CHAPTER 5: KINGDOM ANIMALIA

• The animals probably originated in the sea and most of the

larger groups are stll water dwellers;
• Animals are multiellular heterotrophs;
• There are no photosyntheti animals and no uniiellular
animals;
• This kingdom iniludes amongst others the sponges, jellyfsh,
the true worms, the snails, inseits (arthropods) the
eihinoderms (sea stars and sea urihins) and the ihordates;
• Exiept for the sponges the iells are organised into speiialised
tssues;
• Speiifi tssues are grouped together to form organs;
• Most animals reproduie sexually.
 CHAPTER 5
KINGDOM:ANIMALIA
General Characteristics:
 

1.Body multicellular;
2.In all but simplest animals, cells may be
arranged in layers to form tissues, tissues are
organised to form organs and organs form
systems (e.g. Digestive-, vascular-,
reproductive system, etc.);
3.Heterotrophs;
4.Diverse body plans (i.e. basic structure and
CHAPTER 5 KINGDOM:ANIMALIA

5. Locomotion by means of special contractile (muscle) fibres; some animals

such as sponges and corals move about as larvae, but are sessile as adults;
6. Cell membranes lack cellulose;
7. Most reproduce sexually; development can be directly or indirectly (larval
stages undo metamorphosis before maturing to adults).
CHAPTER 5 KINGDOM:ANIMALIA
Tissues and tissue layers:
•Presence or absence of tissue
layers divides the animal kingdom
into two distinct branches –
Parazoa (lacking tissues; e.g.
sponges) and Eumatozoa (have
true tissues; e.g. all other
animals);
•Some animals have a
diploblastic (two tissue layers –
ectoderm and endoderm) body
plan and others are triploblastic
(three tissues layers – ectoderm,
mesoderm and endoderm).
 CHAPTER 5
•
KINGDOM:ANIMALIA
Body Symmetry:
Most animals are symmetrical (i.e. their bodies
can be divided by a plane into mirror-image
halves; but some have irregular body plans
(asymmetrical; e.g. sponges);
• All other eumatozoan phyla fall within the
Bilateria, animals that have bilateral symmetry.
• Eumatozoans exhibit one of two body symmetry
patterns – Radiata with two phyla Cnidaria (e.g.
hydras, jellyfishes and sea anemones) and
Ctenophora (comb jellies) have a radial
symmetry. These animals are usually sessile or
slow-moving;
 CHAPTER 5
KINGDOM:ANIMALIA
Body cavities:
•Most bilateral symmetrical animals have
a body cavity that separates the gut from
the muscle of the body wall;

• Acoelomate animals (do not have a body cavity) include

flatworms; Pseudocoelomates have a false coelom (e.g.
roundworms); coelomate animals have a coelom (a fluid-
filled body cavity, also between the gut and the body wall
lined by the peritoneum).
  
MAJOR CLADE: PARAZOA
PHYLUM: PORIFERA- The sponges

• Simplest of all animals

• Aquatic (mostly marine,
also freshwater)
• Sac-like body; they draw
water in through tiny ostia;
absorb nutrients and reject
water through
osculum/oscula
 PHYLUM: PORIFERA- The sponges

• Circulation of water is brought

about through movement of
choanocytes (fagellated cells)
• Adults are sessile
• Skeleton of spicules and/or spongin
 MAJOR CLADE: EUMETAZOA
PHYLUM: CNIDARIA

• Aquatic; temperate, shallow, mostly

marine environment
• Often colonial
• Two body layers (diploblastic) surrounding
gastrovascular cavity with single opening
• Radial symmetry
 PHYLUM: CNIDARIA

• Polyps and medusae

• Some with ecto- or endoskeleton
• Coelom absent
Class: Hydrozoa
- mostly marine, and colonial; polyps and/or
medusae
e.g. Hydra spp., Obelia spp., Physalia utriculus
 Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria

e.g. Obelia (Polyps) e.g. Physalia

Class:Hydrozoa
 PHYLUM: CNIDARIA
Class: Scyphozoa
• True jelly fsh – foat in open sea
e.g. Aurelia

Adult stage - medusa

 PHYLUM: CNIDARIA
Class: Anthozoa
• Polyps; single or colonial. Sea
anemones, corals, sea fans, sea
plumes, sea pansies.
e.g. Metridium spp. (The sea anemone)
 PHYLUM: PLATYHELMINTHES - Flatworms

• Simplest animals with true organs – 3 tissue

layers (triploblastic)
• Bilateral symmetry
• Flattened dorso-ventrally
• Acoelomate (no body cavity)
• Free living or parasitic (ecto- and endo-
parasites)
 Two classes:
class: Trematoda - fukes

• Mostly endo-parasites
• Attaches by means of suckers (oral and
ventral) and feeds by means of a mouth
located on the oral sucker, digestive system
branched
• Life cycle includes diferent stages, 1 – more
intermediate hosts (snails or vegetation) &
one defnitive host (vertebrate)
 Two classes:
class: Trematoda - flkes

e.g. Fasciola spp. &

Chlonorchis sinensis – liver
fukes (liverrot, livercirrhosis)
Schistosoma mansoni, S. e.g. Fasciola hepatica
japonicum, S. haematobium – Liver fuke
blood fukes (schistosomiasis
– bilharzia)
Paragonimus spp. – lung fukes
Schistosoma spp Paragonimus
Bilharzia parasite spp.
Lung fuke
 Two classes:
class: Cestoda - tapeworms
• All are parasitic
• Long fat bodies made up of proglottids
• Attach by means of a scolex
• No digestive system – absorb nutrients
through the integument
 Two classes:
class: Cestoda - tapeworms
• Life cycle often includes two vertebrates
or an invertebrate and a vertebrate
e.g. Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), T.
saginata (beef tapeworm),
Diphyllobothrium spp. (fsh tapeworm),
Dipylidium (dog tapeworm)

Scolex with hooks and slckers Proglottid

 PHYLUM: NEMATODA – The
rolndworms
• Free living and parasitic
• Bilateral symmetry – cylindrical, worm-
like
• Pseudocoelom (=false coelom)
• Digestive system present – pharynx
muscular, lumen tri-radiate
• Non-living cuticle
• e.g. the hookworms (Ancylostoma
spp), the pinworm (Enterobius
spp.), the intestinal roundworms
(Toxocara canis & T. cati), the
whipworms (Trichurus spp.) and
the flarial worms (Wuchereria
bancrofti)
Ancylostoma spp - Enterobius spp. - Pinworm
hookworm
Wuchereria bancrofti occurs in the tropical
Africa and causes elephantiasis. Female >
100mm releases live microflariae that
obstructs the lymphatic system. Intermediate
host = mosquito that carries microflariae to
another host, develop in gut to infective stage
(3). Carried to defnitive host by mosquito.

Wuchereria bancrofti –filarial

worm
Guinea worm (Dracunculu spp.) – parts
of Africa, India & Middle East. Larvae
develop in Cyclops & is ingested in
drinking water. Male is small; female <
80cms – ulcer in skin through which
larvae are discharged
River blindness – caused by Onchocerca
volvulus (Nigeria) – intermediate host =
blackfy (Simulum spp)
Code:

Code: EUM31AT03ZOA23/01
 PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA – The molluscs

• Diverse group (snails, slugs, clams,

oysters, squid, octopus, nautilus) with
soft bodies – microscopically small –
ernoumous (giant squid)/ food, hosts,
destructive
• Aquatic, mostly marine, terrestrial
forms are still dependent on moisture
 PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA – The molllscs
• Bilateral symmetrical or asymmetrical –
visceral hump (shell), foot and head
• Mantle with mantle cavity – respiration &
secretion of shell (where present)
• True coelom
• Feeding usually through radula
• Circulatory system open or closed, heart
present
Definite
head
Shell

Radula
 Phylum: Mollusca
class: Gastropoda – snails and slugs

 Single shell present or absent, straight or

coiled into which the body can withdraw,
sealed with operculum
e.g. Conus spp. Helix spp. (intermediate
hosts, Lymnaea spp. (intermediate hosts for
liver fukes) and Biomphalaria spp & Bulinus
spp. (intermediate host for blood fukes)
 Garden snail- e.g. Bulinus africanus – 1st
Helix spp. intermediate host for
Sea snail – e.g. Schistosoma haematobium
Conus spp. contain
neurotoxic venom

Lymnaea natalensis – 1st

intemediate host for
Fasciola spp. (liver Biomphalaria pfeifferi –
fluke) 1st intermediate host for
Slugs – shell absent
Class: Gastropoda S. mansoni
 Phyllm: Molllsca
class: Bivalvia – mlssels, clams, oysters
• Two shells held together by a hinge
ligament
e.g. giant clam Tricadna spp more than
1m long, 225kg, black mussel
Choromytilus spp and Cape oyster
Cassostrea spp become toxic during
‘red tide’ bloom of dinofagellates.
Oysters

Clams – Tridacna spp

(largest clam, 225kg)

Class:
Mussels
Bivalvia
 Phyllm: Molllsca
class: Cephalopoda – sqlids, & octopi
• Foot modifed into arms 8 (octopus), 10
(squid)
• Shell often reduced, internal (squid) or
external (nautilus), or absent (octopus)
• Varies in size from 2-3cm to the giant
squid – largest invertebrate
 Class:
Cephalopoda

Giant squid

Octopus
 PHYLUM: ANNELIDA
Earthworms, marine worms, freshwater worms &
leeches
• Bilateral symmetry
• Segmented wormlike bodies
• Setae present on each segment except in leeches
• Circulatory system closed
• Ventral nervous system
 PHYLUM: ANNELIDA
Class: Polychaeta
Free living marine worms e.g. Nereis
• Head distinct with tentacles and eyes
• Many setae born on feshy parapodia
present on each segment (metamere)
• Clitellum absent
 PHYLUM: ANNELIDA
Class: Oligochaeta
Terrestrial and freshwater worms e.g.
earthworms, Lumbricus spp; some parasitic
• Head absent
• Few setae per metamere; parapodia absent
• Clitellum present
 PHYLUM: ANNELIDA
Class: Hirldinea
Mostly freshwater, few marine and
terrestrial forms e.g. the leech, Hirudo;
fuid (blood) feeders; some parasitic
• Anterior and posterior suckers present
• Clitellum present
• Parapodia and setae absent
 PHYLUM: ATHROPODA
Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, insects, crustaceans,
centipedes, millipedes
• Highly successful group; diverse; ¾ of animals
named are arthropods
• Free living, often carriers of diseases, some parasitic
(ecto- and endoparasites)
• Bilateral symmetrical; segmented; divided
• Appendages jointed
• Exoskeleton – ecdysis
• Open circulatory system (haemocoel) –
contractile heart
• Dorsal brain but ventral nervous system
• Metamorphosis sometimes prominent
 PHYLUM: ATHROPODA
class: Arachnida
e.g. Spiders, scorpions, ticks,
mites
• Four pairs of walking legs
• Eyes when present are simple
• Respiration through booklungs or
trachea
 PHYLUM: ATHROPODA
class: Arachnida
order: Araneae
e.g. spiders
• Body divided into cephalothorax (prosoma –
appendages) and abdomen (opisthosoma) –
pedicel
• Body unsegmented
• Mouthparts associated with poison glands
(chelicerae & pedipalps); free living; predacious
 PHYLUM: ATHROPODA
class: Arachnida

Order: Araneae
• Respiration through booklungs
and/or trachea
• Mostly terrestrial; aquatic forms
do occur
 PHYLUM: ATHROPODA
class: Arachnida

Order: Scorpiones
e.g. scorpions
Body divided into cephalothorax and
abdomen. Abdomen divided into mesosome
(7) and metasome (5) segments
Metasome end in a telson (sting) associated
with a poison gland
• Mouthparts small chelicerae; large pedipalps
ending in a pincer; free living; predacious
• Ovi-viviparous (Reproduction by means of eggs
that are keep inside the body of the mother insect
until they are ready to hatch)
• or viviparous (is an animal employing vivipary:
the embryo develops inside the body of the
mother, as opposed to outside in an egg (ovipary).
The mother then gives live birth).
• 2 South African families Scorpionidae &
Blthidae (Uroplectus spp, Parabuthus spp &
Buthotus spp)
 PHYLUM: ATHROPODA
class: Arachnida
Order: Acari
e.g. hard ticks, soft ticks, mites
• Cephalothorax and abdomen
fused; mouthparts carried on a
capitulum
• Respiration through trachea……
 Class: Arachnida
Order: Acari
Family: Ixodidae
 Vectors for diseases of man and livestock
e.g. Haemaphysalis leachi (biliary in
dogs), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
(theileriosis), Boophilus decoloratus
(anaplasmosis-gallsickness), Amblyomma
hebraeum (heartwater), Hyalomma spp
(Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever), many
harbours Rickettsia conori – tickbite fever
 Class: Arachnida
Order: Acari
Family: Argasidae
e.g. soft ticks; tampans Argas &
Ornithodorus spp
Mites – large group of very small acari –
some free living; other pests on many of
our crops and animals e.g. Demodex spp
– mange (is a skin disease found in many mammals
and is caused by a mite that burrows beneath the skin).
 PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA
Slbphyllm: Pancrlstacea
Class: Malacostraca
Shell fsh (crayfsh, crabs,
waterfeas, barnacles)
• Segmented bodies (head,
thorax and abdomen) or
sometimes fused to form an
ovoid body
• Primarily aquatic; mostly free
living & carnivorous; also
parasitic forms on fsh and other
crustaceans
• Two pairs of antennae
• Appendages biramous (two
distinct branches), can be
carried on both thorax and
abdomen
• Eyes are compound
 Slbphyllm: Uniramia
Class: Chilopoda
Terrestrial mandibllates
-The centipedes
• Terrestrial; carnivorous
• Bodies somewhat fattened, wormlike;
segmented (except the frst and last two)
carry pair of jointed legs
• Appendages on frst segment are modifed –
poison claws
e.g. Scolopendra
• Simple eyes (ocelli) grouped together into
two clumps
 PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA
Class: Diplopoda
-The millipedes
• Bodies wormlike; segmented
• Each segment carries two pairs of jointed legs
(except the frst four that carry one pair only)
• herbivorous
• Simple eyes (ocelli) grouped together into
two clumps
 PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA
Class: Insecta
-The insects
• Most successful of all animal classes (more than
70% of all animals named)
• Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen
• 3 pairs of legs and if present two pairs of wings
attached to the thorax
• Compound and simple eyes present
• Metamorphosis can be complete (diferent instars,
larva, pupa, and adult) or incomplete (gradual,
nymphs)
 Class: Insecta
Sub-class: Aptyregota
Order: Thysanura

-Silverfsh
• Small grey
fightless insects;
three long
terminal cerci,
damage to books
 Class: Insecta
Slbclass: Ptyregota
Order: Odonata
-Dragon fies
• Brightly coloured;
transparent wings,
Dragonfly
over water. Eggs in
water and the
nymphs are aquatic
Damselfly
 Class: Insecta
Slbclass: Ptyregota
Order: Orthoptera
-Grasshoppers, locusts,
crickets, cockroaches
• Forewings thickened,
hind wings folded
under the forewings
 Class: Insecta
Subclass: Ptyregota
Order: Isoptera

-Termites
• Social, two pairs of equal transparent wings
– flightless, they shed their wings at
maturity; damage wooden buildings. Wood
shavings are then used as a substrate to
cultivate fungi on which they feed
 Class: Insecta
Slbclass: Ptyregota
Order: Mallophaga

-The biting lice

• Wingless, legs
adapted to clinging
onto host,
ectoparasites of birds
and mammals
 Class: Insecta
Slbclass: Ptyregota
Order: Anopllra

-The sucking lice

• Wingless, mouthparts
adapted for piercing and
sucking e.g. Pediculus
humanis capitis (head
louse), Pediculus
humanis corpus (body
louse) (Ectoparasites of
 Class: Insecta
Slbclass: Ptyregota
Order: Hemiptera

-Bugs
• Wings present or absent; basal
portion of front wings leathery,
apical portion membranous;
hindwings membranous e.g.
Cimex lectularis (bed bug).
Often odorous scent glands -
stinkbugs
 Class: Insecta
Slbclass: Ptyregota
Order: Homoptera

-Cicadas, aphids
• Front wings uniform;
herbivorous; cause great
crop losses (aphids)
 Class: Insecta
Slbclass: Ptyregota
Order: Nelroptera

-Antlions; lacewings
• Beautiful lacelike
transparent wings (often
confused with the Antlion
dragonfies). Larvae
make craters in the sand
to trap ants.
Metamorphosis complete
lacewing
 Class: Insecta
Slbclass: Ptyregota
-The beetles Order: Coleoptera
• Largest order in the world; front wings thick and hard (elytra); hind
wings membranous, folded under the elytra. Metamorphosis
complete. Some beetles are poisonous e.g. the pupae of the beetle
Diamphidia nigroornata – poison for Bushmen arrows. Traditional
healers use a portion prepared from the poisonous Mylabris
oculata as an aphrodisiac

Mylabris oculata Diamphidia nigroornata

 Class: Insecta
Slbclass: Ptyregota
Order: Lepidoptera
-Moths; butterfies
Two pairs of membranous wings, covered
with scales; often brightly coloured.
Metamorphosis is complete. Larvae often
destroy crops
 Class: Insecta
Slbclass: Ptyregota
Order: Diptera
-The fies; mosquitoes
• Front wings – a single pair; hindwings –
reduced to balancers (halteres); e.g. Musca
domestica (housefy) – constant irritation,
carrier of diseases; Crysomya bezzianna
larvae (blowfy) feed on the living tissue
Stomoxys spp (adults) are blood sucking;
Glossina spp (tsetse fy) – vector of sleeping
sickness (man) and Nagana (cattle);
mosquitoes – ectoparasites of man and
livestock e.g. Aedes, Culex and Anopheles
spp and act as vectors for diferent
pathogens e.g. yellow fever (Aedes spp),
malaria (Anopheles spp) in man
 Class: Insecta
Slbclass: Ptyregota
Order: Siphonaptera
-The feas
• Small, laterally fattened, hard, for jumping. Bloodsucking
ecto-parasites (mammals and birds) e.g Pulex and
Xenopsylla spp. X. cheopis and the house rat are the two
main carriers of plaque. Ctenocephalides canis acts as an
intermediate host for dog tapeworm, Dipylidium canis
 Class: Insecta
Slbclass: Ptyregota
Order: Hymnoptera
-Ants, bees and wasps
Four wings (if present). Hind wings, subordinate.
Ovipositor often modifed into a stinger. Some
species social, e.g. honeybee Apis mellifera while
others are solitary
 KINGDOM:
ANIMALIA

SUMMARY
 KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Phylum: Porifera Phylum: Cnidaria
Sponges: Classes: Hydrozoa (Polyps and
medusae), Scyphozoa (Polyps and
medusae), & Anthozoa (Polyps only)

Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda (Flukes) Cestoda (Tapeworms)
Parasitsm Mostly endo-parasites All are endo-parasiti
Ataihment organs Ataih by means of suikers (oral and fentral suikers) Ataih by siolex

Feeding meihanism Feed by means of oral suiker Absorb nutrients through body tegument

Digestfe system Digestfe system branihed No digestfe system

Body Segmentaton Non-segmented Segmented (Proglotds)

Phylum: Nematoda Phylum: Mollusca

Roundworms Classes: Gastropoda, Bivalvia,
Cephalopoda
 KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Phylum: Annelida
Polyihaeta (Nereis) Hirudinea (Leeih) Oligoihaeta (Earthworms)

Many setae on parapodia No setae and parapodia Few setae, but no parapodia

Head distnit Head present No head

Clitellum is absent Clitellum is present Clitellum present

Suikers absent Suikers present No suikers

Phylum: Arthropoda
Sub - Phylum: Chelicerata Sub - Phylum: Crustacea
Class: Aracnida Class: Malacostraca
Orders: Arenae (spiders), Scorpiones (siorpions) & Acari
(Ixodidae – hard tiks & Argasidae – sof tiks)

Sub - Phylum: Uniramia

Classes: Diplopoda Chilopoda Insecta
 PHYLUM: ECHINODERMATA
-Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand
dollars
• Free living marine – ocean foor from
intertidal zones to great depths.
• Body nonsegmented, radial (having similar
parts radiating from a central point),
pentaramous (divided into fve parts);
lmbllacra & inter-lmbllacral areas
• Head absent
• Locomotion by tube feet
• Free-swimming bilateral larvae

• Four classes resorting under this phylum

include:
 PHYLUM: ECHINODERMATA
Class: Opilroidea

-brittle stars
• Star shaped, slender arms &
central disc
 PHYLUM: ECHINODERMATA
Class: Asteroidea
-sea stars
• Star shaped, arms not sharply
marked from central disc
 PHYLUM: ECHINODERMATA
Class: Echinoidea
Sea urchins and sand dollars
• Globular disc shaped; no arms
 PHYLUM: ECHINODERMATA
Class: Holothlroidea

-sea cucumbers
• Cucumber shaped; no arms
 PHYLUM: CHORDATA
• Notochord is always present; either
in the larval or embryonic form only,
or throughout life
• Bilateral symmetry
• The body is segmented with well
diferentiated head and tail regions
• A well developed coelom
• Nerve chord dorsal and tubular, brain anterior
• Pharyngeal gill clefts present at some stage in
the life cycle
• Post-anal tail present
• Endoskeleton present (cartilagenous or bony –
vertebrates)
The chordates can be divided into two main
groups, the Protochordata and the Craniata
 Grolp: Protochordata – two
slbphyla

1. Subphylum: the Urochordata – the

tunicates
• Marine; notochord and nerve chord
present in the free living larval forms.
The adults are sessile in the tidal zone,
e.g. Pyura spp
2. Subphylum: the Cephalochordata – the
lancelets
• Marine, fshlike with a notochord and
nerve chord along the entire length of
the body – also in the adult form e.g.
Branchiostoma
 Group: Craniata –
subphylum: Vertebrata – eight classes

Classes: Petromyzontes
(Cephalaspidormophi) and Myxini – true
jaws are absent (marine forms)
Remaining six classes – jaws present,
appendages paired
• Notochord embryonic; replaced by spinal
column (bony or cartilagenous vertebrae
surrounding spinal cord = endoskeleton)
• Muscles are attached to endoskeleton
(movement)
• Ventral heart; closed vascular system
• Well developed coelom
• Well developed brain consisting
primarily of fve vesicles
 Group: Craniata –
subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Chondrichthyes

-Sharks, rays, skates

• Marine;
• Mostly carnivorous;
• Bodies – streamlined;
• Skeleton – cartilagenous;
• Tail – heterocaecal;
• Mouth – ventral
• Respiration – naked gill clefts (5-7) i.e.
operculum absent;
• Two chambered heart e.g. Squalus (dogfsh)
and Raja (ray or skate)
• Skin covered with scales
 Grolp: Craniata –
slbphyllm: Vertebrata
Class: Osteichthyes
-bony fsh
• Aquatic (both marine and freshwater);
• Skeleton – ossifed
• Tail is homocercal; mouth – terminal
• Respiration gills covered by an
operculum:
• Two chambered heart e.g.
Salmo (the salmon), Tilapia spp
• Skin covered with scales
 Grolp: Craniata –
slbphyllm: Vertebrata
Class: Amphibia

-frogs and the salamanders

• Poikilothermic
• Respiration – lungs/gills or through the
skin
• Larval stage present
• Terrestrial but dependent on moisture
especially for reproduction
• The skin is smooth and moist; scales absent
• Three-chambered heart, two atria and one
ventricle, e.g. frogs and toads like Xenopus,
Bufo, Rana and the newt Triturus spp
 Grolp: Craniata –
slbphyllm: Vertebrata
Class: Reptilia

-snakes, lizards, chameleons, tortoises and crocodiles

• Poikilothermic tetrapods
• Terrestrial and marine
• Embryo develops within a shelled eggs (amniotic
egg)
• Exoskeleton of horny epidermal scales
• Respiration through lungs
• Except for the crocodiles, they have a three chambered
heart
e.g. Geochelone spp., the mountain tortoise, Lacerta spp., one of
the lizards, Crocodilus spp., the crocodile, and the snakes
(inject venom into the body of their prey or assailant by means
of specialized venom teeth
• The bite of some snakes can be fatal, e.g.
boomslang, Dispholidus typus, the rinkhals,
Hemachatus haemachatus, the green mamba,
Dendroaspis anguisticeps and the black
mamba, Dedroaspis polylepis, cobra species
(Naja), Adders (Bitis spp.)
• 4 marine snake species, e.g. Pelamis spp
occurs in the Indian ocean (fatal)
 Grolp: Craniata –
slbphyllm: Vertebrata
Class: Aves – the birds
• Endothermic (warm-blooded), vertebrate animals that lay eggs.
• Front appendages modifed for fight (wings)
• Body is covered with feathers; scales on the feet
• Jaws covered with horny beaks
• Folr chambered heart with a right aortic arch
• Respiration – lungs
• Reproduction by means of a shelled amniotic egg
• Birds can be terrestrial, over all our continents
and on all the oceans, many can swim and live
partially on and in water
• Dependent on land for their breeding sites
e.g. the African ostrich, fightless and the largest
living bird, the penguin (a marine bird), the sea
gull (uses the skies over our oceans) and the
house sparrow (uses the sky over our continents)
 Grolp: Craniata –
slbphyllm: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia – the mammals

• Endothermic and homeothermic

• Mammary glands
• Body is covered with hair
• Folr chambered heart with a left aortic arch
• Respiration – lungs
• Embryos develop in the uterus (viviparous) with
placental attachment (except in monotremes)
Mammals occur in the sea (whales),
freshwater (dugong) and on land. Some
mammals have adapted to fight (bats)
Two subclasses:
 Class: Mammalia
Slbclass: Prototheria
Order: Monotremata (egg-laying mammals)

e.g. Platypus & Spiny Ant-eater

 Although they lay eggs, they have hair and the
young are fed by milk…
 Slbclass: Theria
Infraclass: Metatheria
Order: Marslpialia
-opossums, kangaroos, koalas, wallabies, wombats
• Australia and Tasmania, South America. They
have a marsupium (pouch); primitive placenta;
young is born helpless, further development in
marsupium (nipple)
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria (placental mammals)

17 orders resort under Eutheria:

 Order: Afrosoricida
e.g. golden moles

 Order: Macroscelidea
e.g. Elephant shrews

 Order: Tubulidentata
e.g. Aardvark
• Order: Hyracoidea
e.g. dassies/hyraxes

• Order: Proboscidea
e.g. elephants

• Order: Sirenia
e.g. dugong

• Order: Lagomorpha
e.g. rabbits & hares
• Order: Rodentia e.g. moles, mole-rats, squirells, rats, mice,
springhare & porcupine

• Order: Primates e.g. bushbabies, monkeys, baboons, chimpanzees,

gorillas & the humans

• Order: Eulipotyphia e.g. shrews, hedgehog

• Order: Chiroptera e.g. insects & fruit-eating bats

• Order: Pholidota e.g pangolin

• Order: Carnivora e.g. cats, dogs, hyenas, genets,

surricates, mongooses, otters & honeybadges

• Order: Perrisodactyla e.g. rhinoceros, horses

• Order: Suiformes e.g. pigs, bushpig, warthog

• Order: Whippomorpha e.g. Hippotamus,
Pygmy hippotamus, whales & dolphins

• Order: Ruminantia e.g cattle, sheep,

goats, girafe & wild antelope
 THANK YOU ALL FOR LISTENING…….

Proverbs 2: 6
For the Lord gives wisdom, and from His mouth comes knowledge and understanding.