ON CERTAIN WEAKER FORMS OF THE SCHEEPERS

PROPERTY

DEBRAJ CHANDRA∗ , NUR ALAM∗

arXiv:2207.08819v1 [math.GN] 18 Jul 2022

Abstract. We introduce the weaker forms of the Scheepers property,

namely almost Scheepers (aS), weakly Scheepers in the sense of Sakai (wS)
and weakly Scheepers in the sense of Kočinac (wSk ). We explore many
topological properties of the weaker forms of the Scheepers property and
present few illustrative examples to make distinction between these spaces.
Certain situations are considered when all the weaker forms are equivalent.
We also make investigations on the weak variations as considered in this
paper concerning cardinalities. In particular we observe that
(1) If every finite power of a space X is aM (respectively, wM), then X
is aS (respectively, wS).
(2) Every almost Lindelöf space of cardinality less than d is aS.
(3) Let X be Lindelöf and κ < d. If X is a union of κ many aH (respec-
tively, wH, wHk ) spaces, then X is aS (respectively, wS, wSk ).
(4) The Alexandroff duplicate AD(X) of a space X has the Scheepers
property if and only if AD(X) has the wSk property.
(5) If AD(X) is aS (respectively, wS), then X is also aS (respectively,
wS).
Besides, few observations on productively aS, productively wS and pro-
ductively wSk spaces are presented. Some open problems are also given.
Key words and phrases: Scheepers, almost Scheepers, weakly Scheepers, al-
most Alster, weakly Alster, productively almost Scheepers, productively weakly
Scheepers.

1. Introduction
The study of selection principles in set-theoretic topology is well known. A lot
of research has been carried out investigating weaker forms of the Menger [25]
and Hurewicz [25] properties, namely almost Menger (Hurewicz) and weakly
Menger (Hurewicz) properties, for detailed information see [6,12–14,16,22,24,27]
and references therein. In this article we introduce certain weaker forms of the
2020 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary: 54D20; Secondary: 54B05, 54C10,
54D99.
The second author is thankful to University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi-
110002, India for granting UGC-NET Junior Research Fellowship (1173/(CSIR-UGC NET
JUNE 2017)) during the tenure of which this work was done.
1
2 D. CHANDRA, N. ALAM

Scheepers property [11, 25], namely almost Scheepers (aS), weakly Scheepers in
the sense of Sakai (wS) and weakly Scheepers in the sense of Kočinac (wSk ).
The purpose of this study is to observe the relationship between the Scheepers
property and its weaker variations, and also investigate the behaviour of these
new relatives. The interrelationships between the notions considered here are
outlined into implication diagrams (Figure 1 and Figure 2).
The following is a summarization of what is done in this paper.
(1) Every paracompact (and also regular) aS space is Scheepers. But a hypocom-
pact (and hence a paracompact) as well as a regular wSk (wS) space need
not be Scheepers.
(2) If every finite power of a space X is aM (respectively, wM), then X is aS
(respectively, wS).
(3) Every almost Alster (respectively, weakly Alster) space is aS (respectively,
wS).
(4) Every almost Lindelöf space with cardinality less than d is aS.
(5) Let X be Lindelöf and κ < d. If X is a union of κ many aH (respectively,
wH, wHk ) spaces, then X is aS (respectively, wS, wSk ).
(6) The Alexandroff duplicate AD(X) of a space X has the Scheepers property
if and only if AD(X) has the wSk property.
(7) If AD(X) is aS (respectively, wS), then X is also aS (respectively, wS).
(8) Every H-closed space is productively aS (productively wS, productively
wSk ).
(9) If a space X satisfies S1 (GK , GΓ ) (respectively, S1 (GK , GDΓ ), S1 (GK , GΓD )),
then X is productively aS (respectively, productively wS, productively wSk ).
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 3, it is observed that the Scheep-
ers property is distinguishable from its weaker forms. Contrasting characteriza-
tions of these weaker variations in terms of regular-open sets as well as neigh-
bourhood assignments are obtained. Certain situations are considered when all
the weaker forms are equivalent. In [12, Proposition 2.3], the authors answered
the question [22, Question 13] that under what conditions the aM and wM prop-
erties are equivalent. We improve the result [12, Proposition 2.3] by showing
that in the context of a P -space almost all the weak variations are identical
(Theorem 3.8 and Corollary 3.3). Later in this section, we present some obser-
vations on the weak variations (as considered in this paper) concerning critical
cardinalities. We improve the result [7, Theorem 2.5] by showing that if a Lin-
delöf space X is written as a union of κ (< d) many H-closed subspaces, then
X is aS (Corollary 3.4). In Section 4, preservation like properties of the new
notions are investigated. We consider and study the productively properties,
viz. productively aS, productively wS and productively wSk spaces. In the later
part of this section, we also study the behaviour of these notions under certain
mappings (mainly weaker versions of continuous mapping). In Section 5, we
 ON CERTAIN WEAKER FORMS OF THE SCHEEPERS PROPERTY 3

explore few possibilities for further lines of investigation. In the final section,
some open problems are posted.

2. Preliminaries
Throughout the paper (X, τ ) stands for a topological space. For undefined
notions and terminologies, see [9].
Let A and B be families of subsets of a space X. Following [11, 25], we define
S1 (A, B): For each sequence (Un ) of elements of A there exists a sequence (Vn )
such that for each n Vn ∈ Un and {Vn : n ∈ N} ∈ B.

Sfin (A, B): For each sequence (Un ) of elements of A there exists a sequence (Vn )
such that for each n Vn is a finite subset of Un and ∪n∈N Vn ∈ B.

Ufin (A, B): For each sequence (Un ) of elements of A there exists a sequence (Vn )
such that for each n Vn is a finite subset of Un and {∪Vn : n ∈ N} ∈ B or there
is some n such that ∪Vn = X.
Let O denote the collection of all open covers of X. An open cover U of
X is said to be a γ-cover [11, 25] if U is infinite and for each x ∈ X, the set
{U ∈ U : x ∈ / U } is finite. An open cover U of X is said to be an ω-cover [11, 25]
if X not in U and for each finite subset F of X there is a set U ∈ U such
that F ⊆ U . An open cover U of X is said to be a large cover [11, 25] if for
each x ∈ X, the set {U ∈ U : x ∈ U } is infinite. We use the symbol Γ, Ω
and Λ to denote the collection of all γ-covers, ω-covers and large covers of X
respectively. Note that Γ ⊆ Ω ⊆ Λ ⊆ O. An open cover U of X is said to
be weakly groupable [2] if X can be expressed as a countable union of finite,
pairwise disjoint subfamilies Un , n ∈ N, such that for each finite set F ⊆ X we
have F ⊆ ∪Un for some n. The collection of all weakly groupable covers of X is
denoted by Owgp . A space X is said to have the Menger (respectively, Scheepers,
Hurewicz) property if X satisfies the selection principle Sfin (O, O) (respectively,
Ufin (O, Ω), Ufin (O, Γ)) [11, 25].
We now consider the following classes of covers (for similar types of covers,
see [17]).
O: The family of all sets U of open subsets of X such that {U : U ∈ U} covers
X.
Ω: The family of all sets U ∈ O such that each finite set F ⊆ X is contained in
U for some U ∈ U.
Γ: The family of all sets U ∈ O such that for each x ∈ X, the set {U ∈ U : x ∈/
U } is finite.
Λ: The family of all sets U ∈ O such that for each x ∈ X, the set {U ∈ U : x ∈
U } is infinite.
 4 D. CHANDRA, N. ALAM

Owgp : The family of all sets U ∈ O such that U can be expressed as a countable
union of finite, pairwise disjoint subfamilies Un , n ∈ N, such that for each
finite set F ⊆ X there exists a n such that F ⊆ ∪Un .
Λwgp : The family of all sets U ∈ Λ such that U ∈ Owgp .
OD : The family of all sets U of open subsets of X such that ∪U is dense in X.
ΩD : The family of all sets U ∈ OD such that for each finite collection F of
nonempty open sets of X there exists a U ∈ U such that U ∩ V 6= ∅ for all
V ∈ F.
ΓD : The family of all sets U ∈ OD such that for each nonempty open set U ⊆ X,
the set {V ∈ U : U ∩ V = ∅} is finite.
ΛD : The family of all sets U ∈ OD such that for each nonempty open set U ⊆ X,
the set {V ∈ U : U ∩ V 6= ∅} is infinite.
Owgp D : The family of all sets U ∈ OD such that U can be expressed as a countable
union of finite, pairwise disjoint subfamilies Un , n ∈ N, such that for each
finite collection F of nonempty open sets of X there exists a n such that
V ∩ (∪Un ) 6= ∅ for all V ∈ F .
Λwgp D : The family of all sets U ∈ ΛD such that U ∈ Owgp D .
ΩD : The family of all sets U ∈ ΩD such that for each U there exists a dense set
Y ⊆ X such that each finite set F ⊆ Y is contained in U for some U ∈ U.
ΓD : The family of all sets U ∈ ΓD such that for each U there exists a dense set
Y ⊆ X such that for each x ∈ Y , the set {U ∈ U : x ∈ / U } is finite.
ΛD : The family of all sets U ∈ ΛD such that for each U there exists a dense set
Y ⊆ X such that for each x ∈ Y , the set {U ∈ U : x ∈ U } is infinite.
Owgp D : The family of all sets U ∈ Owgp D such that for each U there exists a dense
set Y ⊆ X and U can be expressed as a countable union of finite, pairwise
disjoint subfamilies Un , n ∈ N, such that each finite set F ⊆ Y is contained
in ∪Un for some n.
Λwgp D : The family of all sets U ∈ ΛD such that U ∈ Owgp D .
All the considered covers are assumed to be infinite. Observe that

(1) Γ⊆Ω⊆Λ⊆O (5) Γ ⊆ ΓD ⊆ ΓD

(2) ΓD ⊆ ΩD ⊆ ΛD ⊆ OD (6) Ω ⊆ ΩD ⊆ ΩD
(3) ΓD ⊆ ΩD ⊆ ΛD ⊆ OD (7) Λ ⊆ ΛD ⊆ ΛD .
(4) O ⊆ OD

Also note that every countable member of Ω (respectively, ΩD , ΩD ) is a

member of Owgp (respectively, Owgp D , Owgp D ).
A space X is said to be almost Lindelöf (in short, aL) (respectively, weakly
Lindelöf (in short, wL)) if for every open cover U of X there exists a countable
subset V of U such that V ∈ O (respectively, V ∈ OD ) (see [12, 28]). A space
X satisfying the selection principle Sfin (O, O) (respectively, Ufin (O, Γ)) is called
 ON CERTAIN WEAKER FORMS OF THE SCHEEPERS PROPERTY 5

almost Menger [13] (in short, aM) (respectively, almost Hurewicz [15, 27] (in
short, aH)). A space X is said to be weakly Menger [6, 22] (in short, wM)
(respectively, weakly Hurewicz in the sense of Sakai [24] (in short, wH)) if X
satisfies the selection principle Sfin (O, OD ) (respectively, Ufin (O, ΓD )). A space
X is said to be weakly Hurewicz in the sense of Kočinac [14] (in short, wHk ) if
X satisfies the selection principle Ufin (O, ΓD ).
The following terminologies will be used throughout our study (for similar
such notions, see [1, 3]).
G: The family of all covers U of the space X for which each element of U is a
Gδ set.
GK : The family of all sets U where X is not in U, each element of U is a Gδ set,
and for each compact set C ⊆ X there is a U ∈ U such that C ⊆ U .
GΩ : The family of all covers U ∈ G such that for each finite set F ⊆ X there is
a U ∈ U such that F ⊆ U .
GΓ : The family of all covers U ∈ G which are infinite and each infinite subset of
U is a cover of X.
GΓ : The family of all covers U ∈ G which are infinite and for each x ∈ X, the
set {U ∈ U : x ∈ / U } is finite.
GD : The family of all sets U where each element of U is a Gδ set and ∪U is dense
in X.
GDΓ : The family of all sets U where each element of U is a Gδ set and for each
nonempty open set U ⊆ X, the set {V ∈ U : U ∩ V = ∅} is finite.
GΓD : The family of all sets U where each element of U is a Gδ set and for each U
there exists a dense set Y ⊆ X such that for each x ∈ Y , the set {U ∈ U :
x∈/ U } is finite.
G: The family of all sets U such that every U ∈ U is a Gδ set and {U : U ∈ U}
covers X.
GΩ : The family of all sets U ∈ G such that for each finite set F ⊆ X there exists
a U ∈ U such that F ⊆ U .
A space X is said to be Alster [1] if each member U of GK has a countable
subset V that covers X (or, equivalently if X satisfies the selection principle
S1 (GK , G)). A space X is said to be almost Alster [12] if each member U of GK
has a countable subset V such that {V : V ∈ V} covers X (or, equivalently if
X satisfies the selection principle S1 (GK , G)). A space X is said to be weakly
Alster [3] if each member U of GK has a countable subset V such that ∪V is
dense in X (or, equivalently if X satisfies the selection principle S1 (GK , GD )).
Consider the Baire space NN . A natural pre-order ≤∗ on NN is defined by
f ≤∗ g if and only if f (n) ≤ g(n) for all but finitely many n. A subset D of
NN is said to be dominating if for each g ∈ NN there exists a f ∈ D such that
g ≤∗ f . A subset A of NN is said to be bounded if there is a g ∈ NN such that
f ≤∗ g for all f ∈ A. Let d be the minimum cardinality of a dominating subset
6 D. CHANDRA, N. ALAM

of NN , b be the minimum cardinality of an unbounded subset of NN and c be the

cardinality of the continuum.
A subset A of a space X is said to be regular-closed (respectively, regular-
open) if Int(A) = A (respectively, Int(A) = A). Every clopen set is regular-
closed as well as regular-open. The Alexandroff duplicate [4, 9] AD(X) of a
space X is defined as follows. AD(X) = X × {0, 1}; each point of X × {1}
is isolated and a basic neighbourhood of (x, 0) ∈ X × {0} is a set of the form
(U × {0}) ∪ ((U × {1}) \ {(x, 1)}), where U is a neighbourhood of x in X. For a
space X, PR(X) denotes the space of all nonempty finite subsets of X with the
Pixley-Roy topology [6]. The collection {[A, U ] : A ∈ PR(X), U open in X} is
a base for the Pixley-Roy topology, where [A, U ] = {B ∈ PR(X) : A ⊆ B ⊆ U }
for each A ∈ PR(X) and each open set U in X. A space X is said to be
cosmic if it has a countable network. A space X satisfies the countable chain
condition (in short, CCC) if every family of disjoint nonempty open subsets of
X is countable. A space satisfying the CCC is called a CCC space. For a space
X, e(X) = sup{|Y | : Y is a closed and discrete subspace of X} is said to be the
extent of X. For any two spaces X and Y , X ⊕ Y denote the topological sum
of X and Y .
Lemma 2.1. For a space X the following assertions hold.
(1) Sfin (Γ, Λ) = Sfin (Ω, Λ)
(2) Sfin (Γ, ΛD ) = Sfin (Ω, ΛD )
(3) Sfin (Γ, ΛD ) = Sfin (Ω, ΛD ).
Proof. We only give proof for the first assertion. Let (Un ) be a sequence of
ω-covers of X. Without loss of generality we may assume that for each finite
set F ⊆ ∪n∈N Un , Uk ∩ F = ∅ for all but finitely many k. For each n enumerate
(n) (n)
Un bijectively as {Um : m ∈ N}. Next for each n and each m define Vm =
(n) (n)
∪1≤i≤m Ui . Clearly Wn = {Vm : m ∈ N} is a γ-cover of X for each n. Using
the hypothesis we can find a sequence (Hn ) such that for each Hn is a finite
subset of Wn and ∪n∈N Hn ∈ Λ. Clearly (Hn ) produces a sequence (Vn ) such
that for each n Vn is a finite subset of Un and ∪Vn = ∪Hn . Since each Vn
is disjoint from Uk for all but finitely many k, ∪n∈N Vn ∈ Λ. Thus X has the
property Sfin (Ω, Λ). 

3. Weaker versions of the Scheepers property

3.1. Almost Scheepers and related spaces. We introduce the following def-
initions.
Definition 3.1.
(1) A space X is said to be almost Scheepers (in short, aS) if X satisfies the
selection principle Ufin (O, Ω) i.e. if for every sequence (Un ) of open covers
 ON CERTAIN WEAKER FORMS OF THE SCHEEPERS PROPERTY 7

of X there exists a sequence (Vn ) such that for each n Vn is a finite subset
of Un and {∪Vn : n ∈ N} ∈ Ω.
(2) A space X is said to be weakly Scheepers (in short, wS) if X satisfies the
selection principle Ufin (O, ΩD ).
We also introduce another weak variation of the Scheepers property.
Definition 3.2. A space X is said to be weakly Scheepers in the sense of Kočinac
(in short, wSk ) if X satisfies the selection principle Ufin (O, ΩD ).
The following equivalent formulations of the weaker forms of the Scheepers
property will be used subsequently. A space X is
(1) aS if for every sequence (Un ) of open covers of X there exists a sequence (Vn )
such that for each n Vn is a finite subset of Un and each finite set F ⊆ X is
contained in ∪Vn for infinitely many n.
(2) wS if for every sequence (Un ) of open covers of X there exists a sequence
(Vn ) such that for each n Vn is a finite subset of Un and for each finite
collection F of nonempty open subsets of X, the set {n ∈ N : U ∩ (∪Vn ) 6=
∅ for all U ∈ F } is infinite.
(3) wSk if for every sequence (Un ) of open covers of X there exist a dense subset
Y of X and a sequence (Vn ) such that for each n Vn is a finite subset of Un
and each finite set F ⊆ Y is contained in ∪Vn for infinitely many n.
The relation between the weaker forms of the Hurewicz (H), Scheepers (S),
Menger (M) and Lindelöf (L) properties are outlined in the following implication
diagram (Figure 1). It is easy to observe that under regularity condition, aS
implies the Scheepers property and similarly for the other ‘almost’ variations.
Interestingly all the weaker versions are hereditary for clopen subsets. We will
come back again with preservation like observations in the next section.
We now illustrate to distinguish these weaker forms of the classical selective
properties.
Example 3.1. There exists a aS space which is not Scheepers.
Let A = {(aα , −1) : α < ω1 } ⊆ {(x, −1) : x ≥ 0} ⊆ R2 , Y = {(aα , n) :
α < ω1 , n ∈ N} and p = (−1, −1). Choose X = Y ∪ A ∪ {p}. We topologize
X as follows. (i) Every point of Y is isolated, (ii) for each α < ω1 a basic
neighbourhood of (aα , −1) is of the form Un (aα , −1) = {(aα , −1)} ∪ {(aα , m) :
m ≥ n}, where n ∈ N and (iii) a basic neighbourhood of p is of the form
Uα (p) = {p} ∪ {(aβ , n) : β > α, n ∈ N}, where α < ω1 . Clearly X is Urysohn.
Since A is an uncountable discrete closed subset of X, X is not Lindelöf and
hence not Scheepers.
We now show that X is aS. Let (Un ) be a sequence of open covers of X.
For each n choose a Un ∈ Un such that p ∈ Un and also choose a basic
neighbourhood Uβn (p) ⊆ Un . Now for each n X \ Un is at most countable as
8 D. CHANDRA, N. ALAM

L aL wL

M aM wM

wSk

S aS wS

wHk

H aH wH

Figure 1. Weaker forms of the Hurewicz, Scheepers, Menger

and Lindelöf properties

Uβn (p) = Uβn (p) ∪ {(aβ , −1) : β > βn }. Clearly Y = ∪n∈N (X \ Un ) is σ-compact
and hence Hurewicz. Apply the Hurewicz property of Y to (Un ) to obtain a se-
quence (Vn′ ) such that for each n Vn′ is a finite subset of Un and each x ∈ Y
belongs to ∪Vn′ for all but finitely many n. Clearly the sequence (Vn ), where
Vn = Vn′ ∪ {Un } for each n witnesses that X is aH (and hence aS).
For a Tychonoff space X, let βX denote the Stone-Čech compactification of
X.
Example 3.2. There exists a wSk (and also a wS) space which is not aS (and
hence not Scheepers).
Let D be the discrete space of cardinality ω1 . Consider X = (βD × (ω + 1)) \
((βD\D)×{ω}) as a subspace of βD×(ω+1). Since βD×ω is a σ-compact dense
subset of X, X is wSk (see Section 4.1 below). Now X is not aL (see [28, Example
2.3]) and so X is not aS.
The existence of a aS space which is not aH follows from the existence of a set
of reals which is Scheepers but not Hurewicz (see [30, Theorem 8.10]). By [29,
Theorem 2.1], there exists a set of reals which is Menger but not Scheepers. This
shows that there is a aM space which is not aS.
It is well known that every CCC space is wL [23, 28]. A CCC space need not
satisfy any of the weaker variations of the Scheepers property.
Example 3.3. There is a CCC space which is neither aS nor wS nor wSk .
Let Z = PR(P), where P is the space of irrationals. Clearly P is a cosmic space
which is not Menger. It has been observed that PR(X) is CCC for every regular
 ON CERTAIN WEAKER FORMS OF THE SCHEEPERS PROPERTY 9

cosmic space X [23] and also if PR(X) is wM, then each finite power of X is
Menger [6, Theorem 2A]. Thus Z is a CCC space which is not wM. Which
shows that Z is not wS and hence Z is neither aS nor wSk .
We now reconfigure the above defined notions using regular-open sets and
neighbourhood assignments.
Proposition 3.1.
(1) A space X is aS if and only if for every sequence (Un ) of covers of X by
regular-open sets there is a sequence (Vn ) such that for each n Vn is a finite
subset of Un and for each finite set F ⊆ X there is a n such that F ⊆ ∪Vn .
(2) A space X is wS if and only if for every sequence (Un ) of covers of X by
regular-open sets there exists a sequence (Vn ) such that for each n Vn is a
finite subset of Un and for each finite collection F of nonempty regular-open
sets there is a n such that U ∩ (∪Vn ) 6= ∅ for all U ∈ F .
(3) Suppose that X is regular. Then X is wSk if and only if for every sequence
(Un ) of covers of X by regular-open sets there exist a dense subset Y of X
and a sequence (Vn ) such that for each n Vn is a finite subset of Un and for
each finite set F ⊆ Y there is a n such that F ⊆ ∪Vn .
Recall that a neighbourhood assignment for a space (X, τ ) is a function N :
X → τ such that x ∈ N(x) for each x ∈ X.
Theorem 3.1.
(1) A space X is aS if and only if for each sequence (Nn ) of neighbourhood
assignments of X there exists a sequence (Fn ) of finite subsets of X such
that {N(Fn ) : n ∈ N} ∈ Ω.
(2) A space X is wS if and only if for each sequence (Nn ) of neighbourhood
assignments of X there exists a sequence (Fn ) of finite subsets of X such
that {N(Fn ) : n ∈ N} ∈ ΩD .
(3) A space X is wSk if and only if for each sequence (Nn ) of neighbourhood
assignments of X there exists a sequence (Fn ) of finite subsets of X such
that {N(Fn ) : n ∈ N} ∈ ΩD .
Proof. We only give proof for (1). Let (Nn ) be a sequence of neighbourhood
assignments of X. For each n we define Un = {Nn (x) : x ∈ X}. Then (Un ) is
a sequence of open covers of X and since X is aS, there exists a sequence (Vn )
such that for each n Vn is a finite subset of Un and {∪Vn : n ∈ N} ∈ Ω. This
gives us a sequence (Fn ) of finite subsets of X such that Vn = {Nn (x) : x ∈ Fn }
for each n. It follows that {Nn (Fn ) : n ∈ N} ∈ Ω.
Conversely let (Un ) be a sequence of open covers of X. For each x ∈ X
(n) (n)
there exists a Ux ∈ Un such that x ∈ Ux . Consider the sequence (Nn ) of
(n)
neighbourhood assignments of X, where Nn (x) = Ux for each n and for each
x ∈ X. By the given hypothesis, there is a sequence (Fn ) of finite subsets of X
10 D. CHANDRA, N. ALAM

such that {Nn (Fn ) : n ∈ N} ∈ Ω. For each n choose Vn = {Nn (x) : x ∈ Fn }.

Clearly the sequence (Vn ) witnesses for (Un ) that X is aS. 
The following result can be easily verified.
Theorem 3.2. Every paracompact aS space is Scheepers.
An open cover U of a space X is called star finite if every U ∈ U intersects
only finitely many V ∈ U. A space X is called hypocompact if every open cover
U of X has a star finite open refinement. Since every hypocompact space is
paracompact, we obtain the following.
Corollary 3.1. Every hypocompact aS space is Scheepers.
The above result does not hold in the context of wS and wSk spaces. The
Baire space is a typical counter-example to it (see Remark 4.1).
Theorem 3.3.
(1) If every finite power of a space X is aM, then X is aS.
(2) If every finite power of a space X is wM, then X is wS.
Proof. We only give proof of (2). Let (Un ) be a sequence of open covers of X.
Let {Nk : k ∈ N} be a partition of N into infinite subsets. For each k and
each m ∈ Nk let Wm = {U1 × U2 × · · · × Uk : U1 , U2 , . . . , Uk ∈ Um }. Clearly
(Wm : m ∈ Nk ) is a sequence of open covers of X k . Apply the wM property of
X k to (Wm : m ∈ Nk ) to obtain a sequence (Hm : m ∈ Nk ) of finite sets such
that Hm ⊆ Wm for each m ∈ Nk and ∪{∪Hm : m ∈ Nk } is dense in X k . For
each m ∈ Nk we can express every H ∈ Hm as H = U1 (H)×U2 (H)×· · ·×Uk (H),
where U1 (H), U2 (H), . . . , Uk (H) ∈ Um . Choose Vm = {Ui (H) : 1 ≤ i ≤ k, H ∈
Hm }. Clearly Vm is a finite subset of Um for each m ∈ Nk . Thus we obtain
a sequence (Vn ) of finite sets with Vn ⊆ Un . To complete the proof, choose a
finite collection F = {U1 , U2 , . . . , Up } of nonempty open subsets of X. Since
U1 × U2 × · · · × Up is a nonempty open set in X p , there is a m0 ∈ Np such that
(U1 × U2 × · · · × Up ) ∩ (∪Hm0 ) 6= ∅. Which in turn implies that Ui ∩ (∪Vm0 ) 6= ∅
for each 1 ≤ i ≤ p. Clearly (Vn ) witnesses that X is wS. 
For any families U and V of subsets of X we denote the set {U ∩ V : U ∈
U and V ∈ V} by U ∧ V.
Theorem 3.4. For a space X the following assertions are equivalent.
(1) X is aS.
(2) X satisfies Ufin (O, Owgp ).
Proof. (1) ⇒ (2) follows from the fact that every countable member of Ω is
also a member of Owgp . For the other implication, choose a sequence (Un )
of open covers of X. Consider the sequence (Wn ) of open covers of X, where
 ON CERTAIN WEAKER FORMS OF THE SCHEEPERS PROPERTY 11

Wn = ∧i≤n Un for each n. Since X satisfies Ufin (O, Owgp ), there exists a sequence
(Hn ) such that for each n Hn is a finite subset of Wn and {∪Hn : n ∈ N} ∈ Owgp .
Choose a sequence n1 < n2 < · · · of positive integers witnessing {∪Hn : n ∈
N} ∈ Owgp i.e. each finite set F ⊆ X is contained in ∪{∪Hi : nk ≤ i < nk+1 }
for some k ∈ N. For each n define
(
∪i<n1 Hi , if n < n1
Kn =
∪nk ≤i<nk+1 Hi , if nk ≤ n < nk+1 .
Now define a sequence (Vn ) as follows. For each n Vn is the collection of all
members of Un in the representation of each member of Kn . Clearly for each n
Vn is a finite subset of Un and ∪Kn ⊆ ∪Vn . The sequence (Vn ) witnesses that
X is aS. 
The next two results can be similarly verified.
Theorem 3.5. For a space X the following assertions are equivalent.
(1) X is wS.
(2) X satisfies Ufin (O, Owgp D ).
Theorem 3.6. For a space X the following assertions are equivalent.
(1) X is wSk .
(2) X satisfies Ufin (O, Owgp D ).
Note that if a space X has the Alster property, then X is Scheepers. A similar
observation for the weaker versions is presented in the next result.
Theorem 3.7.
(1) Every almost Alster space is aS.
(2) Every weakly Alster space is wS.
Proof. We only provide proof for the ‘almost version’. Let X be almost Alster.
To show that X is aS we choose a sequence (Un ) of open covers of X. We
may assume that for each n Un is closed for finite unions. Let {Nk : k ∈ N}
be a partition of N into infinite sets. For each k and each n ∈ Nk choose
Wn = {U k : U ∈ Un }. Thus for each k (Wn : n ∈ Nk ) is a sequence of open
covers of X k . Fix k. Let U = {∩n∈Nk Wn : Wn ∈ Wn }. Obviously U ∈ GK
for X k . Without loss of generality we suppose that U = H1 × H2 × · · · × Hk ,
where each Hi ∈ GK for X. Using the almost Alster property of X, for each
1 ≤ i ≤ k, we obtain a countable set Ci ⊆ Hi such that {G : G ∈ Ci } covers
X and hence there is a countable set V = C1 × C2 × · · · × Ck ⊆ U such that
(m) (m)
{V : V ∈ V} covers X k . Say V = {∩n∈Nk Wn : Wn ∈ Wn , m ∈ Nk }. Choose
(n)
V ′ = {Wn ∈ Wn : n ∈ Nk }. Now ∪V ⊆ ∪V ′ and consequently {V : V ∈ V ′ }
covers X k . For each n ∈ Nk let Vn = {U ∈ Un : U k ∈ V ′ }. The sequence (Vn )
witnesses that X is aS.
12 D. CHANDRA, N. ALAM


In the context of paracompact spaces as well as regular spaces, the aS property
and the Scheepers property are equivalent. In [12, Proposition 2.3], the authors
answered the question [22, Question 13] that under what conditions the aM
and wM properties are equivalent. We now present Theorem 3.8, which is an
improvement of [12, Proposition 2.3]. First we need the following lemma which
is itself a refinement of [3, Lemma 55], [12, Proposition 2.3] and [12, Proposition
2.4].
Lemma 3.1. Every wL P -space X is almost Alster.
Proof. Let U ∈ GK . Since X is a P -space, U is an open cover of X. Also since
X is wL, there is a countable set V ⊆ U such that ∪V is dense in X. Again by
the property of a P -space we can say that the set ∪{V : V ∈ V} is closed in X.
Since ∪V is the smallest closed set in X containing ∪V, ∪V ⊆ ∪{V : V ∈ V}
and hence ∪{V : V ∈ V} = X. Thus X is almost Alster. 
Thus we obtain the following.
Theorem 3.8. For a P -space X the following properties are equivalent.

(1) aL (5) wL
(2) aM (6) wM
(3) aS (7) wS
(4) almost Alster (8) weakly Alster.

Corollary 3.2. Every wSk P -space is almost Alster (and hence aS).
Combining [12, Corollary 2.5] and Theorem 3.2 we have the following.
Corollary 3.3. For a regular P -space X the following properties are equivalent.

(1) Lindelöf (5) aM (9) wM

(2) Menger (6) aS (10) wS
(3) Scheepers (7) almost Alster (11) weakly Alster
(4) aL (8) wL (12) wSk .

3.2. Results concerning cardinalities. For a set Y ⊆ NN , maxfin(Y ) is de-

fined as maxfin(Y ) = {max{f1 , f2 , . . . , fk } : f1 , f2 , . . . , fk ∈ Y and k ∈ N},
where max{f1 , f2 , . . . , fk } ∈ NN is given by
max{f1 , f2 , . . . , fk }(n) = max{f1 (n), f2 (n), . . . , fk (n)}
for all n ∈ N.
Theorem 3.9. Every aL space X with cardinality less than d is aS.
 ON CERTAIN WEAKER FORMS OF THE SCHEEPERS PROPERTY 13

Proof. Let (Un ) be a sequence of open covers of X. For each n choose a countable
(n)
set Wn = {Vm : m ∈ N} ⊆ Un such that ∪V ∈Wn V = X. Now for each x ∈ X
(n)
define a fx ∈ NN by fx (n) = min{m ∈ N : x ∈ Vm }, n ∈ N. Since the
cardinality of Y = {fx : x ∈ X} is less than d, maxfin(Y ) is also of cardinality
less than d. Consequently there are a g ∈ NN and a nF ∈ N corresponding to
each finite set F ⊆ X such that fF (nF ) < g(nF ) with fF ∈ maxfin(Y ), where
fF (n) = max{fx (n) : x ∈ F } for all n ∈ N. We use the convention that if
F = {x}, x ∈ X, then we write fx instead of fF . Observe that for each n
(n)
Vn = {Vm : m ≤ g(n)} is a finite subset of Un . We claim that the sequence
(Vn ) witnesses for X to be aS. To see this, let F be a finite subset of X. Now
choose a nF ∈ N and a fF ∈ maxfin(Y ) with fF (n) = max{fx (n) : x ∈ F } for all
n ∈ N such that fF (nF ) < g(nF ). From the construction of Y , it follows that
(n)
each x ∈ F belongs to Vfx (n) for all n ∈ N. Consequently fx (nF ) < g(nF ) for
each x ∈ F and hence F ⊆ ∪VnF . This completes the proof. 

Theorem 3.10. Let X be Lindelöf and κ < d. If X is a union of κ many aH

spaces, then X is aS.
Proof. Let X = ∪α<κ Xα where each Xα is aH and κ < d. Choose a sequence
(n)
(Un ) of open covers of X and without loss of generality assume that Un = {Um :
(α)
m ∈ N} for each n. For each α < κ choose a sequence (Vn ) such that for each
(α) (α)
n Vn is a finite subset of Un and each x ∈ Xα belongs to ∪Vn for all but
finitely many n. Also for each α < κ define fα : N → N by fα (n) = min{m ∈ N :
(α) (n)
Vn ⊆ {Ui : i ≤ m}}. If Y = {fα : α < κ}, then the cardinality of maxfin(Y )
is less than d. Thus there is a g ∈ NN such that for each finite subset A of κ
(n)
we have g ∗ fA where fA ∈ maxfin(Y ). Clearly Vn = {Ui : i ≤ g(n)} is a
finite subset of Un for each n. We now show that the sequence (Vn ) witnesses
that X is aS. Let F be a finite subset of X. Choose a finite subset A of κ such
that F = ∪α∈A Fα with Fα ⊆ Xα . For each α ∈ A, choose a nα ∈ N such that
(α)
Fα ⊆ ∪Vn for all n ≥ nα . If we choose n0 = max{nα : α ∈ A}, then we can
find a n1 ∈ N such that n1 > n0 and fA (n1 ) < g(n1 ). Thus for each α ∈ A,
(n1 ) (n1 )
we have Fα ⊆ ∪i≤fα (n1 ) Ui ⊆ ∪i≤fA (n1 ) Ui , i.e. F ⊆ ∪Vn1 . The conclusion
now follows. 

A space X is said to be H-closed if each open cover of X contains a finite

subfamily whose union is dense in X [9]. Since every H-closed space is aH, we
have the following.
Corollary 3.4. Let X be Lindelöf and κ < d. If X is a union of κ many
H-closed subspaces, then X is aS.
14 D. CHANDRA, N. ALAM

Also since aS implies aM, we obtain the following result of Di Maio and
Kočinac as another consequence of the preceding theorem.
Corollary 3.5 ( [7, Theorem 2.5]). Let X be Lindelöf and κ < d. If X is a
union of κ many H-closed subspaces, then X is aM.
The following result is similar to Theorem 3.10 with necessary modifications.
Theorem 3.11. Let X be Lindelöf and κ < d.
(1) If X is a union of κ many wH spaces, then X is wS.
(2) If X is a union of κ many wHk spaces, then X is wSk .
Let κ be any cardinal. We say that the collection {Xα : α < κ} is a Ω-
wrapping if for each finite set F ⊆ ∪α<κ Xα there exists a β < κ such that
F ⊆ Xβ .
Theorem 3.12. Let X be Lindelöf and κ < b. Suppose that X = ∪α<κ Xα and
the collection {Xα : α < κ} is a Ω-wrapping. The following assertions hold.
(1) If each Xα is aS, then X is aS.
(2) If each Xα is wS, then X is wS.
Proof. We only give proof of (1). Let (Un ) be a sequence of open covers of X.
(n)
Without loss of generality assume that for each n Un = {Um : m ∈ N}. For
(α) (α)
each α < κ choose a sequence (Vn ) such that each Vn is a finite subset of Un
(α)
and each finite set F ⊆ Xα is contained in ∪Vn for infinitely many n. Also for
(α) (n)
each α < κ define fα : N → N by fα (n) = min{m ∈ N : Vn ⊆ {Ui : i ≤ m}}.
Since κ < b, there is a g ∈ N such that for each α < κ we have fα ≤∗ g. Observe
N
(n)
that Vn = {Ui : i ≤ g(n)} is a finite subset of Un for each n. We now claim
that the sequence (Vn ) witnesses that X is aS. Let F be a finite subset of X.
(β)
Choose a β < κ such that F ⊆ Xβ . Thus we have F ⊆ ∪Vn for infinitely many
n. Also choose a n0 ∈ N such that fβ (n) ≤ g(n) for all n ≥ n0 . Again choose a
(β) (n1 ) (n1 )
n1 > n0 such that F ⊆ ∪Vn1 . Clearly F ⊆ ∪i≤fβ (n1 ) Ui ⊆ ∪i≤g(n1 ) Ui and
hence F ⊆ ∪Vn1 . The claim is now proved. 

Remark 3.1. We do not know whether the above result holds for the wSk prop-
erty.
A collection {Xα : α < κ} in a space X is said to be a strongly Ω-wrapping
if for each α < κ and any dense set Yα ⊆ Xα the collection {Yα : α < κ} is a
Ω-wrapping.
Theorem 3.13. Let X be Lindelöf and κ < b. Suppose that X = ∪α<κ Xα and
{Xα : α < κ} is a strongly Ω-wrapping. If each Xα is wSk , then X is wSk .
 ON CERTAIN WEAKER FORMS OF THE SCHEEPERS PROPERTY 15

Proof. Let (Un ) be a sequence of open covers of X. We can assume that for
(n)
each n Un = {Um : m ∈ N}. For each α < κ we get a dense subset Yα and
(α) (α)
a sequence (Vn ) such that for each n Vn is a finite subset of Un and each
(α)
finite set F ⊆ Yα is contained in ∪Vn for infinitely many n. By the given
condition, {Yα : α < κ} is a Ω-wrapping. For each α < κ we define fα : N → N
(α) (n)
by fα (n) = min{m ∈ N : Vn ⊆ {Ui : i ≤ m}}. Since κ < b, there exists
a g ∈ N such that for each α < κ we get fα ≤∗ g. Clearly Y = ∪α<κ Yα is a
N
(n)
dense subset of X and for each n Vn = {Ui : i ≤ g(n)} is a finite subset of Un .
It is easy to observe that Y and the sequence (Vn ) witness for (Un ) that X is
wSk . 

4. Further observations on the weaker versions

4.1. Preservation like properties. We now present few preservation like prop-
erties of these spaces. First observe that every regular-closed subset of a wSk
space is wSk . The above result does not hold for the other variations.

Example 4.1.
(1) A regular-closed subset of a aS space need not be aS.
Let X1 be the space as in Example 3.1 and X2 be the space as in Example 3.2.
Then X1 is aH and X2 is not aS. Assume that X1 ∩X2 = ∅. Since the cardinality
of D is ω1 , we write D = {dα : α < ω1 }. Define a bijection ϕ : D × {ω} → A
by ϕ(dα , ω) = (aα , −1) for each α < ω1 . Also define Z to be the quotient image
of the topological sum X1 ⊕ X2 by identifying (dα , ω) of X2 with ϕ(dα , ω) of X1
for each α < ω1 . Let q : X1 ⊕ X2 → Z be the quotient map. Now q(X2 ) is a
regular-closed subset of Z which is not aS as it is homeomorphic to X2 .
We now claim that Z is aS. The claim will follow if we show that Z is aH.
Choose a sequence (Un ) of open covers of Z. Now q(X1 ) being the homoeomor-
phic image of a aH space, is also aH. Apply the aH property of q(X1 ) to (Un ) to
obtain a sequence (Hn ) such that for each n Hn is a finite subset of Un and each
x ∈ q(X1 ) belongs to ∪Hn for all but finitely many n. Again since q(βD × ω)
is homeomorphic to βD × ω, q(βD × ω) is σ-compact and so is Hurewicz. Thus
there is a sequence (Kn ) such that for each n Kn is a finite subset of Un and
each x ∈ q(βD × ω) belongs to ∪Kn for all but finitely many n. For each n let
Vn = Hn ∪ Kn . The sequence (Vn ) witnesses that Z is aH.

(2) A closed subset of a wS (respectively, wSk ) space need not be wS (respec-

tively, wSk ).
Consider X as in Example 3.2. Now X is a Tychonoff wSk space and hence a
wS space. Since D × {ω} is a discrete closed subset of X with cardinality ω1 , it
follows that D × {ω} fails to be wS and wSk as well.
16 D. CHANDRA, N. ALAM

Observe that if a subset Y of a space X is wS (respectively, wSk ), then Y is also

wS (respectively, wSk ). Thus for a dense subset Y of X, if Y is wS (respectively,
wSk ), then X is also wS (respectively, wSk ), and also every separable space is
wSk (and hence wS). Surprisingly a aS space may not satisfy this preservation
property. The Baire space X is not aS because X is paracompact and is not
Scheepers (see Theorem 3.2). Since X is separable, there exists a countable
dense subset Y of X. Thus Y is aS but Y = X is not so.
Remark 4.1. The Baire space X is hypocompact and separable. Clearly X
is wSk (and hence wS). Thus there is a hypocompact wSk space which is not
Scheepers (as X is not aS).
Theorem 4.1. For a space X the following assertions are equivalent.
(1) X is Scheepers.
(2) AD(X) is Scheepers.
(3) AD(X) is wSk .
Proof. (1) ⇒ (2). Let (Un ) be a sequence of open covers of AD(X). For each n
(n) (n)
and each x ∈ X let Wx = (Vx × {0, 1}) \ {(x, 1)} be an open set in AD(X)
(n) (n) (n) (n)
containing (x, 0) such that there is a Ux ∈ Un with Wx ⊆ Ux , where Vx
(n)
is an open set in X containing x. For each n Wn = {Vx : x ∈ X} is an open
cover of X. Apply (1) to (Wn ) to obtain a sequence (Fn ) of finite subsets of
(n)
X such that ({Vx : x ∈ Fn }) witnesses the Scheepers property of X. For
(n) (n)
each n and each x ∈ Fn choose a Ox ∈ Un with (x, 1) ∈ Ox . Observe that
(n) (n)
Vn = {Ux : x ∈ Fn } ∪ {Ox : x ∈ Fn } is a finite subset of Un for each n. The
sequence (Vn ) witnesses that AD(X) is Scheepers.
(n)
(3) ⇒ (1). Let (Un ) be a sequence of open covers of X. Say, Un = {Ux :
(n)
x ∈ X}, where Ux is an open set in X containing x for each n. Choose
(n)
Wn = {(Ux × {0, 1}) \ {(x, 1)} : x ∈ X} ∪ {{(x, 1)} : x ∈ X} for each n. Since
(Wn ) is a sequence of open covers of AD(X), there are a dense subset Z of
(n)
AD(X) and a sequence (Fn ) of finite subsets of X such that {(Ux × {0, 1}) \
{(x, 1)} : x ∈ Fn } ∪ {{(x, 1)} : x ∈ Fn } witnesses the wSk property of AD(X).
(n)
For each n Vn = {Ux : x ∈ Fn } is a finite subset of Un . It now follows that X
is Scheepers. 
We now give an example of a aS space X such that AD(X) is not aS. Let
X be the space as in Example 3.1. Thus X is an Urysohn aS space and A =
{(aα , −1) : α < ω1 } is an uncountable discrete closed subset of X. Clearly
A×{1} is an uncountable discrete clopen subset of AD(X). Since the aS property
is hereditary for clopen subsets, it follows that AD(X) is not aS.
Also there is a wS (respectively, wSk ) space X such that AD(X) is not wS
(respectively, not wSk ). Let X be the space as in Example 3.2. Then X is
 ON CERTAIN WEAKER FORMS OF THE SCHEEPERS PROPERTY 17

a Tychonoff wS (and also a wSk ) space and A = D × {ω} is an uncountable

discrete closed subset of X. Observe that A × {1} is an uncountable discrete
clopen subset of AD(X). Thus AD(X) is not wS. It is also clear that AD(X)
is not wSk .
Theorem 4.2. For a space X
(1) if AD(X) is aS, then X is also aS.
(2) if AD(X) is wS, then X is also wS.
Proof. We only present proof for (1). Let (Un ) be a sequence of open covers of
X. For each n Wn = {U × {0, 1} : U ∈ Un } is an open cover of AD(X). Apply
the aS property of AD(X) to (Wn ) to obtain a sequence (Hn ) such that for each
n Hn is a finite subset of Wn and each finite set A ⊆ AD(X) is contained in
∪Hn for some n. For each n choose Vn = {U ∈ Un : U × {0, 1} ∈ Hn }. We claim
that the sequence (Vn ) witnesses for (Un ) that X is aS. Let F be a finite subset
of X. Choose a n0 ∈ N such that F × {0} ⊆ ∪Hn0 . It follows that F ⊆ ∪Vn0 .
This completes the proof. 
By Example 3.1 (respectively, Example 3.2), there exists an Urysohn aS (re-
spectively, Tychonoff wSk and hence wS) space X such that e(X) ≥ ω1 . However
for a T1 space X it can be shown that if AD(X) is wS, then e(X) < ω1 . The
conclusion also holds if AD(X) is either aS or wSk .
4.2. The productively properties. If P is a property of a space, we call a
space X productively P if X×Y has the property P whenever Y has the property
P . We start with the following basic observation for dense subsets. If Y ⊆ X is
dense in X and D ⊆ Y is dense in Y , then D is dense in X. Also if D ⊆ X is
dense in X and E ⊆ Y is dense in Y , then D × E is dense in X × Y .
Proposition 4.1. Let D be a dense subset of a space X.
(1) If D is productively wS, then X is also productively wS.
(2) If D is productively wSk , then X is also productively wSk .
Proof. We only give proof for the first assertion. Let Y be a wS space and (Un )
be a sequence of open covers of X. Since D is productively wS, D × Y is wS.
Choose a sequence (Vn ) such that for each n Vn is a finite subset of Un and for
each finite collection F of nonempty open sets of D × Y there is a n such that
U ∩ (∪Vn ) 6= ∅ for all U ∈ F . Since D is dense in X, the sequence (Vn ) witnesses
for (Un ) that X × Y is wS. 
The above result does not hold for productively aS spaces (see Remark 4.2).
Proposition 4.2. Let τ and τ ′ be two topologies on X such that τ ′ is finer than
τ . The following assertions hold.
(1) If (X, τ ′ ) is productively aS, then (X, τ ) is so.
18 D. CHANDRA, N. ALAM

(2) If (X, τ ′ ) is productively wS, then (X, τ ) is so.

(3) If (X, τ ′ ) is productively wSk , then (X, τ ) is so.
Theorem 4.3. A H-closed space X is
(1) productively aS.
(2) productively wS.
(3) productively wSk .
Proof. Let Y be a aS space. Consider a sequence (Un ) of open covers of X × Y .
Without loss of generality assume that Un = Vn × Wn for each n, where Vn
and Wn are respectively open covers of X and Y . Fix y ∈ Y . Since X × {y}
is H-closed, there is a sequence (Vny × Wny ) such that for each n Vny × Wny is a
finite subset of Un and ∪(Vny × Wny ) is dense in X × {y}. Consider the open cover
Un′ = {Uny : y ∈ Y } of Y , where for each n Uny = ∩Wny . Apply the aS property of
Y to (Un′ ) to obtain a sequence (Hn ) such that for each n Hn is a finite subset
of Un′ and for each finite set F ⊆ Y there is a n such that F ⊆ ∪Hn . For each n
y
choose Hn = {Uny1 , Uny2 , . . . , Unkn }. Now for each n Kn = ∪ki=1
n
(Vnyi × Wnyi ) is a
finite subset of Un . Clearly the sequence (Kn ) witnesses that X × Y is aS. Thus
X is productively aS. The other two cases can be easily verified. 
Theorem 4.4. If X satisfies S1 (GK , GΓ ), then X is productively aS.
Proof. Let Y be a space having the property aS. To show that X × Y satisfies aS
we choose a sequence (Un ) of open covers of X × Y . Without loss of generality
we assume that for each n Un is closed under finite unions. For each compact set
C ⊆ X and each n choose a Gδ set Gn (C) ⊆ X such that C ⊆ Gn (C). Then for
each y ∈ Y and each n there exists a U ∈ Un such that Gn (C)×{y} ⊆ U . Clearly
Gn = {Gn (C) : C is a compact subset of X} ∈ GK for each n. Since X satisfies
S1 (GK , GΓ ), we obtain a sequence (Cn ) of compact subsets of X such that each
x ∈ X belongs to Gn (Cn ) for all but finitely many n. For each n choose Wn =
{V : V is an open set in Y and there is a U ∈ Un such that Gn (Cn ) × V ⊆ U }.
Clearly (Wn ) is a sequence of open covers of Y . Since Y satisfies aS, there
exists a sequence (Kn ) such that for each n Kn is a finite subset of Wn and each
finite set F ⊆ Y is contained in ∪Kn for infinitely many n. For each n and
each V ∈ Kn choose a UV ∈ Un such that Gn (Cn ) × V ⊆ UV . For each n let
Vn = {UV : V ∈ Kn }. Observe that the sequence (Vn ) fulfils the requirement
for X to be productively aS. 
Similarly we obtain the following.
Theorem 4.5. If X satisfies S1 (GK , GDΓ ), then X is productively wS.
Theorem 4.6. If X satisfies S1 (GK , GΓD ), then X is productively wSk .
The following result is an improvement of [3, Lemma 44].
 ON CERTAIN WEAKER FORMS OF THE SCHEEPERS PROPERTY 19

Theorem 4.7. If any dense subspace of X satisfies S1 (GK , GΓ ), then X also

satisfies S1 (GK , GΓD ).
Proof. Let Y be a dense subset of X having the property S1 (GK , GΓ ). We pick a
sequence (Un ) of members of GK to show that X has the property S1 (GK , GΓD ).
Since Y satisfies S1 (GK , GΓ ), there exists a sequence (Un ) such that for each n
Un ∈ Un and {Un : n ∈ N} ∈ GΓ for Y . It follows that {Un : n ∈ N} ∈ GΓD for
X as Y is dense in X. Thus X has the property S1 (GK , GΓD ). 
Since every σ-compact space has the property S1 (GK , GΓ ) (see [3, Theorem
22]), we have the following.
Corollary 4.1. If a space X has a dense σ-compact subset, then X satisfies
S1 (GK , GΓD ).
Corollary 4.2. Every separable space satisfies S1 (GK , GΓD ).
Using Theorem 4.5, Theorem 4.6 (and also Figure 2) we have the following.
Corollary 4.3. A separable space X is
(1) productively wS.
(2) productively wSk .
Corollary 4.4. For each cardinal κ, Rκ is
(1) productively wS
(2) productively wSk
Proof. Since {f ∈ Rκ : |{i : f (i) 6= 0}| < ω} is a dense σ-compact subset of
Rκ (see [5, Proposition 4]), by Theorem 4.5, Theorem 4.6, Corollary 4.1 and
Figure 2, Rκ has the claimed properties. 
The following example shows that a separable space need not be productively
aS.
Example 4.2. There exists a separable space X and a aS space Y such that
X × Y is not aS.
Let Ψ(A) be the Isbell-Mrówka space [21] with |A| = c, say A = {aα : α < c}.
Then X = Ψ(A) is separable. Let D = {dα : α < c} be the discrete space of
cardinality c and Y = D ∪ {d} be the one point compactification of D. Observe
that Y is aS.
For each α < c define Uα = ({aα } ∪ aα ) × (Y \ {dα }) and Vα = X × {dα }.
Clearly both Uα and Vα are closed. For each n choose Wn = {n} × Y . We now
define for each n Un = {Uα : α < c} ∪ {Vα : α < c} ∪ {Wn : n ∈ N}. Clearly (Un )
is a sequence of open covers of X × Y . If X × Y is aS, then there is a sequence
(Vn ) such that for each n Vn is a finite subset of Un and for each finite set
F ⊆ X × Y there is a n such that F ⊆ ∪Vn . Since ∪n∈N Vn is countable, choose
20 D. CHANDRA, N. ALAM

a β < c such that Vβ ∈ / ∪n∈N Vn . It now follows that {(aβ , dβ )} * ∪Vn = ∪Vn
for all n, as Vβ is the only member of Un containing (aβ , dβ ) for each n. Which
is a contradiction. Hence X × Y is not aS.
By [11, Theorem 3.9] and [29, Theorem 2.5], there exist two sets of reals X
and Y such that both of them are Scheepers but their product X × Y is not
Menger (hence not aS, see Theorem 3.2). By Corollary 4.3, we can say that the
property wS (wSk ) is preserved under finite products (in the case of sets of reals).
But for arbitrary spaces wS property is not preserved under finite products (see
Example 4.3). We need the following observations on the Pixley-Roy spaces
(from [3, 6]).
Lemma 4.1 ( [3, Proposition 4]). For any two spaces X and Y , PR(X) × PR(Y )
is homeomorphic to PR(X ⊕ Y ).
Lemma 4.2 ( [3, Proposition 5]). Assume CH. There exist separable metrizable
spaces X and Y such that both have the property Sfin (Ω, Ω) but X ⊕ Y does not
have the Menger property.
Theorem 4.8 ( [6, Theorem 2A]). If PR(X) is wM, then every finite power of
X is Menger.
Theorem 4.9 ( [6, Theorem 2B]). If X is a metrizable space such that every
finite power of X is Menger, then PR(X)κ is wM for each cardinal κ.
Example 4.3. Assume CH. There are wS spaces X and Y such that X × Y is
not wM.
By Lemma 4.2, there are two separable metrizable spaces X and Y such that both
X and Y satisfy Sfin (Ω, Ω) but X ⊕ Y does not satisfy the Menger property. Now
every finite power of X and also of Y is Menger (see [11, Theorem 3.9]). By
Theorem 4.9, every finite power of PR(X) and also of PR(Y ) is wM. It follows
that both PR(X) and PR(Y ) are wS (see Theorem 3.3). Also by Theorem 4.8,
PR(X ⊕ Y ) is not wM and PR(X) × PR(Y ) is not so (see Lemma 4.1).

4.3. Preservation under certain mappings. We begin this section by re-

calling the following definitions of certain mappings which will come to our use.
Let X and Y be two spaces. A mapping f : X → Y is called
(1) θ-continuous [10] (respectively, strongly θ-continuous [19]) if for each x ∈ X,
and each open set V in Y containing f (x) there is an open set U in X
containing x such that f (U ) ⊆ V (respectively, f (U ) ⊆ V ).
(2) contra-continuous [8] if for each open set V in Y , f −1 (V ) is closed in X.
(3) precontinuous [20] if f −1 (V ) ⊆ Int(f −1 (V )) whenever V is open in Y .
(4) almost continuous [26] if for each regular-open set V in Y , f −1 (V ) is open
in X.
 ON CERTAIN WEAKER FORMS OF THE SCHEEPERS PROPERTY 21

wHk

H aH wH

S1 (GK , GΓD )

S1 (GK , GΓ ) S1 (GK , GΓ ) S1 (GK , GDΓ )

S1 (GK , G) S1 (GK , G) S1 (GK , GD )

S aS wS

Figure 2. Weaker forms of the Alster, Hurewicz and Scheepers properties

(5) weakly continuous [18] if for each x ∈ X and each open set V of Y containing
f (x) there is an open set U of X containing x such that f (U ) ⊆ V .
(6) θ-open [31] if for each open set V of Y , f −1 (V ) ⊆ f −1 (V ).
(7) almost open [31] if for each x ∈ X and each open set U of X containing x,
f (U ) is a neighbourhood of f (x).
It is immediate that every open map is θ-open and every θ-open map is almost
open. Also one can verify the following implication diagram (Figure 3).

almost continuous θ-continuous weakly continuous

continuous strongly θ-continuous

contra-continuous + precontinuous

Figure 3. Weaker forms of continuous mapping

Theorem 4.10. If f : X → Y is a θ-continuous mapping from a aS space X

onto a space Y , then Y is also aS.
22 D. CHANDRA, N. ALAM

Proof. Let (Un ) be a sequence of open covers of Y . Let x ∈ X. For each n

(n)
choose a Vx ∈ Un containing f (x). Since
 fis θ-continuous, there is an open
(n) (n) (n)
set Ux in X containing x such that f Ux ⊆ Vx . For each n consider the
(n)
open cover Wn = {Ux : x ∈ X} of X. Using the aS property of X we choose a
(n)
sequence (Hn ) such that for each n Hn = {Uxi : 1 ≤ i ≤ kn } is a finite subset
of Wn and for each finite set F ⊆ X there is a n such that F ⊆ ∪Hn . For each
(n)
n we consider the finite subset Vn = {Vxi : 1 ≤ i ≤ kn } of Un . Let F be a finite
′ ′
subset of Y . Next we pick a finite set F ⊆ X such
 that f (F ) = F . Now choose
(n ) (n0 )
a n0 ∈ N such that F ′ ⊆ ∪Hn0 . Since f Uxi 0 ⊆ Vxi for each 1 ≤ i ≤ kn0 ,
we have F ⊆ ∪Vn0 . Consequently Y is aS. 
Corollary 4.5. The almost continuous image of a aS space is aS.
Similarly we obtain the following.
Theorem 4.11. If f : X → Y is a weakly continuous mapping from a Scheepers
space X onto a space Y , then Y is aS.
Theorem 4.12. Let f : X → Y be a surjective strongly θ-continuous mapping.
(1) If X is aS, then Y is Scheepers.
(2) If X is wS, then Y is also wS.
(3) If X is wSk , then Y is also wSk .
Proof. We only sketch the proof of (3). Let (Un ) be a sequence of open covers of
(n)
Y . Let x ∈ X. For each n choose a Vx ∈ Un containing f (x). Subsequently
  for
(n) (n) (n)
each n we obtain an open set Ux in X containing x such that f Ux ⊆ Vx .
We now apply the wSk property of X to the sequence (Wn ), where for each n
(n)
Wn = {Ux : x ∈ X}. Choose a dense set Z ⊆ X and a sequence (Hn ) such
(n)
that for each n Hn = {Uxi : 1 ≤ i ≤ kn } is a finite subset of Wn and for each
finite set F ⊆ Z there is a n such that F ⊆ ∪Hn . Clearly f (Z) is dense in Y .
(n)
Let Vn = {Vxi : 1 ≤ i ≤ kn } for each n. It is now easy to verify that f (Z) and
(Vn ) witness that Y is wSk . 
Corollary 4.6. Continuous image of a aS (respectively, wS, wSk ) space is
Scheepers (respectively, wS, wSk ). The same is also true for contra-continuous
precontinuous mappings.
Theorem 4.13. Let f : X → Y be a surjective, θ-open and closed mapping
such that f −1 (y) is compact in X for each y ∈ Y . If Y is aS, then X is also aS.
Proof. Let (Un ) be a sequence of open covers of X and y ∈ Y . Since f −1 (y) is
compact, for each n there is a finite subset Vny of Un such that f −1 (y) ⊆ ∪Vny .
 ON CERTAIN WEAKER FORMS OF THE SCHEEPERS PROPERTY 23

(n) (n)
Also there is an open set Uy in Y containing y such that f −1 (Uy ) ⊆ ∪Vny . For
(n)
each n Wn = {Uy : y ∈ Y } is an open cover of Y . Apply the aS property of Y to
(n)
(Wn ) to obtain a sequence (Hn ) such that for each n Hn = {Uyi : 1 ≤ i ≤ kn }
is a finite subset of Wn and for each finite set F ⊆ Y there is a n such that
F ⊆ ∪Hn . For each n choose Vn = ∪1≤i≤kn Vnyi . Let F be a finite subset of X.
 
(n )
Then there is a n0 ∈ N such that f (F ) ⊆ ∪Hn0 i.e. F ⊆ ∪1≤i≤kn0 f −1 Uyi 0 .
(n )
Since f is θ-open, it follows that F ⊆ ∪1≤i≤kn0 f −1 (Uyi 0 ) and hence F ⊆
∪1≤i≤kn0 ∪Vnyi0 = ∪Vn0 . Thus X is aS. 
Corollary 4.7.
(1) If f : X → Y is a θ-open (respectively, open), perfect mapping from a space
X onto a aS space Y , then X is also aS.
(2) Let f : X → Y be a surjective, open and closed mapping such that f −1 (y) is
compact in X for each y ∈ Y . If Y is aS, then X is also aS.
Theorem 4.14. Let f : X → Y be a surjective, almost open and closed mapping
such that f −1 (y) is compact in X for each y ∈ Y . If Y is wS, then X is also
wS.
Corollary 4.8.
(1) If f : X → Y is an almost open (respectively, θ-open, open), perfect mapping
from a space X onto a wS space Y , then X is also wS.
(2) Let f : X → Y be a surjective, θ-open (respectively, open) and closed map-
ping such that f −1 (y) is compact in X for each y ∈ Y . If Y is wS, then X
is also wS.
We also obtain a similar observation for the wSk property.
Theorem 4.15. Let f : X → Y be a surjective, open and closed mapping such
that f −1 (y) is compact in X for each y ∈ Y . If Y is wSk , then X is also wSk .
Corollary 4.9. If f : X → Y is an open, perfect mapping from a space X onto
a wSk space Y , then X is also wSk .
A preimage of a aS (respectively, wS, wSk ) space under a closed 2-to-1 con-
tinuous mapping may not be aS (respectively, wS, wSk ). The space X as in Ex-
ample 3.1 is aS but AD(X) is not aS. Also if we consider X as in Example 3.2,
then X is a wSk (and hence wS) space but AD(X) is not wS (and hence not
wSk ). In both cases it can be seen that the projection mapping f : AD(X) → X
is closed 2-to-1 continuous.
Proposition 4.3. Let X = ∪m∈N Xm , where Xm ⊆ Xm+1 for each m.
(1) If each Xm is aS, then X is also aS.
(2) If each Xm is wS, then X is also wS.
24 D. CHANDRA, N. ALAM

(3) If each Xm is wSk , then X is also wSk .

In combination with Proposition 4.3, Theorem 4.13, Theorem 4.14 and The-
orem 4.15 we obtain the following.
Proposition 4.4. Let X be a σ-compact space. Then X is
(1) productively aS.
(2) productively wS.
(3) productively wSk .
Remark 4.2. Consider X and Y as in Example 4.2. Then X is separable and
Y is aS. Let D be a countable dense subset of X. Since every σ-compact space
is productively aS (by Proposition 4.4), D is productively aS. On the other hand,
X is not productively aS because X × Y is not aS (see Example 4.2).

5. Few remarks
The study of weaker forms of the Scheepers property may further be continued
in the following ways. Throughout the section all covers are assumed to be
countable.
Theorem 5.1. The following assertions are equivalent.
(1) X is aS.
(2) X satisfies Ufin (Γ, Ω).
(3) X satisfies Sfin (Γ, Λwgp ).
(4) For each sequence (Un ) of γ-covers of X there is a sequence (Vn ) of pairwise
disjoint finite sets such that for each n Vn ⊆ Un and for each finite set
F ⊆ X there is a n such that F ⊆ ∪Vn .
(5) X satisfies Sfin (Γ, Owgp ).
(6) X satisfies Ufin (O, Owgp ).
Proof. (2) ⇒ (1). Let (Un ) be a sequence of open covers of X. For each n choose
(n) (n) (n) (n)
Un = {Um : m ∈ N} and Wn = {Vm : m ∈ N}, where Vm = ∪1≤i≤m Ui
for each m. Observe that (Wn ) is a sequence of γ-covers of X. Since X satisfies
(n) (n)
Ufin (Γ, Ω), there is a sequence (Vmn ) such that for each n Vmn ∈ Wn and
(n) (n)
{Vmn : n ∈ N} ∈ Ω. For each n let Vn = {Ui : 1 ≤ i ≤ mn }. Clearly
(n)
∪Vn = Vmn . It follows that X satisfies Ufin (O, Ω).
(2) ⇒ (3). Let (Un ) be a sequence of γ-covers of X. Without loss of generality
we can assume that Um ∩ Un = ∅ for m 6= n. Using the hypothesis we obtain a
sequence (Vn ) such that for each n Vn is a finite subset of Un and {∪Vn : n ∈
N} ∈ Ω. It follows that {∪Vn : n ∈ N} ∈ Λ and hence ∪n∈N Vn ∈ Λ. Now the
partition (Vn ) witnesses that ∪n∈N Vn ∈ Owgp . Thus ∪n∈N Vn ∈ Λwgp .
(3) ⇒ (4). The proof for this implication is modelled in [2, Theorem 2].
Here we present complete proof for convenience of the reader. Let (Un ) be
 ON CERTAIN WEAKER FORMS OF THE SCHEEPERS PROPERTY 25

a sequence of γ-covers of X. Without loss of generality we can assume that

(n)
Um ∩ Un = ∅ for m 6= n. For each n choose Un = {Um : m ∈ N}. Also
(1) (n)
for each n we define Wn = {Um ∩ · · · ∩ Um : m ∈ N} \ {∅}. Clearly each
Wn is a γ-cover of X. We can further assume that Wm ∩ Wn = ∅ for m 6= n
by discarding elements, whenever required. We also in advance choose for each
element of each Wn a representation as an intersection as in the definition. Since
X satisfies Sfin (Γ, Λwgp ), there is a sequence (Hn ) such that for each n Hn is a
finite subset of Wn and ∪n∈N Hn ∈ Λwgp . Let ∪n∈N Hn = ∪n∈N Kn , where each
Kn is finite and Km ∩ Kn = ∅ for m 6= n, and each finite set F ⊆ X is contained
in ∪Kn for some n.
We now choose a sequence of positive integers i1 < i2 < · · · as follows. Let
i1 ≥ 1 be so small such that H1 ∩ Kj = ∅ for all j > i1 . Now choose V1 as the
set of U ∈ U1 that appear as terms (if exist) in the representations of elements
of Kj , j ≤ i1 .
Next take i2 > i1 so small such that H2 ∩ Kj = ∅ for all j > i2 . Choose V2
as the set of U ∈ U2 that appear as terms (if exist) in the representations of
elements of Kj , j ≤ i2 .
Proceeding similarly we obtain a sequence (Vn ) such that for each n Vn is a
finite subset of Un and Vm ∩ Vn = ∅ for m 6= n. Let F be a finite subset of X.
Then there exists a n0 ∈ N such that F ⊆ ∪Kn0 . Let k0 ∈ N be the least such
that n0 ≤ ik0 . It is easy to see that (H1 ∪ H2 ∪ · · · ∪ Hk0 −1 ) ∩ Kn0 = ∅. This
implies that for each V ∈ Kn0 there exists a UV ∈ Uk0 such that UV is a term
in the representation of V . If V = {UV : V ∈ Kn0 }, then ∪Kn0 ⊆ ∪V ⊆ ∪Vk0 .
Hence X satisfies (4).
(5) ⇒ (4). The proof is similar to the preceding argument with necessary
modifications.
(6) ⇒ (5). Let (Un ) be a sequence of γ-covers of X. We can assume that
Um ∩ Un = ∅ for m 6= n. Since X satisfies Ufin (O, Owgp ), there is a sequence
(Vn ) such that for each n Vn is a finite subset Un and {∪Vn : n ∈ N} ∈ Owgp .
Clearly ∪n∈N Vn ∈ O. Now choose {∪Vn : n ∈ N} = ∪n∈N Hn , where (Hn ) is a
sequence of pairwise disjoint finite sets. Using the sequence (Hn ) we can find a
sequence (Fn ) of pairwise disjoint finite sets such that for each n Fn ⊆ ∪n∈N Vn
with ∪n∈N Vn = ∪n∈N Fn and also ∪Fn = ∪Hn . Let F be a finite subset of X.
Choose a n0 ∈ N such that F ⊆ ∪Hn0 = ∪Fn0 . It follows that ∪n∈N Vn ∈ Owgp
and consequently X satisfies Sfin (Γ, Owgp ). 

Next result is in line (of the implication (3) ⇒ (4)) of [2, Theorem 2] with
necessary modifications.

Theorem 5.2. If X is aS, then X satisfies Sfin (Γ, Λ) and each large cover of X
is a member of Owgp .
26 D. CHANDRA, N. ALAM

Proof. Let (Un ) be a sequence of γ-covers of X. Without loss of generality we

can assume that Um ∩Un = ∅ for m 6= n. Since X is aS, we apply Theorem 5.1(4).
Thus there is a sequence (Vn ) of pairwise disjoint finite sets such that for each
n Vn ⊆ Un and for each finite set F ⊆ X there is a n such that F ⊆ ∪Vn .
Observe that {∪Vn : n ∈ N} ∈ Ω and hence {∪Vn : n ∈ N} ∈ Λ. It follows that
∪n∈N Vn ∈ Λ and consequently X satisfies Sfin (Γ, Λ).
For the next part, first we pick a large cover U of X. We then enumerate U
bijectively as {Un : n ∈ N}. Now (Wn ) is a sequence of γ-covers of X, where
Wn = {∪n<j≤m Uj : m ∈ N} for each n. We assume that Wm ∩ Wn = ∅ for
m 6= n. Again applying Theorem 5.1(4) to (Wn ) to obtain a sequence (Hn ) of
pairwise disjoint finite sets such that for each n Hn ⊆ Wn and for each finite set
F ⊆ X there is a n such that F ⊆ ∪Hn .
Now define k0 = m0 = n0 = 1 and continue as follows.
Choose m1 = 2. Observe that H1 ⊆ ∪j≤m1 Hj . Next choose n1 ≥ m1 so
small in such a way that if Ui is a term in the representation of an element
of ∪j≤m1 Hj , then i < n1 . Again choose k1 > n1 so that if j ≥ k1 , then the
following conditions are satisfied.
(1) If Ui is a term in the representation of an element of Hj , then i ≥ n1 ;
(2) k1 is minimal subject to 1 and k1 > n1 .
Next choose m2 = k1 + 1. Now take n2 ≥ m2 so small such that if Ui is a
term in the representation of an element of ∪j≤m2 Hj , then i < n2 . Again choose
k2 > n2 so that if j ≥ k2 , then the following conditions are satisfied.
(1) If Ui is a term in the representation of an element of Hj , then i ≥ n2 ;
(2) k2 is minimal subject to 1 and k2 > n2 .
For the general case, choose mj+1 = kj + 1. Next take nj+1 ≥ mj+1 so small
such that if Ul is a term in the representation of an element of ∪i≤mj+1 Hj , then
l < nj+1 . Again choose kj+1 > nj+1 such that if l ≥ kj+1 , then the following
conditions are satisfied.
(1) If Ui is a term in the representation of an element of Hl , then i ≥ nj+1 ;
(2) kj+1 is minimal subject to 1 and kj+1 > nj+1 .
For each n let Kn = ∪kn−1 +1≤j≤kn Hj . It is easy to observe that for each m
∪Kn ⊆ ∪nm−1 ≤i≤nm+1 Ui .
By the construction of Hi ’s we have for each finite set F ⊆ X either there is
a n such that F ⊆ ∪K2n−1 , or there is a n such that F ⊆ ∪K2n . In the first case
the partition
({Ui : n2k−2 ≤ i < n2k } : k ∈ N)
witnesses that U ∈ Owgp .
In the latter case the partition
({Ui : n2k−1 ≤ i < n2k+1 } : k ∈ N)
 ON CERTAIN WEAKER FORMS OF THE SCHEEPERS PROPERTY 27

witnesses that U ∈ Owgp . This completes the proof. 

By Lemma 2.1(1), we obtain the following.
Corollary 5.1. If X is aS, then X satisfies Sfin (Ω, Λ) and each large cover of
X is a member of Owgp .
For other two cases we obtain the following.
Theorem 5.3. For a space X the following assertions are equivalent.
(1) X is wS.
(2) X satisfies Ufin (Γ, ΩD ).
(3) X satisfies Sfin (Γ, Λwgp D ).
(4) For each sequence (Un ) of γ-covers of X there is a sequence (Vn ) of pairwise
disjoint finite sets such that for each n Vn ⊆ Un and for each finite collection
F of nonempty open subsets of X there is a n such that U ∩ (∪Vn ) 6= ∅ for
all U ∈ F .
(5) X satisfies Sfin (Γ, Owgp D ).
(6) X satisfies Ufin (O, Owgp D ).
Theorem 5.4. If X is wS, then X satisfies Sfin (Γ, ΛD ) and each large cover of
X is a member of Owgp D .
Corollary 5.2. If X is wS, then X satisfies Sfin (Ω, ΛD ) and each large cover
of X is a member of Owgp D .
Theorem 5.5. For a space X the following assertions are equivalent.
(1) X is wSk .
(2) X satisfies Ufin (Γ, ΩD ).
(3) X satisfies Sfin (Γ, Λwgp D ).
(4) For each sequence (Un ) of γ-covers of X there is a dense set Y ⊆ X and a
sequence (Vn ) of pairwise disjoint finite sets such that for each n Vn ⊆ Un
and each finite set F ⊆ Y is contained in ∪Vn for some n.
(5) X satisfies Sfin (Γ, Owgp D ).
(6) X satisfies Ufin (O, Owgp D ).
Theorem 5.6. If X is wSk , then X satisfies Sfin (Γ, ΛD ) and each large cover
of X is a member of Owgp D .
Corollary 5.3. If X is wSk , then X satisfies Sfin (Ω, ΛD ) and each large cover
of X is a member of Owgp D .

6. Open Problems
We are unable to answer the following problems during preparation of this
paper.
28 D. CHANDRA, N. ALAM

Problem 6.1. Give an example of a aS and a wS space which is not wSk .

Problem 6.2. If X is a wL space with cardinality less than d, then is it a wSk
(or, a wS, wM) space?
Problem 6.3. Is every productively wL space a wS (or, a wM) space?
Problem 6.4. Is every productively aL space a aS (or, a aM) space?
The following problems in the case of Alster property still remain open.
Problem 6.5 ([12, Problem 3.8]). Does there exist an almost Alster space which
is not Alster?
Problem 6.6. Find conditions under which almost Alster and Alster spaces are
equivalent.
Problem 6.7 ( [3, Problem 5]). Is every productively wL space a weakly Alster
space?

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* Department of Mathematics, University of Gour Banga, Malda-732103, West

Bengal, India
Email address: debrajchandra1986@gmail.com, nurrejwana@gmail.com