Chapter 37

Standard integration
37.1 The process of integration 37.2 The general solution of integrals
of the form ax n
The process of integration reverses the process of 
differentiation. In differentiation, if f (x) = 2x 2 then The general solution of integrals of the form ax n dx,
f
(x) = 4x. Thus the integral of 4x is 2x 2 , i.e. integra- where a and n are constants is given by:
tion is the process of moving from f
(x) to f (x). By !
similar reasoning, the integral of 2t is t 2. ax n+1
ax n dx = +c
Integration is a process of summation oradding parts n+1
together and an elongated S, shown as , is used to
replace
 the words
 ‘the integral of’. Hence, from above, This rule is true when n is fractional, zero, or a positive
4x = 2x 2 and 2t is t 2. or negative integer, with the exception of n = −1.
dy
In differentiation, the differential coefficient indi- Using this rule gives:
dx !
cates that a function of x is being differentiated with 3x 4+1 3
respect to x, the dx indicating that it is ‘with respect (i) 3x 4 dx = + c = x5 + c
4+1 5
to x’. In integration the variable of integration is shown
! !
by adding d (the variable) after the function to be 2 −2 2x −2+1
integrated. (ii) dx = 2x dx = +c
x2 −2 +1
! 2x −1 −2
= +c= + c, and
Thus 4x dx means ‘the integral of 4x −1 x
with respect to x’,
! ! 1 3
! √ 1 x 2 +1 x2
(iii) x dx = x2 dx = +c= +c
and 2t dt means ‘the integral of 2t 1 3
+1
with respect to t ’. 2 2
As stated above, the differential coefficient of 2x 2 is 2√ 3
= x +c
4x, hence 4x dx = 2x 2 . However, the differential coef-
3
ficient of 2x 2 + 7 is also 4x. Hence 4x dx is also equal Each of these three results may be checked by differen-
to 2x 2 + 7. To allow for the possible presence of a con- tiation.
stant, whenever the process of integration is performed,
(a) The integral of a constant k is kx + c. For
a constant ‘c’ is added to the result.
example,
! ! !
Thus 4x dx = 2x 2 + c and 2t dt = t 2 + c 8 dx = 8x + c

‘c’ is called the arbitrary constant of integration. (b) When a sum of several terms is integrated the result
is the sum of the integrals of the separate terms.
 Standard integration 369

For example, (b) When a = 2 and n = 3 then

!
(3x + 2x 2 − 5) dx !
2t 3+1 2t 4 1
! ! ! 2t 3 dt = +c= +c= t4 +c
2 3+1 4 2
= 3x dx + 2x dx − 5 dx

3x 2 2x 3 Each of these results may be checked by differentiating

= + − 5x + c them.
2 3
Problem 2. Determine
37.3 Standard integrals ! 
3
4 + x − 6x 2 dx.
Since integration is the reverse process of differentia- 7
tion the standard integrals listed in Table 37.1 may be
deduced and readily checked by differentiation. 
(4 + 37 x − 6x 2 ) dx may be written as
  
Table 37.1 Standard integrals 4 dx + 37 x dx − 6x 2 dx, i.e. each term is integrated
separately. (This splitting up of terms only applies,
! however, for addition and subtraction.)
ax n+1
(i) ax n dx = +c ! 
n +1 3
Hence 4 + x − 6x dx2
(except when n =−1) 7
!   1+1
1 3 x x 2+1
(ii) cos ax dx = sin ax + c = 4x + − (6) +c
a 7 1+1 2+1
!   2
1 x3
(iii) sin ax dx = − cos ax + c = 4x +
3 x
− (6) + c
a
7 2 3
!
1
(iv) sec 2 ax dx = tan ax + c 3 2
a = 4x + x − 2x 3 + c
! 14
1
(v) cosec 2 ax dx = − cot ax + c Note that when an integral contains more than one term
a there is no need to have an arbitrary constant for each;
! just a single constant at the end is sufficient.
1
(vi) cosec ax cot ax dx = − cosec ax + c
a
! Problem 3. Determine
1 ! !
(vii) sec ax tan ax dx = sec ax + c 2x 3 − 3x
a (a) dx (b) (1 − t )2 dt.
! 4x
1 ax
(viii) eax dx = e +c
a
! (a) Rearranging into standard integral form gives:
1
(ix) dx = ln x + c !
x 2x 3 − 3x
dx
4x
! ! 2
  2x 3 3x x 3
Problem 1. Determine (a) 5x 2 dx (b) 2t 3 dt . = − dx = − dx
4x 4x 2 4
  2+1
 ax n+1 1 x 3
The standard integral, ax n dx = +c = − x +c
n +1 2 2+1 4
(a) When a = 5 and n =2 then   3
! 1 x 3 1 3
5x 2+1 5x 3 = − x + c = x3 − x + c
5x 2 dx = +c= +c 2 3 4 6 4
2+1 3
370 Higher Engineering Mathematics
!
  1   
(b) Rearranging (1 − t )2 dt gives: 5 t4 5 4 1
= − +c = − t4 +c
! 9 14 9 1
2t 1+1 t 2+1
(1 − 2t + t 2) dt = t − + +c 20 √
=− t+c
4
1+1 2+1
9
2t 2 t 3 !
=t− + +c (1 + θ)2
2 3 Problem 7. Determine √ dθ.
θ
1
= t −t 2 + t 3 +c ! !
3 (1 + θ)2 (1 + 2θ + θ 2 )
√ dθ = √ dθ
This problem shows that functions often θ θ
 have to be
rearranged into the standard form of ax n dx before !  
1 2θ θ2
it is possible to integrate them. = 1
+ 1
+ 1
dθ
θ2 θ2 θ2
! !    
3 −1 1− 1 2− 1
Problem 4. Determine dx. = θ 2 + 2θ 2 + θ 2 dθ
x2
! ! !  
3 −1
3x −2 dx. Using the standard integral,
1 3
2
dx = = θ 2 + 2θ 2 + θ 2 dθ
! x
ax n dx when a = 3 and n =−2 gives:      
−1 1 3
+1 +1 2 +1
θ 2
2θ 2
θ
! = + + +c
3x −2+1 3x −1 − 12 +1 1
+1 3
+1
3x −2 dx = +c = +c 2 2
−2 + 1 −1 1 3 5
−3 θ2 2θ 2 θ2
= −3x −1 + c = +c = 1
+ 3
+ 5
+c
x 2 2 2
 √ 1 4 3 2 5
Problem 5. Determine 3 x dx. = 2θ 2 + θ 2 + θ 2 + c
3 5
For
√ fractional powers it is necessary to appreciate √ 4 3 2 5

a =a n
n m m = 2 θ+ θ + θ +c
3 5
! ! 1
√ 1 3x 2 +1 Problem 8. Determine
3 x dx = 3x 2 dx = +c  
1 (a) 4 cos3x dx (b) 5 sin 2θ dθ.
+1
2
3
3x 2 3  (a) From Table 37.1(ii),
= + c = 2x 2 + c = 2 x 3 + c !  
3 1
2 4 cos3x dx = (4) sin 3x + c
3
!
−5 4
Problem 6. Determine √
4
dt . = sin 3x + c
9 t3 3
! ! !   (b) From Table 37.1(iii),
−5 −5 5 −3  
√ dt = dt = − t 4 dt !
4
9 t3
3
9 1
9t 4 5 sin 2θ dθ = (5) − cos 2θ + c
2
3
  − +1
5 t 4 5
= − +c = − cos 2θ + c
9 3 2
− +1
4
 Standard integration 371

Problem 9. Determine 2m 2
  = + ln m + c
2
(a) 7 sec2 4t dt (b) 3 cosec 2 2θ dθ.
= m 2 + ln m + c
(a) From Table 37.1(iv),
!  
1 Now try the following exercise
7 sec2 4t dt = (7) tan 4t + c
4
7
= tan 4t + c Exercise 145 Further problems on standard
4 integrals

(b) From Table 37.1(v), In Problems 1 to 12, determine the indefinite

integrals.
!   ! !
2 1
3 cosec 2θ dθ = (3) − cot 2θ + c 1. (a) 4 dx (b) 7x dx
2
3 
= − cot 2θ + c 7x 2
2 (a) 4x + c (b) +c
2
! !
Problem 10. Determine 2 2 5 3
! ! 2. (a) x dx (b) x dx
2 5 6
(a) 5 e3x dx (b) dt. 
3 e4t 2 3 5 4
(a) x + c (b) x +c
15 24
(a) From Table 37.1(viii), ! 2  !
  3x − 5x
! 3. (a) dx (b) (2 + θ)2 dθ
1 3x 5 x
5 e dx = (5)
3x
e + c = e3x + c
3 3 ⎡ ⎤
3x 2
⎢ (a) − 5x + c ⎥
! !    ⎢ 2 ⎥
2 2 −4t 2 1 −4t ⎣ θ 3 ⎦
(b) dt = e dt = − e +c (b) 4θ + 2θ + + c
2
3 e4t 3 3 4 3
1 1 ! !
= − e−4t + c = − 4t + c 4 3
6 6e 4. (a) dx (b) dx
3x 2 4x 4

Problem 11. Determine −4 −1
! ! 2  (a) + c (b) 3 + c
3 2m + 1 3x 4x
(a) dx (b) dm.
5x m ! !
14
5. (a) 2 x 3 dx (b) x 5 dx
! !    4
3 3 1 3 
(a) dx = dx = ln x +c 4√ 5 1√4 9
5x 5 x 5 (a) x + c (b) x +c
5 9
(from Table 37.1(ix))
!  ! 2  ! !
2m 2 + 1 2m 1 −5 3
(b) dm = + dm 6. (a) √ dt (b) √5
dx
m m m t3 7 x4

!   10 15 √
1 (a) √ + c (b) 5
x +c
= 2m + dm t 7
m
372 Higher Engineering Mathematics

! ! limit and ‘a’ the lower limit. The operation of applying

the limits is defined as [x]ba = (b) − (a).
7. (a) 3 cos2x dx (b) 7 sin 3θ dθ
The increase in the value of the integral x 2 as x increases
⎡ ⎤ 3
3 from 1 to 3 is written as 1 x 2 dx.
⎢ (a) 2 sin 2x + c ⎥ Applying the limits gives:
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 7 ⎦ !  3    3 
(b) − cos 3θ + c 3
x3 33 1
3 x 2 dx = +c = +c − +c
! ! 1 3 1 3 3
3  
8. (a) sec2 3x dx (b) 2 cosec 2 4θ dθ 1 2
4 = (9 + c) − + c =8
 3 3
1 1
(a) tan 3x +c (b) − cot 4θ +c
4 2 Note that the ‘c’ term always cancels out when limits are
! applied and it need not be shown with definite integrals.
9. (a) 5 cot 2t cosec 2t dt
! Problem 12. Evaluate
4 2 3
(b) sec 4t tan 4t dt (a) 1 3x dx (b) −2 (4 − x 2 ) dx.
3
⎡ ⎤
5 !  2   
⎢ (a) − cosec 2t + c ⎥
2
3x 2 3 2 3 2
⎢ 2 ⎥ (a) 3x dx = = (2) − (1)
⎣ ⎦ 1 2 1 2 2
1
(b) sec 4t + c
3 1 1
=6 − 1 =4
! ! 2 2
3 2x 2 dx
10. (a) e dx (b)
4 3 e5x ! 3  3
 x3
3 −2 (b) (4 − x ) dx = 4x −
2
(a) e2x + c (b) + c −2 3 −2
8 15 e5x    
! ! 2  (3)3 (−2)3
2 u −1 = 4(3) − − 4(−2) −
11. (a) dx (b) du 3 3
3x u  
 −8
2 u2 = {12 − 9} − −8 −
(a) ln x + c (b) − ln u + c 3
3 2
 
! ! 2 1 1
(2+3x)2 1 = {3} − −5 =8
12. (a) √ dx (b) + 2t dt 3 3
x t
⎡ ⎤
! 4 
√ √ 18 √ 5 θ +2
(a) 8 x + 8 x 3 + x +c Problem 13. Evaluate √ dθ, taking
⎢ 5 ⎥ 1 θ
⎢ ⎥ positive square roots only.
⎣ 1 4t 3 ⎦
(b) − + 4t + +c
t 3 ! 4  ! 4 
θ +2 θ 2
√ dθ = + dθ
θ
1 1
1 1 θ2 θ2
! 4 1 −1

37.4 Definite integrals = θ 2 + 2θ 2 dθ
1
Integrals containing an arbitrary constant c in their
⎡     ⎤4
results are called indefinite integrals since their precise 1 −1
2 +1 2 +1
value cannot be determined without further information. ⎢θ 2θ ⎥
=⎣ + ⎦
Definite integrals are those in which limits are applied. 1 1
+1 − +1
If an expression is written as [x]ba, ‘b’ is called the upper 2 2 1
 Standard integration 373

⎡ ⎤4
3 1  
θ2 2θ 2 2 3 √ 4 Problem 16. Evaluate
=⎣ 3
+ 1
⎦ = θ +4 θ ! 2 ! 4
3 3
2 2
1
1 (a) 4 e2x dx (b) du,
4u
      
1 1
2 √ 2
= (4) + 4 4 −
3 (1) + 4 (1)
3 each correct to 4 significant figures.
3 3
    !  2
16 2 2
4 2x
= +8 − +4 (a) 4 e2x dx = e = 2[ e2x ]21 = 2[ e4 − e2 ]
3 3 2
1 1
1 2 2 = 2[54.5982 −7.3891] =94.42
= 5 +8− −4 = 8
3 3 3 ! 4  4
3 3 3
(b) du = ln u = [ln 4 − ln 1]
! π 1 4u 4 1 4
2
Problem 14. Evaluate 3 sin 2x dx. 3
0 = [1.3863 −0] =1.040
4
! π
2
3 sin 2x dx
0 Now try the following exercise
   π  π
1 2 3 2
= (3) − cos 2x = − cos 2x
2 0 2 0
Exercise 146 Further problems on definite
    integrals
3 π  3
= − cos 2 − − cos 2(0) In problems 1 to 8, evaluate the definite integrals
2 2 2
(where necessary, correct to 4 significant figures).
    ! 4 ! 1
3 3 3
= − cos π − − cos 0 1. (a) 2
5x dx (b) − t 2 dt
2 2
1 −1 4
    
3 3 3 3 1
= − (−1) − − (1) = + = 3 (a) 105 (b) −
2 2 2 2 2
! 2 ! 3
! 2 2. (a) (3 − x 2 ) dx (b) (x 2 − 4x + 3) dx
Problem 15. Evaluate 4 cos 3t dt. −1 1
1 
1
! 2    2  2 (a) 6 (b) −1
1 4 3
4 cos3t dt = (4) sin 3t = sin 3t
1 3 1 3 1 ! ! π
π 3
    3. (a) cos θ dθ (b)
2
4 cos θ dθ
4 4 2
= sin 6 − sin 3 0 0
3 3
[(a) 0 (b) 4]
Note that limits of trigonometric functions are always ! π !
3 2
expressed in radians—thus, for example, sin 6 means 4. (a) 2 sin 2θ dθ (b) 3 sin t dt
the sine of 6 radians= −0.279415 . . . π
6 0
! 2 [(a) 1 (b) 4.248]
Hence 4 cos 3t dt
1 ! ! π
    1 6
4 4 5. (a) 5 cos3x dx (b) 3 sec2 2x dx
= (−0.279415 . . .) − (0.141120 . . .) 0 0
3 3
[(a) 0.2352 (b) 2.598]
= (−0.37255) − (0.18816) = −0.5607
374 Higher Engineering Mathematics

! 2 1 litre to 3 litres for a temperature rise from

6. (a) cosec 2 4t dt 100 K to 400 K given that:
1
! π
2 Cv = 45 + 6 × 10−3 T + 8 × 10−6 T 2 .
(b) (3 sin 2x − 2 cos3x) dx
π [55.65]
4
[(a) 0.2527 (b) 2.638]
10. The p.d. between boundaries a and b of an
! ! ! b
1 2
2 Q
7. (a) 3 e3t dt (b) dx electric field is given by: V = dr
3 e2x a 2πrε 0 εr
0 −1
[(a) 19.09 (b) 2.457] If a = 10, b = 20, Q =2 × 10−6 coulombs,
! ! ε0 = 8.85 ×10−12 and εr = 2.77, show that
3 2 3 2x 2 + 1 V = 9 kV.
8. (a) dx (b) dx
2 3x 1 x
[(a) 0.2703 (b) 9.099] 11. The average value of a complex voltage wave-
form is given by:
9. The entropy change S, for an ideal gas is
!
given by: 1 π
V AV = (10 sin ωt + 3 sin 3ωt
! T2 ! V2 π 0
dT dV
S = Cv −R
T1 T V1 V + 2 sin 5ωt) d(ωt)
where T is the thermodynamic temperature,
Evaluate V AV correct to 2 decimal places.
V is the volume and R = 8.314. Determine
the entropy change when a gas expands from [7.26]
 Chapter 39
Integration using algebraic
substitutions
39.1 Introduction 39.3 Worked problems on integration
using algebraic substitutions
Functions which require integrating are not always in
the ‘standard form’ shown in Chapter 37. However, it is
often possible to change a function into a form which 
Problem 1. Determine cos(3x + 7) dx.
can be integrated by using either:

(i) an algebraic substitution (see Section 39.2), cos(3x + 7) dx is not a standard integral of the form
shown in Table 37.1, page 369, thus an algebraic
(ii) a trigonometric or hyperbolic substitution (see
substitution is made.
Chapter 40), du
Let u = 3x + 7 then = 3 and rearranging gives
(iii) partial fractions (see Chapter 41), dx
du
dx = . Hence,
(iv) the t = tan θ/2 substitution (see Chapter 42), 3
! ! !
(v) integration by parts (see Chapter 43), or du 1
cos(3x + 7) dx = (cos u) = cos u du,
(vi) reduction formulae (see Chapter 44). 3 3
which is a standard integral

39.2 Algebraic substitutions 1

= sin u + c
3
With algebraic substitutions, the substitution usually Rewriting u as (3x + 7) gives:
made is to let u be equal to f (x) such that f (u) du !
1
is a standard integral. It is found that integrals of the cos(3x + 7) dx = sin(3x + 7) + c,
forms, 3
! ! which may be checked by differentiating it.

f
(x)
k [ f (x)] f (x) dx and k
n
dx 
[ f (x)]n Problem 2. Find (2x − 5)7 dx.
(where k and n are constants) can both be integrated by
substituting u for f (x). (2x − 5) may be multiplied by itself 7 times and then
each term of the result integrated. However, this would
 Integration using algebraicsubstitutions 393

be a lengthy process, and thus an algebraic substitution 

is made. Problem 5. Determine 3x(4x 2 + 3)5 dx.
du du
Let u =(2x − 5) then = 2 and dx = du du
dx 2 Let u =(4x 2 + 3) then = 8x and dx =
Hence dx 8x
Hence
! ! !
du 1
(2x − 5) dx =
7
u 7
= 7
u du ! !
2 2 du
3x(4x 2 + 3)5 dx = 3x(u)5
8x
 
1 u8 1 8 !
= +c = u +c 3
2 8 16 = u 5 du, by cancelling
8
Rewriting u as (2x − 5) gives:
The original variable ‘x’ has been completely removed
! and the integral is now only in terms of u and is a
1
(2x − 5)7 dx = (2x −5)8 + c standard integral.
16
!  
! 3 3 u6
4 Hence u 5 du = +c
Problem 3. Find dx. 8 8 6
(5x − 3)
1 6 1
du du = u + c = (4x2 + 3)6 + c
Let u =(5x − 3) then = 5 and dx = 16 16
dx 5
Hence
! ! ! ! π
4 4 du 4 1 6
dx = = du Problem 6. Evaluate 24 sin5 θ cos θ dθ.
(5x − 3) u 5 5 u 0

4 4
= ln u + c = ln(5x −3) + c du
Let u = sin θ then = cos θ and dθ =
du
5 5 dθ cos θ
! !
1 du
2e6x−1 dx, correct to Hence 24 sin5 θ cos θ dθ = 24u 5 cos θ
Problem 4. Evaluate 0 cos θ
4 significant figures. !
= 24 u 5 du, by cancelling
du du
Let u =6x − 1 then = 6 and dx =
dx 6 u6
= 24 + c = 4u 6 + c = 4(sin θ)6 + c
Hence 6
! ! ! = 4 sin6 θ + c
du 1
2e 6x−1
dx = 2e u
= u
e du
6 3 ! π π
6
1 1 Thus 24 sin5 θ cos θ dθ = [4 sin6 θ]06
= eu + c = e6x−1 + c 0
3 3

π 6
Thus =4 sin − (sin 0)6
6
! 1
  
1 1
2e6x−1 dx = [e6x−1 ]10 = [e5 − e−1 ] = 49.35, 1 6 1
0 3 3 =4 −0 = or 0.0625
2 16
correct to 4 significant figures.
394 Higher Engineering Mathematics

Now try the following exercise Hence

! ! !
x x du 1 1
Exercise 153 Further problems on dx = = du,
2 + 3x 2 u 6x 6 u
integration using algebraic substitutions
by cancelling
In Problems 1 to 6, integrate with respect to the
variable. 1 1
 = ln u + c = ln(2 + 3x2) + c
1 6 6
1. 2 sin(4x + 9) − cos(4x + 9) +c
2 !
 2x
3 Problem 8. Determine  dx.
2. 3 cos(2θ − 5) sin(2θ − 5) +c (4x 2 − 1)
2
 du du
4 Let u = 4x 2 − 1 then = 8x and dx =
3. 4 sec2 (3t + 1) tan(3t + 1) +c dx 8x
3 ! !
2x 2x du
 Hence  dx = √
1 1 (4x 2 − 1) u 8x
4. (5x − 3)6 (5x − 3)7 + c
2 70 !
1 1
 = √ du, by cancelling
−3 3 4 u
5. − ln(2x − 1) +c ⎡   ⎤
(2x − 1) 2 ! −1 −1
+1
1 1 ⎢u 2 ⎥
= u 2 du = ⎣ ⎦+c
6. 3e3θ+5 [e3θ + 5 + c] 4 4 1
− +1
⎡ ⎤ 2
In Problems 7 to 10, evaluate the definite integrals 1
1 ⎢u 2 ⎥ 1√
correct to 4 significant figures. = ⎣ ⎦+c = u +c
4 1 2
! 1
2
7. (3x + 1)5 dx [227.5]
1 2
0
! 2  = (4x − 1) + c
2
8. x (2x 2 + 1) dx [4.333]
0
Problem 9. Show that
! π

3 π !
9. 2 sin 3t + dt [0.9428] tan θ dθ = ln(sec θ) + c.
0 4
! 1 ! !
10. 3 cos(4x − 3) dx [0.7369] sin θ
tan θ dθ = dθ. Let u = cos θ
0 cos θ
du −du
then = −sin θ and dθ =
dθ sin θ

39.4 Further worked problems on Hence

integration using algebraic ! !  
sin θ sin θ −du
substitutions dθ =
cos θ u sin θ
!
! 1
x =− du = − ln u + c
Problem 7. Find dx. u
2 + 3x 2
= − ln(cos θ) + c = ln(cos θ)−1 + c,
du du
Let u = 2 +3x 2 then = 6x and dx =
dx 6x by the laws of logarithms.
 Integration using algebraicsubstitutions 395
!
du du
Hence tan θ dθ = ln(sec θ)+ c, Let u =2x 2 + 1 then = 4x and dx =
dx 4x
1 ! !
since (cos θ)−1 = = sec θ 2
3x x=2
3x du
cos θ Hence  dx = √
0 (2x 2 + 1) x=0 u 4x

39.5 Change of limits ! x=2

3 −1
= u 2 du
When evaluating definite integrals involving substi- 4 x=0
tutions it is sometimes more convenient to change
the limits of the integral as shown in Problems 10 Since u = 2x 2 + 1, when x = 2, u =9 and when
and 11. x = 0, u =1.
3  ! !
Problem 10. Evaluate 1 5x (2x 2 + 7) d x, 3 x=2 −1 3 u=9 −1
taking positive values of square roots only. Thus u 2 du = u 2 du,
4 x=0 4 u=1

du du i.e. the limits have been changed

Let u =2x 2 + 7, then = 4x and dx =
dx 4x
It is possible in this case to change the limits of inte- ⎡ ⎤9
1
gration. Thus when x = 3, u =2(3)2 + 7 =25 and when 3 ⎢u2 ⎥ 3 √ √ 
x = 1, u = 2(1)2 + 7 = 9. = ⎣ 1 ⎦ = 9 − 1 = 3,
4 2
Hence 2 1

! ! taking positive values of square roots only.

x=3  u=25 √ du
5x (2x 2 + 7) dx = 5x u
x=1 u=9 4x
Now try the following exercise
! 25 √
5
= u du
4 9 Exercise 154 Further problems on
integration using algebraic substitutions
! 25 1
5
= u 2 du In Problems 1 to 7, integrate with respect to the
4 9 variable.

1
Thus the limits have been changed, and it is unnecessary 1. 2x(2x 2 − 3)5 (2x 2 − 3)6 + c
12
to change the integral back in terms of x.
⎡ 3 ⎤25 
! 5
x=3  5 u2 ⎦ 2. 5 cos5 t sin t − cos6 t + c
Thus 5x (2x 2 + 7) dx = ⎣ 6
x=1 4 3/2
9
3. 3 sec2 3x tan 3x
5  25 5 √ 3 √ 3  
= u3 = 25 − 9 1 1 2
sec 3x + c or tan 3x + c
2
6 9 6 2 2
5 2
  
= (125 − 27) = 81 2
6 3 4. 2t (3t 2 − 1) (3t − 1) + c
2 3
9
! 2 3x 
Problem 11. Evaluate  dx, ln θ 1
0 (2x 2 + 1) 5. (ln θ)2 + c
taking positive values of square roots only. θ 2
396 Higher Engineering Mathematics


3
6. 3 tan 2t ln(sec 2t ) + c Solve the equation by determining the integral.
2   
V = 2πσ (92 + r 2 ) − r
2et √ 
7. √ t 4 (et + 4) + c
(e + 4) 12. In the study of a rigid rotor the following
integration occurs:
In Problems 8 to 10, evaluate the definite integrals ! ∞ −J (J +1) h 2
correct to 4 significant figures.
Zr = (2 J + 1)e 8π 2 I k T dJ
! 1
0
3x e(2x
2 −1)
8. dx [1.763] Determine Z r for constant temperature T
0
assuming h, I and k are constants.
 2
! π 8π I kT
2
9. 3 sin4 θ cos θ dθ [0.6000] h2
0
13. In electrostatics,
! 1 3x ⎧ ⎫
10. dx [0.09259] ! π⎨ ⎬
0 (4x − 1)5
2
a2 σ sin θ
E= - dθ
 ⎭
0 ⎩ 2ε a2 − x 2 − 2ax cos θ
11. The electrostatic potential on all parts of a
conducting circular disc of radius r is given
by the equation: where a, σ and ε are constants, x is greater
! 9 than a, and x is independent of θ. Show that
R a2 σ
V = 2πσ √ dR E=
0 R 2 + r2 εx
 Chapter 40
Integration using
trigonometric and
hyperbolic substitutions
⎡ π ⎤
sin 8 
40.1 Introduction ⎢π 4 ⎥ − 0 + sin 0
=⎣ + ⎦
4 8 8
Table 40.1 gives a summary of the integrals that require
the use of trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions π
and their application is demonstrated in Problems 1 = or 0.7854
4
to 27. 
Problem 2. Determine sin 2 3x dx.

40.2 Worked problems on integration Since cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin 2 x (from Chapter 17),
of sin2 x, cos2 x, tan2 x and cot2 x 1
then sin 2 x = (1 − cos 2x) and
2
! π 1
4 sin 3x = (1 − cos 6x)
2
Problem 1. Evaluate 2 cos 2 4t dt. 2
! !
0 1
Hence sin 3x dx =
2
(1 − cos 6x) dx
2
Since cos 2t = 2 cos 2 t − 1 (from Chapter 17),  
1 sin 6x
= x− +c
1 2 6
then cos 2 t = (1 + cos 2t ) and
2 
1 Problem 3. Find 3 tan 2 4x dx.
cos 2 4t = (1 + cos 8t )
2
! π Since 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x, then tan2 x = sec2 x − 1 and
Hence
4
2 cos 2 4t dt tan2 4x = sec2 4x − 1.
0 ! !
! π
4 1 Hence 3 tan 2 4x dx = 3 (sec 2 4x − 1) dx
=2 (1 + cos 8t ) dt
0 2  
 π tan 4x
sin 8t 4 =3 −x +c
= t+ 4
8 0
 Integration using trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions 399

Table 40.1 Integrals using trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions


f (x) f (x)dx Method See problem
 
1 sin 2x
1. cos 2 x x+ +c Use cos 2x = 2 cos 2 x − 1 1
2 2
 
1 sin 2x
2. sin x2 x− +c Use cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin 2 x 2
2 2

3. tan2 x tan x − x + c Use 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x 3

4. cot 2 x − cot x − x + c Use cot 2 x + 1 = cosec2 x 4
5. cos m x sin n x (a) If either m or n is odd (but not both), use
cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1 5, 6
(b) If both m and n are even, use either
cos 2x = 2 cos 2 x − 1 or cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin 2 x 7, 8
6. sin A cos B Use 12 [ sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)] 9

2 [ sin(A + B) − sin(A − B)]

1
7. cos A sin B Use 10

2 [ cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)]

1
8. cos A cos B Use 11
9. sin A sin B Use − 12 [ cos(A + B) − cos(A − B)] 12

1 x
10.  sin−1 +c Use x = a sin θ substitution 13, 14
(a 2 − x 2 ) a

 a 2 −1 x x  2
11. (a 2 − x 2 ) sin + (a − x 2 ) + c Use x = a sin θ substitution 15, 16
2 a 2

1 1 −1 x
12. tan +c Use x = a tan θ substitution 17–19
a2 + x 2 a a

1 x
13.  sinh−1 +c Use x = a sinh θ substitution 20–22
(x 2 + a 2 ) a
5  6
x + (x 2 + a 2 )
or ln +c
a

 a2 x x 2
14. (x 2 + a 2 ) sinh−1 + (x + a 2 ) + c Use x = a sinh θ substitution 23
2 a 2

1 x
15.  cosh−1 +c Use x = a cosh θ substitution 24, 25
(x − a 2 )
2 a
5  6
x + (x 2 − a 2 )
or ln +c
a

 x 2 a2 x
16. (x 2 − a 2 ) (x − a 2 ) − cosh−1 + c Use x = a cosh θ substitution 26, 27
2 2 a
400 Higher Engineering Mathematics

! π
3 1 2 40.3 Worked problems on powers of
Problem 4. Evaluate cot 2θ dθ.
π 2 sines and cosines
6


Since cot 2 θ +1 = cosec2 θ, then cot 2 θ = cosec2 θ−1 Problem 5. Determine sin 5 θ dθ.
and cot 2 2θ = cosec 2 2θ − 1.
! π Since cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1 then sin 2 θ = (1 − cos 2 θ).
3 1 !
Hence π cot 2 2θ dθ
6
2 Hence sin 5 θ dθ
! π  π ! !
1 3 1 −cot 2θ 3
= 2
(cosec 2θ − 1) dθ = −θ = sin θ(sin θ) dθ = sin θ(1 − cos 2 θ)2 dθ
2 2
2 π 2 2 π
⎡⎛
6 π  ⎞ ⎛ π  ⎞⎤6 !
−cot 2 −cot 2 = sin θ(1 − 2 cos 2 θ + cos 4 θ) dθ
1 ⎢⎜
= ⎣⎝ 3 − π⎟−⎜ 6 − π⎟⎥ !
⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦
2 2 3 2 6
= (sin θ − 2 sin θ cos 2 θ + sin θ cos 4 θ) dθ
1 2 cos3 θ cos5 θ
= [(0.2887 − 1.0472) − (−0.2887 − 0.5236)] = −cos θ + − +c
2 3 5
= 0.0269
Whenever a power of a cosine is multiplied by a sine of
power 1, or vice-versa, the integral may be determined
by inspection as shown.
Now try the following exercise !
−cos n+1 θ
In general, cos n θ sin θ dθ = +c
(n + 1)
Exercise 155 Further problems on !
sin n+1 θ
integration of sin2 x, cos2 x, tan2 x and cot2 x and sin n θ cos θ dθ = +c
(n + 1)
In Problems 1 to 4, integrate with respect to the
variable. ! π
   Problem 6. Evaluate
2
sin 2 x cos 3 x dx.
1 sin 4x
2
1. sin 2x x− +c 0
2 4
   ! π ! π
3 sin 2t 2 2
2. 3 cos 2 t t+ +c sin 2 x cos 3 x dx = sin 2 x cos 2 x cos x dx
2 2 0 0
   ! π
1 2
2
3. 5 tan 3θ 5 tan 3θ − θ + c = (sin 2 x)(1 − sin 2 x)(cos x) dx
3 0
! π
4. 2 cot 2 2t [−(cot 2t + 2t ) + c] =
2
(sin 2 x cos x − sin 4 x cos x) dx
0
In Problems 5 to 8, evaluate the definite integrals,
π
correct to 4 significant figures. sin 3 x sin 5 x 2
= −
! π π  3 5
3 0
3 sin 2 3x dx ⎡ 
π 3  π 5 ⎤
5. or 1.571
0 2
sin sin
! π π  ⎢ 2 − 2 ⎥ − [0 − 0]
4 =⎣ ⎦
6. cos 2 4x dx or 0.3927 3 5
0 8
! 1 1 1 2
= − = or 0.1333
7. 2 tan2 2t dt [−4.185] 3 5 15
0
! π ! π
3 4
8. cot θ dθ
2
[0.6311] Problem 7. Evaluate 4 cos 4 θ dθ, correct to 4
π 0
6 significant figures.
 Integration using trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions 401

! π ! π
Now try the following exercise
4 4
4 cos θ dθ = 4
4
(cos 2 θ)2 dθ
0 0
! π  2 Exercise 156 Further problems on
4 1
=4 (1 + cos 2θ) dθ integration of powers of sines and cosines
0 2
! π In Problems 1 to 6, integrate with respect to the
4 variable.
= (1 + 2 cos 2θ + cos 2θ) dθ 2

0 cos 3 θ
!  π 1. sin θ3 (a)−cos θ + +c
4 1 3
= 1 + 2 cos 2θ + (1 + cos 4θ) dθ
0 2 
sin 3 2x
! π  2. 2 cos 3 2x sin 2x − +c
4 3 1 3
= + 2 cos 2θ + cos 4θ dθ
0 2 2
3. 2 sin 3 t cos 2 t 
 π −2 2
3θ sin 4θ 4 cos 3 t + cos 5 t + c
= + sin 2θ + 3 5
2 8 0
  

3 π 2π sin 4(π/4) − cos 5 x cos 7 x
= + sin + − [0] 4. sin 3 x cos 4 x + +c
2 4 4 8 5 7
3π
= + 1 = 2.178, 5. 2 sin 4 2θ 
8 3θ 1 1
correct to 4 significant figures. − sin 4θ + sin 8θ + c
4 4 32

 t 1
Problem 8. Find sin 2 t cos 4 t dt. 6. sin 2 t cos 2 t − sin 4t + c
8 32
! !
sin 2 t cos 4 t dt = sin 2 t (cos 2 t )2 dt
!   2 40.4 Worked problems on integration
1 − cos 2t 1 + cos 2t
= dt of products of sines and cosines
2 2
! 
1
= (1 − cos 2t )(1 + 2 cos 2t + cos 2 2t ) dt Problem 9. Determine sin 3t cos 2t dt.
8
! !
1
= (1 + 2 cos 2t + cos 2 2t − cos 2t sin 3t cos 2t dt
8
− 2 cos 2 2t − cos 3 2t ) dt !
! 1
1 = [sin (3t + 2t ) + sin (3t − 2t )] dt,
= (1 + cos 2t − cos 2 2t − cos 3 2t ) dt 2
8
!   
1 1 + cos 4t from 6 of Table 40.1, which follows from Section 17.4,
= 1 + cos 2t − page 170,
8 2
− cos 2t (1 − sin 2t ) dt
2 !
1
= (sin 5t + sin t ) dt
!   2
11 cos 4t  
= − + cos 2t sin 2 2t dt 1 −cos 5t
82 2 = − cos t + c
  2 5
1 t sin 4t sin3 2t
= − + +c !
8 2 8 6 1
Problem 10. Find cos 5x sin 2x dx.
3
402 Higher Engineering Mathematics
!
1 Now try the following exercise
cos 5x sin 2x dx
3 !
1 1
= [sin (5x + 2x) − sin (5x − 2x)] dx, Exercise 157 Further problems on
3 2
from 7 of Table 40.1 integration of products of sines and cosines
! In Problems 1 to 4, integrate with respect to the
1
= (sin 7x − sin 3x) dx variable.
6   
  1 cos 7t cos 3t
1 −cos 7x cos 3x 1. sin 5t cos 2t − + +c
= + +c 2 7 3
6 7 3

sin 2x sin 4x
! 2. 2 sin 3x sin x − +c
1 2 4
Problem 11. Evaluate 2 cos 6θ cos θ dθ,
0 3. 3 cos 6x cos x   
correct to 4 decimal places. 3 sin 7x sin 5x
+ +c
2 7 5
! 1
1
2 cos 6θ cos θ dθ 4. cos 4θ sin 2θ
0 2
! 1   
1 1 cos 2θ cos 6θ
=2 [ cos (6θ + θ) + cos (6θ − θ)] dθ, − +c
0 2 4 2 6
from 8 of Table 40.1
In Problems 5 to 8, evaluate the definite integrals.
! 1 
sin 7θ sin 5θ 1 ! π 
= (cos 7θ + cos 5θ) dθ = + 2 3
0 7 5 0 5. cos 4x cos 3x dx (a) or 0.4286
    0 7
sin 7 sin 5 sin 0 sin 0 ! 1
= + − +
7 5 7 5 6. 2 sin 7t cos 3t dt [0.5973]
0
‘sin 7’ means ‘the sine of 7 radians’ (≡401◦4
) and
! π
sin 5 ≡286◦29
. 3
! 1 7. −4 sin 5θ sin 2θ dθ [0.2474]
0
Hence 2 cos 6θ cos θ dθ !
0 2
8. 3 cos 8t sin 3t dt [−0.1999]
= (0.09386 + (−0.19178)) − (0) 1

= −0.0979, correct to 4 decimal places.

!
40.5 Worked problems on integration
Problem 12. Find 3 sin 5x sin 3x dx.
using the sin θ substitution
! !
3 sin 5x sin 3x dx 1
Problem 13. Determine  dx.
! (a − x 2 )
2
1
= 3 − [ cos (5x + 3x) − cos (5x − 3x)] dx,
2 dx
from 9 of Table 40.1 Let x = a sin θ, then = a cos θ and dx = a cos θ dθ.
! ! dθ
3 1
=− ( cos 8x − cos 2x) dx Hence  dx
2 (a − x 2 )
2
  !
3 sin 8 sin 2x 1
=− − + c or =  a cos θ dθ
2 8 2 (a − a 2 sin 2 θ)
2
3 !
(4 sin 2x −sin 8x) + c a cos θ dθ
16 = 
[a 2(1 − sin 2 θ)]
 Chapter 41
Integration using
partial fractions
(by algebraic substitutions — see Chapter 39)
41.1 Introduction 5 6
(x −1)2
The process of expressing a fraction in terms of simpler or ln + c by the laws of logarithms
(x +3)5
fractions—called partial fractions—is discussed in
Chapter 2, with the forms of partial fractions used being
summarized in Table 2.1, page 13. Problem 2. Find
Certain functions have to be resolved into partial frac- !
2x 2 − 9x − 35
tions before they can be integrated as demonstrated in dx.
the following worked problems. (x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 3)

It was shown in Problem 2, page 14:

41.2 Worked problems on
integration using partial 2x 2 − 9x − 35 4 3 1
fractions with linear factors ≡ − +
(x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 3) (x + 1) (x − 2) (x + 3)
! !
11 −3x 2x 2 − 9x − 35
Problem 1. Determine dx. Hence dx
x 2 + 2x − 3 (x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 3)
!  
As shown in Problem 1, page 13: 4 3 1
≡ − + dx
(x + 1) (x − 2) (x + 3)
11 − 3x 2 5
≡ − = 4 ln(x+ 1) − 3 ln(x− 2) + ln(x+ 3) + c
x 2 + 2x − 3 (x − 1) (x + 3)
! 5 6
11 − 3x (x + 1)4 (x + 3)
Hence dx or ln +c
+ 2x − 3
x2 (x −2)3
!  
2 5
= − dx !
(x − 1) (x + 3) x2 + 1
Problem 3. Determine dx.
x 2 − 3x + 2
= 2 ln(x −1) − 5 ln(x + 3) + c
410 Higher Engineering Mathematics

By dividing out (since the numerator and denomina- Now try the following exercise
tor are of the same degree) and resolving into partial
fractions it was shown in Problem 3, page 14:
Exercise 162 Further problems on
x2 + 1 2 5 integration using partial fractions with
≡ 1− + linear factors
x 2 − 3x + 2 (x − 1) (x − 2)
! In Problems 1 to 5, integrate with respect to x.
x2 + 1 !
Hence dx 12
x 2 − 3x + 2 1. dx
(x 2 − 9)
!   ⎡ ⎤
2 5 2 ln(x − 3) − 2 ln(x + 3) + c
≡ 1− + dx ⎢   ⎥
(x − 1) (x − 2) ⎣ x −3 2 ⎦
or ln +c
x +3
= (x −2) ln(x − 1) + 5 ln(x −2) + c
!
4(x − 4)
5 6 2. dx
(x −2)5 (x 2 − 2x − 3)
or x + ln +c ⎡ ⎤
(x −1)2 5 ln(x + 1) − ln(x − 3) + c
⎢ 5 6 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ or ln (x + 1) + c
5
⎦
(x − 3)
Problem 4. Evaluate
! !
3
x 3 − 2x 2 − 4x − 4 3(2x 2 − 8x − 1)
dx, 3. dx
2 x2 + x − 2 (x + 4)(x + 1)(2x − 1)
correct to 4 significant figures. ⎡ ⎤
7 ln(x + 4) − 3 ln(x + 1)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ − ln(2x − 1) + c or ⎥
⎢ ⎥
By dividing out and resolving into partial fractions it ⎢   ⎥
⎣ (x + 4)7 ⎦
was shown in Problem 4, page 15: ln +c
(x + 1)3 (2x − 1)
x 3 − 2x 2 − 4x − 4 4 3
≡ x −3+ − !
x +x −2
2 (x + 2) (x − 1) x 2 + 9x + 8
4. dx
! x2 + x − 6
3 x 3 − 2x 2 − 4x − 4

Hence dx x + 2 ln(x + 3) + 6 ln(x − 2) + c
2 x2 + x − 2
or x + ln{(x + 3)2 (x − 2)6 } + c
! 3 
≡ x −3+
4
−
3 !
dx 3x 3 − 2x 2 − 16x + 20
2 (x + 2) (x − 1) 5. dx
(x − 2)(x + 2)
 3 ⎡ 2 ⎤
x2 3x
= − 3x + 4 ln(x + 2) − 3 ln(x − 1) ⎣ 2 − 2x + ln(x − 2) ⎦
2 2
−5 ln(x + 2) + c
 
9 In Problems 6 and 7, evaluate the definite integrals
= − 9 + 4 ln 5 − 3 ln 2
2 correct to 4 significant figures.
− (2 − 6 + 4 ln 4 − 3 ln 1) ! 4 x 2 − 3x + 6
6. dx [0.6275]
= −1.687, correct to 4 significant figures. 3 x(x − 2)(x − 1)
 Integration usingpartial fractions 411

! !
6 x 2 − x − 14 5x 2 − 2x − 19
7. dx [0.8122] Problem 6. Find dx.
x 2 − 2x − 3 (x + 3)(x − 1)2
4

It was shown in Problem 6, page 16:

8. Determine the value of k, given that:
!  5x 2 − 2x − 19 2 3 4
1 (x − k) 1 ≡ + −
dx = 0 (x + 3)(x − 1) 2 (x + 3) (x − 1) (x − 1)2
0 (3x + 1)(x + 1) 3
!
5x 2 − 2x − 19
Hence dx
9. The velocity constant k of a given chemical (x + 3)(x − 1)2
reaction is given by:
!   !  
2 3 4
kt =
1 ≡ + − dx
(3 − 0.4x)(2 − 0.6x)
dx (x + 3) (x − 1) (x − 1)2

4
where x = 0 when t = 0. Show that: = 2 ln (x +3) + 3 ln (x −1) + +c
(x − 1)
 
2(3 − 0.4x)  
kt = ln 4
3(2 − 0.6x) or ln (x +3)2 (x −1)3 + +c
(x − 1)

Problem 7. Evaluate
! 1 2
3x + 16x + 15
41.3 Worked problems on dx,
integration using partial −2 (x + 3)3
fractions with repeated linear correct to 4 significant figures.
factors
It was shown in Problem 7, page 17:
!
2x + 3
Problem 5. Determine dx. 3x 2 + 16x + 15 3 2 6
(x − 2)2 ≡ − −
(x + 3)3 (x + 3) (x + 3)2 (x + 3)3

!
It was shown in Problem 5, page 16: 3x 2 + 16x + 15
Hence dx
(x + 3)3
2x + 3 2 7
≡ +
(x − 2)2 (x − 2) (x − 2)2 ! 1  
3 2 6
! !   ≡ − − dx
2x + 3 2 7 −2 (x + 3) (x + 3)2 (x + 3)3
Thus dx ≡ + dx
(x − 2)2 (x − 2) (x − 2)2
 1
2 3
7 = 3 ln(x + 3) + +
= 2 ln(x −2) − +c (x + 3) (x + 3)2 −2
(x −2)
   
⎡! 7 ⎤ 2
= 3 ln 4 + +
3 2 3
− 3 ln 1 + +
dx is determined using the algebraic 4 16 1 1
⎣ (x − 2)2 ⎦
substitution u = (x − 2) — see Chapter 39. = −0.1536, correct to 4 significant figures.
412 Higher Engineering Mathematics
!
Now try the following exercise 3 + 6x + 4x 2 − 2x 3
Thus dx
x 2 (x 2 + 3)
Exercise 163 Further problems on !  
integration using partial fractions with 2 1 (3 − 4x)
≡ + 2+ 2 dx
repeated linear factors x x (x + 3)
In Problems 1 and 2, integrate with respect !  
2 1 3 4x
to x. = + + − dx
! x x 2 (x 2 + 3) (x 2 + 3)
4x − 3
1. dx ! !
(x + 1)2
 3 1
7 dx = 3 √ dx
4 ln(x + 1) + +c (x 2 + 3) x2 + ( 3)2
(x + 1)
3 x
! = √ tan −1 √ , from 12, Table 40.1, page 399.
5x 2 − 30x + 44 3 3
2. dx
(x − 2)3
⎡ ⎤ !
10 4x
⎢ 5 ln(x − 2) + dx is determined using the algebraic substi-
⎢ (x − 2) ⎥⎥ x2 + 3
⎣ 2 ⎦ tution u =(x 2 + 3).
− + c !  
(x − 2)2 2 1 3 4x
Hence + + − dx
x x 2 (x 2 + 3) (x 2 + 3)
In Problems 3 and 4, evaluate the definite integrals
correct to 4 significant figures. 1 3 x
= 2 ln x − + √ tan−1 √ − 2 ln(x 2 + 3) + c
! x 3 3
2 x 2 + 7x + 3  2
3.
x 2 (x + 3)
[1.663] x 1 √ x
1 = ln 2 − + 3 tan−1 √ + c
x +3 x 3
! 7 18 + 21x − x 2
4. dx [1.089]
6 (x − 5)(x + 2)2 !
1
Problem 9. Determine dx.
! 1  (x 2 − a2)
4t 2 + 9t + 8
5. Show that dt = 2.546,
0 (t + 2)(t + 1)2
1 A B
correct to 4 significant figures. Let ≡ +
(x 2 − a 2 ) (x − a) (x + a)

A(x + a) + B(x − a)
≡
(x + a)(x − a)
41.4 Worked problems on
integration using partial Equating the numerators gives:
fractions with quadratic factors 1 ≡ A(x + a) + B(x − a)
1
Let x = a, then A = , and let x = −a, then
! 2a
3 + 6x + 4x 2 − 2x 3 1
Problem 8. Find dx. B =−
x 2 (x 2 + 3) 2a
!
1
It was shown in Problem 9, page 18: Hence dx
(x 2 − a 2 )
! 
3 + 6x + 4x 2 − 2x 3 2 1 3 − 4x 1 1 1
≡ + 2+ 2 ≡ − dx
x (x + 3)
2 2 x x (x + 3) 2a (x − a) (x + a)
 Integration usingpartial fractions 413

1
= [ln(x − a) − ln(x + a)] + c Problem 12. Evaluate
2a ! 2
  5
1 x −a dx,
= ln +c (9 − x 2 )
2a x +a 0

correct to 4 decimal places.

Problem 10. Evaluate
! 4
3 From Problem 11,
dx,
3 (x 2 − 4) !   
2 5 1 3+x 2
correct to 3 significant figures. dx = 5 ln
0 (9 − x 2 ) 2(3) 3−x 0

From Problem 9, 
5 5
! 4    = ln − ln 1
3 1 x −2 4 6 1
dx = 3 ln
3 (x − 4) x +2 3
2 2(2)
 = 1.3412, correct to 4 decimal places.
3 2 1
= ln − ln
4 6 5
3 5 Now try the following exercise
= ln = 0.383, correct to 3
4 3
significant figures.
Exercise 164 Further problems on
! integration using partial fractions with
1
Problem 11. Determine dx. quadratic factors
(a 2 − x 2)
!
x 2 − x − 13
1. Determine dx.
Using partial fractions, let (x 2 + 7)(x − 2)
⎡ ⎤
3 −1 x
⎣ ln(x + 7) + √7 tan √7 ⎦
1 1 A B 2
≡ ≡ +
(a 2 − x 2 ) (a − x)(a + x) (a − x) (a + x) − ln(x − 2) + c
A(a + x) + B(a − x)
≡ In Problems 2 to 4, evaluate the definite integrals
(a − x)(a + x)
correct to 4 significant figures.
Then 1 ≡ A(a + x) + B(a − x) !
1 1
6
6x − 5
Let x = a then A = . Let x = −a then B = 2. dx [0.5880]
2a 2a 5 (x − 4)(x 2 + 3)
! !
1 2 4
Hence dx 3. dx [0.2939]
(a − x 2 )
2
(16 − x 2 )
1
! 
=
1 1
+
1
dx ! 5 2
2a (a − x) (a + x) 4. dx [0.1865]
4 (x 2 − 9)
1
= [−ln(a − x) + ln(a + x)] + c ! 2 
2a 2 +θ + 6θ 2 − 2θ 3
  5. Show that dθ
1 a+x 1 θ 2 (θ 2 + 1)
= ln +c
2a a−x = 1.606, correct to 4 significant figures.