CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Classification of portland cement in India

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 CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Characteristics of Bogue’s Compounds

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 CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Characteristics of Bogue’s Compounds

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 CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Heat of Hydration

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 CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Cement Classification as per ASTM C150

Type I: General use Cement

Type II: General use but when moderate sulphate
resistance is required
Type III: When high early strength is required
Type IV: When low heat of
educational hydration
purpose because it contains is required
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Type V: When high sulfate resistance

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 CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

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 CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Components of hydrated PCBPSs (Revisiting)

o C-S-H gel (tobermorite)
o CH (portlandite)
o Ettringite (Aft)
o Monosulfoaluminates (Afm)
o Pores (capillary, gel, entrained & entrapped air)
o Water filled in pores (pore solution)
o Minor compounds
o Unhydrated cement
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 CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Pores
o The amount or volume of pores in PCBPS is called
its “POROSITY,” a major component of its
microstructure and an important durability property
o PCBPS is highly porous just after adding water.
o The porosity of the system decreases with time due
to reactions of the chemical compounds in cement
o Porosity of PCBPS is determined by
(i) Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry & (ii) Physical adsorption of gases
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 CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Pores
o Different types of pores or voids include
* Capillary pores
* Gel pores (Using Models)
* Entrained air voids
* Entrapped air voids

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 CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Capillary Pores

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 CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Comparison of different pores or voids in

PCBPS

Gel pores

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 CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Entrapped Air Voids

o Air voids in PCBPS is usually in the range of 1%-2.5%
(by volume of concrete)
o All these voids are entrapped
o Entrapped air voids occur due to improper
compaction of PCBPS mixtures
o If improperly compacted, air voids can be as high as
~5%-30%, which may result in porous, permeable
and extremely low strength mixtures
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 CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Problems with improper consolidation

Honey-combing – (Very big entrapped air voids and continuous)

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Bug-holes - (Very big entrapped
educational air voids
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Typical entrapped air void size range: ~0.5 mm to 4 mm (visible)
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 CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Entrained Air Voids

o Entrained air voids are not present if the mixture
either does not have air-entraining admixture or is
not subjected to any method used to entrain air
o Entrained air voids is important from the standpoint
of FREEZE-THAW condition
o Concrete can resist freeze-thaw damage only if it
has total air voids in the range of 4.5%-7%

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 CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Entrained Air Voids

o An increase in the air voids of PCBPS will result in a
drastic decrease in its compressive strength even
within the levels or limits of voids required for
freeze-thaw resistance
o For highest effectiveness, the size of entrained air
voids shall be in the range of ~60 mm to 1 mm
o Air entraining admixtures are technologically
designed to cater for this requirement
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