ و ھو المظفر علی مغالن الھروی و قندھار‬
‫لہ‬ 
The epigraph shows the event taken place during 1490 CE. The Thatta was under
the rule of Sultant-e-Delhi, Summas, Arghuns, Turkhans and Mughals in different
periods.  It is appropriate if we do not separate town (Thatta) and graveyard (Makli)
adjoining it, while considering the overall development of the society and its
funerary practices; the practices, which were largely influenced by its cultural
sensitivities.  

2.3 THE EPIGRAPHIC ELEMENTS: HISTORY & STYLE:  

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  The epigraphy over the entrance of Jam Mubarak is a dated inscription,
indicative of the continuum of the type of Thulluth up to late ninth century
Hijra (dated 1490/895H).
 The Madaras/‫مدرسہ‬ of Hamad Jamali (inside Makli) was epigraphically
decorated, besides it is having pleasing architectural elements. The
Thulluthized Rehan is noticed on it.  
The popular tale associated with Shaikh Hammad Jamali stated, it was he
who advised Jam Tamachi of Summa Dynasty to allow the burials henceforth
on the hill.
 The Kufic inscription observed on graves are simple, but it has certain
decorative usage.
 The Mughal influenced Nastaleeq text has its own characteristics and has
showing the historical connections of the region.
 The variety of Nastaleeqis not enormous, nevertheless pre-Mughal period
specimen shows remarkable fine hand in Herati tradition; as it was rightly
expected from the Arghun- Turkhan connect, with Central Asia and Eastern
Iran, to have made its in-road to Thatta.

2.4INTRICATE STONEWORK IS FOUND ALL

ACROSS MAKLI’S MONUMENTS

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 different architectures: the Samma Dynasty (1340-1520 AD), the Arghun
Dynasty (1520-1555 AD), the Tarkhan Dynasty (1555-1592 AD), and the
Mughal dynasty (1592-1739 AD).
  tombs, khanqas (Sufi learning spaces), mosques, canopies, enclosures, and
graves.
 A wide variety of elaborate Islamic calligraphy, Jainist designs, statues,
minarets, and complex blue tile work make the monuments a fascinating
window to the middle and far-eastern artistry – since the masonry is a mix of
Muslim, Mughal, Persian, Hindu, and Gujarati styles.

PATTERNS RASTER

PATTERN NO.01

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PATTERN NO.02

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PATTERN NO.03

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PATTERN NO.04

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PATTERN NO.05

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PATTERN NO.06

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PATTERN NO.07

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PATTERN NO.08

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THANK YOU

PREPARED BY:
GROUP 4
MAHEEN D-19F-AR-10
SUFYAN D-19F-AR-11
ATIQUE D-19F-AR-21
S.AYMEN D-19F-AR-22
SANIYYA D-19F-AR-40
IBAD D-19F-AR-41
AZIZ D-19F-AR-42
GHULAM NABI D-19F-AR-46

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