LABORATORY REPORT

Course Code: SKT3033 BASIC INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Semester 1 Session 2022/2023
NAME AND MATRIC NO. 1. MOHAMAD IZZ ISALAH BIN MOHAMAD ISA (D20201093694)

2. TAN KIM YUAN (D20201093646)

LECTURER DR. NOORSHIDA BINTI MOHD ALI

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

TITLE DETERMINATION OF WATER HARDNESS BY EDTA

DATE & DAY 22 DISEMBER 2022

CHECK LIST (Please tick) Marks

Spelling, Punctuation Grammar 10
Format and Style 10
- Title
- Objectives
- Introduction
- Materials
- Methods
- Results
- Discussions and questions & answers (if appropriate)
- Conclusions
- References
Introduction 10
Materials 10
Methods 10
1. jotter from each individual
2. procedures written in past tense (passive word)
Results (Observation, Data, Calculation, etc.) worksheet 10
Discussions 10
Conclusion(s) 10
References (at least 4) 10
Conceptual understanding 10
TOTAL MARKS 100

Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Science and Mathematics
UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS

DETERMINATION OF WATER HARDNESS BY EDTA

OBJECTIVES
To determine calcium and magnesium content is water sample by complexometric titrations
using EDTA

INTRODUCTION
Water hardness is defined as the concentrations of the total Ca2+ and Mg2+ that are
present in water. Complexometric titrations by using Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
in the form of disodium salt (H2Y2-) will be used in this experiment to discover the hardness
of the water and the metal ions in a solution. The reaction of EDTA either with Ca2+ or Mg2+
can be represented in the following ways, where M2+ represents the metal ion:

M2+(aq) +H2Y2-(aq) → MY2-(aq) + 2H+(aq)

Erichrome black T will be used as indicator in this experiment. The function of this indicator
are causing the solution to be wine red before the titration start and cause the solution to
turn blue during the end point of titration. After the standardization of EDTA, the calcium
content in an unknown water sample will be found

Materials
Apparatus:
Pipette, Burette, Dropper, 400 mL beaker, 1L volumetric flask, 100 mL volumetric flask, 500
mL volumetric flask, 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask.

Chemicals:
Ethanol, Distilled water, Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid, HCL (37%), Calcium carbonate
CaCO3, Ammonium Chloride NH4Cl, Concentrated Ammonia NH3, 0.1M Sodium Hydroxide
NaOH, Erichrome Black T indicator, Disodium dihydrogen EDTA dehydrate.

PROCEDURE
PART A: PREPARATION OF A STANDARD EDTA SOLUTION
1. Approximate 4.0g of disodium dihydrogen EDTA dehydrate was weighed and it will
be transferred to 400ml beaker.
2. Solids will be dissolved with distilled water and transferred the solution into the 1L
volumetric flask.
3. Mixed thoroughly and diluted to the mark with distilled water.
4. Added a few drops of 0.1M NaOH if the solution is turbid.
5. When not in use keep the solution capped.

PART B: PREPARATION OF STANDARD CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION

1. 0.4g of calcium carbonate that has already been dried at 100 ℃ was weighted
accurately.
2. The solid was transferred to a 500ml volumetric flask and used 100mL distilled water
to dissolve it.
3. Concentrated HCL was added until there is no effervescence and the solution is
clear.
4. Mixed thoroughly and dilute to the mark with distilled water.

PART C: PREPARATION OF AMMONIA-AMMONIUM CHLORIDE BUFFER

1. In 57mL concentrated NH3, 6.75g of NH4 was dissolved in it.
2. Diluted with distilled water to the mark and transferred it into a 100mL volumetric
flask.

PART D: STANDARDIZATION OF EDTA SOLUTION

1. 50 mL of the CaCl (PART B) solution was pipet into three (3) 250 mL Erlenmenyer
Flask.
2. 5 mL Ammonia-ammonium buffer solution (Part C) was added, and 30 drops of
Erichrome Black T indicators were added, respectively.
3. Used EDTA to titrate this solution, until the colour change of the solution changed
from wine -red to pure blue.
4. With all three trials repeated this titration and the volume was recorded.
5. From the concentration of CaCl solution and the volume of EDTA that has been used
to titrate, the average molarity of the EDTA solution was calculated.
PART E: DETERMINATION OF Ca2+ and Mg2+ CONCENTRATION IN WATER SAMPLE.
1. 50 mL of water sample containing an unknown amount of Ca 2+ was pipeted into three
(3) 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks.
2. 5 mL Ammonia-ammonium buffer solution was added, and 30 drops of Erichrome
Black T indicators were added, respectively.
3. Used EDTA to titrate it until a blue colour appears.
4. Volume and molarity of EDTA was used to calculate the water hardness in ppm.
5. Step 1 to 4 was repeated by using water sample containing unknown amount of Mg2+
RESULTS
1.4 WORKSHEET

PART B: FINDING MOLARITY OF CALCIUM CARBONATE

Weigh of sodium-EDTA used : 4.0g

Weigh of CaCO3 : 0.4g

Molarity of CaCO3 : 0.4 x 100.0869

(Grams of CaCO3 / MW of CaCO3)

litres of solution
=
(500
1000)
= 7.99 ×10 −3M
Moles of Ca2+ in 50.00 mL aliquot : n = Mv
= 3.996 ×10 −4 moles

PART D: FINDING MOLARITY OF EDTA FROM STANDARD SOLUTION

Trials Final Volume EDTA Initial Volume EDTA Volume of EDTA used
1 37ml 0ml 37ml
2 39ml 0ml 39ml
3 38ml 0ml 38ml
Average volume of EDTA used: 38ml
M2+(aq) + H2Y2-(aq) → MY2-(aq) + 2H+ (aq) −4
3.996 ×10 moles

Moles of EDTA were used:

( )
Molarity of EDTA: 3.996 ×10
−4

= 38
1000

= 0.011M

PART E: FINDING CONCENTRATION OF Ca2+ IN WATER SAMPLE

Trials Final Volume EDTA Initial Volume EDTA Volume of EDTA used
1 32.8ml 0ml 32.8ml
2 33.4ml 0ml 33.4ml
3 35.2ml 0ml 35.2ml
Average volume of EDTA used: 33.8ml
Moles of EDTA were used:

( )
−4
3.996 ×10 ×0.0338
= 38
1000
=3.55 x 10− 4 moles

Moles of Ca2+ in 50.00 mL water sample: 3.55 x 10− 4 moles

Molarity of Ca2+ in water sample: −4

(3.55 x 10 )
¿
0.05
= 0.0071M
Concentration of Ca2+ in water sample (ppm): [Ca2+] x MW Mg2+ x 1000 mg
1 ppm = 1 mg/L 1g

0.0071M X 40.078g/mol = 0.285 x 1000 285ppm

= 285ppm

PART E: FINDING CONCENTRATION OF Mg2+ IN WATER SAMPLE

Trials Final Volume EDTA Initial Volume EDTA Volume of EDTA used
1 20.0ml 0ml 20ml
2 40.3ml 20ml 20.3ml
3 24.9ml 0ml 24.9ml
Average volume of EDTA used: 21.7ml
Moles of EDTA were used:

( )
−4
3.996 ×10 ×0.0217
= 33.8
1000
−4
=2.57x 10 moles

Moles of Mg2+ in 50.00 mL water sample:

2.57 x 10− 4 moles

Molarity of Mg2+ in water sample:

2.57 x 10− 4
=
0.05
= 5.14 x 10− 3

Concentration of Mg2+ in water sample (ppm): [Mg2+] x MW Mg2+ x 1000 mg

1 ppm = 1 mg/L 1g

5.14 x 10− 3X 24.3 X 1000 = 124ppm 124ppm

____________________________ _____________________________
DATE LECTURER’SSIGNATURE/STAMP
The pure blue color of Ca2+

The pure blue color of Mg2+

DISCUSSION
Eriochrome black T(ErioT) as a function to be indicator for this experiment and its colour is a
blue dye. The indicator can be formed a complex with Ca 2+ and Mg2+ ions, that changing
colour from blue to the pink. So, the another explaination is EDTA-metal ion complex is more
stable than dye-metal ion complex. Futhermore, the function of EDTA is binding certain
metal ions such as magnesium, calcium, iron and so on. It is also can to be standardize with
reagents such as calcium carbonate, metallic magnesium and others.

By the results of this experiment, the molarity of EDTA that be used is 0.011 M after
did the process for prepare solution in Part A. Secondly, the hardness of water sample has
be found because the occurs of calcium content in the water.

For the concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+, it is can be explained with the hardnness of
water by numerical range. For the moderately hard water is between 75 till 150 which is
actually Mg2+. Ca2+ as a hard water range that between 150-300. As the results shown, the
concentration value in ppm for Ca 2+ is 285 ppm and concentration value of Mg 2+ is 124 ppm.
Thus, the both samples was atually in the categories of the hard range of scale. Hence, the
chemical reactions can be shown below for Ca2+ and Mg2+ :

Ca2+ + EDTA4- → CaEDTA2-

Mg2+ + EDTA4- → MgEDTA2-

Lasty, 30 drops of Eriochrome black T(ErioT) can cause a change in color to CaCl,
water samples of Ca2+ and Mg2+ that turned to the pure blue. before the endpoint changed to
pure blue color, the result shown that time the color changed to violet. Thus, these theories
about the changed colors can be accepted as it follows the results above.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the results of this experiment were produced successfully in line with the
theory or concept applied.The improvement that needs to be there is that this practice needs
to be implemented better so that the concentration values in ppm for Ca2+ and Mg2+ are close
to the theoretical values. So, the concentration of Ca2+ is higher than Mg2+.
REFERENCES
Krehbiel,D.(2017,December 17). Determination of water hardness. Odinity, from
https://www.odinity.com/determination-water-hardness/

Professor Rob Beynon, J Easterby. 1st edition (June 19, 2003). Buffer Solutions; The Basics
(THE BASICS (Garland Science)).
https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0199634424?&linkCode=sl1&tag=phmeterandphm-
20&linkId=f8098cccffd4d028d13440a083c9f6bc&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl

Cortrigh, E. (2017, September 11). Go with the flow. Green Built Alliance. from
https://www.greenbuilt.org/articles/110-go-with-the-flow/

DrCrumptonium [24November 2020]. EDTA Titration of Calcium and Magnesium.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8PskcAEdQ4